外文翻譯---貿(mào)易摩擦考驗(yàn)美中關(guān)系

1、<p>　　Friction over trade tests U.S. - China ties</p><p>　　By Steven R. Weisman Published: Monday, July 30, 2007</p><p>　　A year after the United States began a high-level "strategic

2、economic dialogue" with China, the word "dialogue" hardly seems to apply.</p><p>　　In the last eight months, the Bush administration has talked - and talked and talked - to China about economi

3、c issues. But it has also filed legal challenges over Chinese tariffs on auto parts, export subsidies and counterfeiting of videos and DVDs, and it is weighing possible punitive duties on a range of goods.</p><

4、;p>　　The Chinese charge that the administration's actions are aimed at placating Congress and that they violate the spirit of the discourse they agreed to join at the behest of the U.S. Treasury secretary, Henry P

5、aulson Jr., last summer.</p><p>　　They also express concerns that the administration may be using food safety as a weapon with which to beat them up.</p><p>　　But Paulson and other administratio

6、n officials say the recent spate of tough actions, including those on food and product safety, reflect the maturing of economic ties.</p><p>　　"We always knew there were going to be problems, even when

7、we started the SED," Paulson said, referring to the strategic economic dialogue. "But the SED was never about eliminating the problems; it was about how you manage the problems in a professional way to keep thi

8、s relationship on an even keel."</p><p>　　Congress, meanwhile, is pressing ahead with plans to punish China if it does not improve its record on economic issues, especially the level of its currency, wh

9、ich most economists say China is keeping artificially low to make its exports cheaper.</p><p>　　Two groups of senators have gotten into a squabble over which committee has jurisdiction over the legislation,

10、which is opposed by the Bush administration. Indeed, U.S. officials frankly hope that the lawmakers' dispute prevents action that would further roil relations with China.</p><p>　　To keep the dialogue go

11、ing, Paulson arrived in Beijing on Sunday for his fourth visit in a year. No other country has focused his attention as much, though as the chief executive of Goldman Sachs before joining the Bush administration, Paulson

12、 took more than 60 trips to China to conduct business.</p><p>　　The Treasury secretary said that he would discuss food safety, the environment, currency, reform of capital markets and other issues with Presi

13、dent Hu Jintao and Deputy Prime Minister Wu Yi, his counterpart in the strategic dialogue.</p><p>　　China has been hit by unwelcome publicity over charges of tainted pet food, toothpaste and other products.

14、It has started a major revamping of its safety measures, along with a public relations campaign to assure consumers at home and abroad. It also executed its former top food and drug regulator over bribery charges.</p&

15、gt;<p>　　But in a worrisome development for the administration, China appears also to have retaliated against the United States, declaring that it, too, must be vigilant for unsafe American food products.</p>

16、;<p>　　Earlier this month, for example, China suspended the import of poultry and pork products from several major U.S. producers, including Tyson Foods, Cargill Meat Solutions and Sanderson Farms, charging that t

17、hey were tainted with bacteria or residues of drugs and pesticides.The Agriculture Department is in the process of inspecting the affected food plants to try to assure the Chinese of their safety.</p><p>　　T

18、o many outside experts, the increase in actions against China reflects the political atmosphere in the United States after the elections last November, when many Democrats based their campaigns on criticism of the admini

19、stration's support of trade deals and increased trade with China, in particular.</p><p>　　"This is an exceedingly familiar development," said C. Fred Bergsten, director of the Peterson Institut

20、e for International Economics in Washington. "What we're seeing is an administration that has ignored the problem and then suddenly started to get tough to prove to Congress that it is minding the store."&l

21、t;/p><p>　　Bergsten said that Paulson, in conversations with him, "seems hopeful and halfway optimistic that the Congress won't be able to get its act together and that what he can accomplish will get

22、the administration through the next 18 months."Generally speaking, the administration's tough actions on China have brought both praise and skepticism. The Chinese currency, the yuan, has appreciated 9.4 percent

23、 since mid-2005, but congressional critics say it needs to move upward at a much faster rate.Meanwh</p><p>　　David Spooner, an assistant commerce secretary for import administration, said this week that whil

24、e American exports to China were up 32 percent from last year, the administration was pushing for better market access and actions to guard against dumping of Chinese products, which occurs when goods are sold in U.S. ma

25、rkets at prices below what it cost to make them.</p><p>　　The Commerce Department files antidumping actions against scores of countries, but 27 percent of its current antidumping orders are on exports from C

26、hina, even though China accounts for 15.5 percent of what the United States imports. In addition, in March, the department reversed 23 years of policy and began applying anti-subsidy laws to China.</p><p>　　

27、As a result, a flood of manufacturers have filed complaints that China has illegally subsidized its exported goods, including tires, paper bags, two kinds of steel pipes and steel nails. Spooner testified before Congress

28、 last week that China had created a "global oversupply" in the steel industry and was dumping steel products at below cost.</p><p>　　Susan Schwab, the top American trade envoy, has authorized four

29、cases against China with the World Trade Organization since the end of last year, more than any other country. The cases charge that China has kept tariffs illegally high on imports from the United States of automobile p

30、arts and illegally subsidized a myriad of manufactured goods.</p><p>　　The trade office has also challenged as insufficient a Chinese crackdown on piracy and counterfeited goods and demanded that it give gre

31、ater access to American copyrighted products that could compete with phony Chinese copies.</p><p>　　But Karan Bhatia, a deputy United States trade representative, said these cases should be seen as a complem

32、ent to, and not a substitute for，negotiations. He noted that the United States recently persuaded China to protect software from being pirated and won other concessions without litigating the matter with the World Trade

33、Organization. Last week, a joint investigation between Chinese and United States law enforcement authorities resulted in the arrest of 25 people in China and the seizure of </p><p>　　"We continue to mon

34、itor China's compliance with its WTO obligations very carefully," Bhatia said. "Where we have concerns, we talk to the Chinese. Hopefully dialogue will be successful. In a number of cases it has been succes

35、sful."</p><p>　　Paulson said that recently he discussed the increase in trade disputes in China at the White House with President George W. Bush.</p><p>　　"We both agreed that given th

36、e issues that come up, some of them very predictable, some not as predictable, we are fortunate to have the dialogue to keep this relationship on an even keel," Paulson said.</p><p>　　"Commerce and

37、 USTR have a job to do," he added, referring to the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. "They need to enforce our laws." But Paulson added that, in his judgment, that is why the strategic economic dia

38、logue "needs to look beyond dispute resolution and remind both sides that this relationship is important to both our countries, and to the rest of the world."</p><p>　　貿(mào)易摩擦考驗(yàn)美中關(guān)系 </p><p&

39、gt;　　作者：史蒂芬河韋斯曼 發(fā)布時(shí)間：07年7月30日，星期一</p><p>　　在美國(guó)與中國(guó)開(kāi)始一個(gè)的高層次的“戰(zhàn)略經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話”后的一年，“對(duì)話”這個(gè)詞似乎并不適用。 </p><p>　　在過(guò)去的8個(gè)月,布什政府就經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題與中國(guó)再三洽談。但它也提出了關(guān)于中國(guó)汽車(chē)零部件關(guān)稅，出口補(bǔ)貼以及視頻和DVD盜版的法律挑戰(zhàn)，并且它正在考慮一系列商品可能的懲罰性關(guān)稅。 中方指責(zé)布什政府

40、的行??動(dòng)旨在安撫美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)，而且他們違反了去年夏天在美國(guó)財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)亨利保爾森的邀請(qǐng)下同意加入美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)時(shí)的講話。同時(shí)中方還表示擔(dān)心布什政府可能將會(huì)以食品安全問(wèn)題作為打敗他們的武器。 </p><p>　　但是，保爾森和其他政府官員表示，包括那些食品和產(chǎn)品安全的強(qiáng)硬行動(dòng)近期接連發(fā)生，反映了經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的成熟。 </p><p>　　“我們一直都知道將會(huì)出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題,甚至當(dāng)我們開(kāi)始中美戰(zhàn)略經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話時(shí),”

41、在提及戰(zhàn)略經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話時(shí)保爾森說(shuō)到?！暗侵忻缿?zhàn)略經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話,從來(lái)沒(méi)有廢除該問(wèn)題,它是關(guān)于你如何以專(zhuān)業(yè)的方式處理這方面的問(wèn)題來(lái)平穩(wěn)地保持這個(gè)關(guān)系?！?lt;/p><p>　　同時(shí)，國(guó)會(huì)現(xiàn)正全速前進(jìn)懲罰中國(guó)的計(jì)劃，如果中國(guó)不改善其在經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題上的記錄，特別是其中大部分經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為中國(guó)是保持人為壓低使出口更便宜的貨幣水平。</p><p>　　兩參議員團(tuán)體卷入了哪個(gè)委員會(huì)擁有立法權(quán)的爭(zhēng)執(zhí)，這個(gè)爭(zhēng)執(zhí)被布什政

42、府所反對(duì)。事實(shí)上，美國(guó)官員坦言希望議員們采取行動(dòng)，防止糾紛進(jìn)一步擾亂與中國(guó)的關(guān)系。</p><p>　　為了保持對(duì)話的持續(xù)，保爾森在周日抵達(dá)北京，開(kāi)始他一年內(nèi)第四次的訪問(wèn)。沒(méi)有任何其他國(guó)家像這樣集中注意，盡管在加入布什政府之前他只是高盛集團(tuán)的行政長(zhǎng)官，保爾森帶了60項(xiàng)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)議到中國(guó)開(kāi)展業(yè)務(wù)。 </p><p>　　財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)說(shuō)，他將與其戰(zhàn)略對(duì)話的對(duì)手國(guó)家主席胡錦濤和副總理吳儀討論食品安全

43、、環(huán)境、貨幣、資本市場(chǎng)改革以及其他問(wèn)題。</p><p>　　中國(guó)一直受到被污染的寵物食品、牙膏和其它產(chǎn)品不受歡迎的宣傳的指控。它已經(jīng)開(kāi)始隨著公共關(guān)系活動(dòng)對(duì)安全防護(hù)措施進(jìn)行重大改革，以確保在國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)外消??費(fèi)者的。它也執(zhí)行了受賄指控其前高級(jí)食品和藥品監(jiān)管。</p><p>　　對(duì)布什政府是個(gè)令人擔(dān)憂(yōu)的發(fā)展，中國(guó)似乎也有對(duì)美國(guó)進(jìn)行報(bào)復(fù)，宣布它也必須對(duì)不安全的美國(guó)食品保持警惕。 </p&

44、gt;<p>　　本月早些時(shí)候，例如，中國(guó)暫停從美國(guó)幾大生產(chǎn)商，包括泰森食品公司，嘉吉肉類(lèi)產(chǎn)品和桑德森農(nóng)場(chǎng)關(guān)于家禽和豬肉產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)口，指控他們的產(chǎn)品受細(xì)菌或藥物和農(nóng)藥的殘留污染。農(nóng)業(yè)部在檢查受影響的食品廠的過(guò)程中試圖確保中國(guó)食品安全。</p><p>　　對(duì)許多外部專(zhuān)家，去年11月選舉后，反對(duì)中國(guó)行動(dòng)的增加反映了美國(guó)政治氣氛，特別是當(dāng)許多民主黨人基于政府對(duì)貿(mào)易協(xié)議的支持以及與中國(guó)貿(mào)易的增加的批評(píng)活動(dòng)。

45、“這是一個(gè)非常常見(jiàn)的發(fā)展，”華盛頓彼得森國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)研究所的主任弗雷德伯格斯滕說(shuō)。 “我們現(xiàn)在看到的是一個(gè)已忽略了這個(gè)問(wèn)題，然后突然開(kāi)始變得強(qiáng)硬，以向國(guó)會(huì)證明它是看鋪?zhàn)拥恼?。?lt;/p><p>　　伯格斯滕表示保爾森在與他談話中“似乎希望和中途樂(lè)觀地認(rèn)為，國(guó)會(huì)將無(wú)法同時(shí)得到它的行動(dòng)，他可以完成的將通過(guò)未來(lái)18個(gè)月的獲得實(shí)施。” 一般來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)中國(guó)政府的強(qiáng)硬行動(dòng)，這既帶來(lái)贊譽(yù)也帶來(lái)懷疑。中國(guó)的貨幣人民幣自2005年

46、中期已經(jīng)升值百分之9.4，但國(guó)會(huì)的批評(píng)人士說(shuō)，它需要移動(dòng)更快的速度上升。 與此同時(shí)，美國(guó)商務(wù)部和美國(guó)貿(mào)易代表正在采取更具對(duì)抗性的做法。</p><p>　　進(jìn)口管理的助理商務(wù)秘書(shū)，大衛(wèi)斯普納，本周表示，盡管美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)出口比去年上升了32個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，當(dāng)局正奮力爭(zhēng)取更好的市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入和行動(dòng)，以防止中國(guó)的產(chǎn)品傾銷(xiāo)，其中發(fā)生在貨物以低于成本價(jià)格銷(xiāo)往美國(guó)市場(chǎng)。 </p><p>　　美國(guó)商務(wù)部提出對(duì)幾十個(gè)

47、國(guó)家的反傾銷(xiāo)行動(dòng)，但目前反傾銷(xiāo)訂單的27%對(duì)來(lái)自中國(guó)的出口，即使中國(guó)占美國(guó)進(jìn)口商品的15.5%。此外，在三月，該部門(mén)扭轉(zhuǎn)23年的政策，并開(kāi)始對(duì)中國(guó)運(yùn)用反補(bǔ)貼法律。、</p><p>　　蘇珊.施瓦布，前美國(guó)貿(mào)易特使，自去年年底與世界貿(mào)易組織已經(jīng)授權(quán)對(duì)抗中國(guó)的四種情況，比其他任何國(guó)家都要多。這些案件指控中國(guó)對(duì)從美國(guó)進(jìn)口的汽車(chē)零部件一直非法地保持高關(guān)稅并非法補(bǔ)貼大量制成品。</p><p>　

48、　貿(mào)易辦事處還不足挑戰(zhàn)對(duì)中國(guó)盜版和假冒商品的制裁，并要求其對(duì)美國(guó)版權(quán)產(chǎn)品提供更多通道使其能與假冒中國(guó)復(fù)制品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。</p><p>　　但是副美國(guó)貿(mào)易代表卡蘭.巴蒂亞說(shuō)，這些案件對(duì)談判來(lái)說(shuō)應(yīng)被看作是一個(gè)補(bǔ)充，而不是替代品。 他指出，美國(guó)最近說(shuō)服中國(guó)保護(hù)軟件以防止被盜版，在不糾纏于與世界貿(mào)易組織提出訴訟下獲得其他優(yōu)惠。上周，中國(guó)和美國(guó)之間的執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)的聯(lián)合調(diào)查導(dǎo)致25人在中國(guó)逮捕和超過(guò)5億美元的假冒微軟軟件和賽門(mén)鐵克軟

49、件在中國(guó)和世界各地被沒(méi)收。</p><p>　　“我們會(huì)繼續(xù)很小心地監(jiān)測(cè)中國(guó)的入世承諾?！卑偷賮喺f(shuō)。 “如果我們有顧慮，我們與中國(guó)談話。希望對(duì)話將是成功的，在許多案例上這是成功的?！?</p><p>　　保爾森說(shuō)，最近他與美國(guó)總統(tǒng)布什在白宮討論了在中國(guó)貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端的增加。“我們都同意，鑒于問(wèn)題的出現(xiàn)，其中一些非常明確，一些不可預(yù)測(cè)的，我們很幸運(yùn)有這個(gè)對(duì)話以保持這種關(guān)系平穩(wěn)，”保爾森說(shuō)。<