外文翻譯--可持續(xù)的商業(yè)--電子商務(wù)（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　1300單詞，7700英文字符，中文3000字</p><p>　　出處：Gorgani M R N. Electronic Commerce as a Sustainable Business[J]. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 2014, 3(3). 141-148</p><p><b>　

2、　原文</b></p><p>　　Electronic Commerce as a Sustainable Business</p><p><b>　　ABSTRACT</b></p><p>　　Environment, societies, and economy are the scope of sustainabilit

3、y in each community. Electronic commerce (e-commerce) is rapidly developing due to its potential as a green business, democratic partnership and economic opportunity. Iran to date has grappled with a significant decline

4、in economic activity across multiple economic sectors, lasting more than a few months (years?), normally apparent in real gross domestic product (GDP), real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-</p

5、><p>　　Keywords: Socio-Economic Development, Green economics, Economic Sustainability</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　In every business and non-profit activities, economic and social

6、 aspects will be hidden side of it; terminologically, economy is a "science of optimal allotment of scarce resources" (Nazari, 2011)and socially, is a culture and partnership of native people. Sustainability co

7、nsists of these terms and its impact on business activity is becoming more apparent. Sustainability is a normative notion about the way how humans should act towards nature, and how they are responsible towards one anoth

8、er and</p><p>　　Nowadays Corporate Social Responsibly (CSR), environmental impacts, and green economy not only reduce the negative impact on the environment and society, but they can also increase company

9、9;s competitive advantage. Nicolas Stern, the British economist also points out: "Let's find a green developing path, walk out of this economic depression, this road not only can make our earth free from ecologi

10、cal risks but also promote the new investment, so as to create a safer and cleaner, more attractive ec</p><p>　　It is therefore an economic model that regards as goals the well-being of men, economic and env

11、ironmental harmony, and continuous development. It is people-oriented, aiming for improvement of standards of living, harmonious coexistence of people and nature, and the facilitation of fair social systems (Xiaowei &

12、;et al, 2011).</p><p>　　Socio-economic development is a core element of the Sustainable Development Strategy. The strategy sets out the objective of promoting a prosperous, innovative, knowledge rich, compet

13、itive and eco-efficient economy, which provides high living standards and full and high-quality employment throughout the society.</p><p>　　Green economy impacts the Socio-economic development of countries,

14、this concept is often cited in contemporary literature, but approaches to its evaluation are scarce; Certain researchers have elaborated on a development index that presents a more general concept of wellbeing; one which

15、 contains the basis of the HDI with its notions of social and economic progress. Three key areas can be drawn upon for its identification and determination: resources, infrastructure, and the environment(Natoli &Z<

16、;/p><p>　　E-commerce as a green business refers to the use of electronic means and technology to conduct commerce (the sale, purchase, transfer or exchange of product, services and/or information); the delivery

17、 of those products, services, or information may occur over or outside of the internet (Manzoor, 2010). Using renewable energy resources, enhancing material recyclability, reducing toxic dispersion are all eco-efficient

18、practices while doing green business(De Simone &et al, 2000). Consumer environme</p><p>　　The potential positive environmental impacts of e-commerce have been summarized as "three D's" in t

19、he current economy: Dematerialization reduces material consumption by shifting books to bytes, compact disks to MP3s, check books to clicks and so on; Decarbonization reduces greenhouse gas emissions and puts the goals o

20、f the Kyoto protocol within reach; Demobilization reduces the need for transportation and its associated costs and consequences (Tiwari &Singh, 2011). This strategy can lead our soc</p><p>　　2. Materials

21、 And Methodology</p><p>　　This study utilized Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique, which was invented in Geneva, Switzerland in 1971 by the Mattel Memorial Institute to assess

22、 complex global problems with the aim of strategic planning and achieving solutions to complicated challenges. This subjective approach relies on interviews and questionnaires to take expert opinion into consideration (G

23、abus AFE, 1973). In this study information was gathered from the members of national committee of I</p><p>　　(1) Variables are proposed based on the Euro 2020 strategy on the GDP, and socioeconomic developme

24、nt sector. Those variables are then refined and revised based on inquiry of experts (Delphi method) in order to develop a list of context specific variables (in this study, we used variables relevant to Iran's curren

25、t condition). The analysis of GDP was focused on data from Economic development, Innovation, competitiveness and eco-efficiency; while the analysis of socio-economic development used dat</p><p>　　Next the pa

26、nel group members analyzed and ranked the variable; in this study the variable were defined and categorized into three classes; e-commerce, socio-economic development, and real GDP per capital (the last two of which are

27、main indicators of sustainable development). E-commerce included all information, products and services purchased or procured through the internet. Socio-economic development was limited to the costs and negative effects

28、 of unemployment on society. GDP included all the</p><p>　　(2) Group decision making was employed following the Delphi method (each expert answers a questionnaire, those answers are then compiled and summari

29、zed anonymously along with justification or reasoning provided for each answer and the process is repeated). In doing so, the expert panel eventually reaches consensus on a decision and develops associations between vari

30、ables. For this study, experts in ICT, economy, and environmental science from Iran's National Committee of Sustainable Development </p><p>　　(3) The intensity of final relation between variables is scor

31、ed using a five point scoring method (scores are from 0 to 4).</p><p>　　(4) For further analysis of each variable relationship, the final adjusted scoring of step 3 is put in a Table 1.</p><p>　

32、　(5) Each array of matrix N is multiplied by the inversion of maximum row summation (a) to give matrix M, Results of the equation can be seen in Table 2.</p><p>　　(6) The relative intensity of direct and ind

33、irect correlations between components is presented in Table 3.</p><p>　　(7) The relative intensity from indirect relationship between variables can be seen in matrix 4.</p><p>　　(8) Hierarchy or

34、 structure of components is thus defined. Table 6 shows the structure of direct and indirect relationships between the chosen variables in this study. Each variable is ranked with regard to its influence on the others, a

35、nd is also ranked based on its susceptibility to influence from the other variables (matrix 5).</p><p>　　3. Results</p><p>　　Maximum row summation (R) shows the order of dispatchers (the element

36、s that have strong influence on other elements). Maximum column summation (C) shows the order of receiver elements (those that are strongly influenced). The real rank of each element on final ranking is determined by (R-

37、C) and (R+C) columns, such that (R-C) shows that the component is a dispatcher or a receiver. If the value is positive then the component is a dispatcher; if the value is negative, then it is a receiver. The val</p>

38、;<p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　可持續(xù)的商業(yè)--電子商務(wù)</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　每一個(gè)社區(qū)，環(huán)境、社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)都屬于可持續(xù)發(fā)展的范圍。電子商務(wù)由于其潛在的綠色商業(yè)、民主伙伴關(guān)系以及經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)會(huì)而發(fā)展迅速。伊朗迄今為止在跨多個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)出現(xiàn)大幅下

39、降，已經(jīng)持續(xù)了超過幾個(gè)月(年?)。主要表現(xiàn)在：實(shí)際的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)、實(shí)際收入、就業(yè)率、工業(yè)生產(chǎn)、批發(fā)-零售等方面。在這種背景下，本研究的主要目的是證明電子商務(wù)可能是伊朗未來實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要的因素。根據(jù)德爾菲和在伊朗的國(guó)家可持續(xù)發(fā)展委員會(huì)制定的歐洲2020戰(zhàn)略，定義了環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和創(chuàng)新、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和生態(tài)效率等元素。這些元素被用來測(cè)試和評(píng)估伊朗的實(shí)驗(yàn)室(DEMATEL)技術(shù)條件。最后，研究結(jié)果支持這樣的一個(gè)的觀點(diǎn)：盡管經(jīng)濟(jì)和創(chuàng)新是

40、可持續(xù)的，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和生態(tài)效率可以影響伊朗采用電子商務(wù)，就環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)來說，它能夠產(chǎn)生最大的影響。另外，采用電子商務(wù)對(duì)伊朗社會(huì)來會(huì)所既是可操作的也是戰(zhàn)略性的。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞: 社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、綠色經(jīng)濟(jì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)性</p><p><b>　　1 引言</b></p><p>　　對(duì)每一個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)和非盈利活動(dòng)而言，在經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)方面都有將不為

41、人知的一面。在專業(yè)術(shù)語上，經(jīng)濟(jì)的含義是：一個(gè)“稀缺資源最優(yōu)分配的科學(xué)”(娜扎里 2011)，而社會(huì)，則是當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦囊粋€(gè)文化和伙伴關(guān)系。可持續(xù)發(fā)展由這些元素所組成，并且可持續(xù)性對(duì)商業(yè)活動(dòng)的影響也越來越明顯。可持續(xù)性是一個(gè)規(guī)范的概念，是對(duì)人類應(yīng)該如何對(duì)待自然的方式，以及對(duì)彼此和未來一代負(fù)責(zé)(克拉克 2007年)。環(huán)境變化的持續(xù)增加的影響使得商業(yè)在可持續(xù)發(fā)展中發(fā)揮著重要作用，這將通過三重底線予以說明。</p><p>

42、　　如今，企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任(CSR)、環(huán)境影響以及綠色經(jīng)濟(jì)不僅減少了環(huán)境和社會(huì)的負(fù)面影響，他們也可以提高公司的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。英國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家尼古拉斯·斯特恩還指出：“我們要找個(gè)綠色發(fā)展道路，走出經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條的困境，這條路不僅可以使我們的地球免受生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，同時(shí)也促進(jìn)了新的投資，以創(chuàng)建一個(gè)更安全、更清潔、更有吸引力的經(jīng)濟(jì)?！?英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家皮埃爾第一次提出了綠色經(jīng)濟(jì)的概念。在綠色經(jīng)濟(jì)里、住宿是由自然資源和其他環(huán)境容量的限制來決定的。</p&

43、gt;<p>　　因此，它是一個(gè)將人的福祉、經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境的和諧、持續(xù)發(fā)展、以人為本、追求生活水平的提高、人與自然的和諧共處以及促進(jìn)公平的社會(huì)制度都包含在一起的最佳經(jīng)濟(jì)模型。(小薇等人2011)。</p><p>　　社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展是可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的一個(gè)核心元素。這一戰(zhàn)略提出了以下目標(biāo)：促進(jìn)繁榮，創(chuàng)新，知識(shí)、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和高效節(jié)能的經(jīng)濟(jì)，能夠提供高水平的生活和高質(zhì)量就業(yè)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)。</p><

44、;p>　　綠色經(jīng)濟(jì)影響到一個(gè)國(guó)家的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，當(dāng)前的眾多文獻(xiàn)常常提到這一概念，但其綠色經(jīng)濟(jì)的評(píng)價(jià)很少涉及。某些研究者用健康發(fā)展指數(shù)用來表示幸福度水平，它是包含社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)步的人類發(fā)展指數(shù)。主要有上三個(gè)關(guān)鍵指標(biāo):資源、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和環(huán)境(納托利 2011)。在過去的幾十年里，網(wǎng)絡(luò)的貫通被當(dāng)作社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的指標(biāo)之一，一些論文也強(qiáng)調(diào)它的重要性( 多偌塔等 2012)。它受到電子商務(wù)的顯著影響。在發(fā)展中國(guó)家，建立這樣的戰(zhàn)略基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施被認(rèn)為是至

45、關(guān)重要的。提高網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信的邊際影響可能非常高，將能夠促進(jìn)這些國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)力、改善治理、教育、健康和生活質(zhì)量，特別是在農(nóng)村地區(qū)(馬登 2000 )。</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)作為一個(gè)綠色商業(yè)，主要是指利用電子手段和技術(shù)進(jìn)行商業(yè)交易(出售、購(gòu)買、轉(zhuǎn)讓或交換產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)或信息)，提供的產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)或信息可能發(fā)生在外部網(wǎng)絡(luò)(曼蘇爾，2010)。使用可再生能源資源，加強(qiáng)材料再循環(huán)能力，減少有毒物質(zhì)分散都屬于綠色商業(yè)里的高效

46、節(jié)能實(shí)踐 (德西蒙等 2000)。消費(fèi)者環(huán)保主義改變了行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)模式，迫使企業(yè)重新設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品、生產(chǎn)和適應(yīng)新技術(shù)。蘭加納坦識(shí)別環(huán)境績(jī)效的四個(gè)關(guān)鍵元素以及社會(huì)績(jī)效的四個(gè)元素(蘭加納坦1998)。即環(huán)境因素有:材料使用、能源消耗、無效生產(chǎn)以及污染物的釋放，以及社會(huì)因素有:就業(yè)、社區(qū)關(guān)系、倫理采購(gòu)和社會(huì)影響。</p><p>　　在當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)，電子商務(wù)潛在的積極環(huán)境影響被概括為“三個(gè)方面”: （1）非物質(zhì)化降低材料消耗；（通

47、過將實(shí)體書轉(zhuǎn)換成電子書，多使用高密度光盤、mp3光盤、通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)檢索來查閱書籍等）;（2）利用脫碳技術(shù)來降低溫室氣體排放，并達(dá)到京都議定書制定的目標(biāo)；（3）減少交通運(yùn)輸及其相關(guān)費(fèi)用及帶來的環(huán)境影響 (蒂瓦里和辛格，2011)。這種策略的實(shí)施會(huì)帶領(lǐng)我們的社會(huì)走向綠色經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展；于此同時(shí)，我們的商業(yè)模式會(huì)顯著改善人類福祉和社會(huì)公平，同時(shí)大大降低環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和生態(tài)不足。這一概念被定義為生態(tài)革命。生態(tài)革命的目的是在整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈中系統(tǒng)地調(diào)整和實(shí)施這一

48、戰(zhàn)略，貫穿整個(gè)新產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)開發(fā)直到消費(fèi)(瓊斯等 2008)。生態(tài)革命作為新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)、生產(chǎn)、生產(chǎn)工藝、服務(wù)或管理的新的商業(yè)交易方法，被眾多的組織(開發(fā)或采用),以減少環(huán)境污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和其他的負(fù)面影響、使用相關(guān)替代品(吉姆等 2008)。生態(tài)革命(綠色創(chuàng)新)可分為三大類：生態(tài)產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新、生態(tài)信息處理創(chuàng)新和綠色管理創(chuàng)新(西澤等 2013)。電子商務(wù)屬于生態(tài)信息處理創(chuàng)新，因?yàn)樗鼘Ｗ⒂跀?shù)據(jù)傳輸；生態(tài)信息處理創(chuàng)新實(shí)現(xiàn)了包括現(xiàn)有生產(chǎn)流程的改進(jìn)或新流程的增加

49、以減少環(huán)境影響（鄭等 20</p><p><b>　　2．材料和方法</b></p><p>　　本研究利用決策與試驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 (DEMATEL)技術(shù)，由美泰研究所于1971年在瑞士日內(nèi)瓦發(fā)明的，（完整譯文請(qǐng)到百度文庫）主要是為了評(píng)估復(fù)雜的全球問題、戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃的目的以及解決復(fù)雜的挑戰(zhàn)問題。這種主觀的方法依靠訪談和問卷調(diào)查來考慮專家意見(加比斯 1973)。本文中的信

50、息從伊朗可持續(xù)發(fā)展全國(guó)委員會(huì)的成員根據(jù)他們的職業(yè)收集而來的。這種技術(shù)廣泛用于組織變量和可視化框架，通過使用圖表來確定這些變量之間復(fù)雜的交互 關(guān)系。這種技術(shù)還安排了一系列的數(shù)據(jù)，變量之間的相互依賴和相互作用強(qiáng)度水平，反饋發(fā)現(xiàn)及其意義，然后接受不可轉(zhuǎn)換的關(guān)系(阿斯格哈珀 2004)。過程如下:</p><p>　　(1)變量是基于歐盟的2020年的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值策略以及社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展部門提出來的。然后，這些變量基于專家調(diào)

51、查 (德爾菲法)來提煉和修改，主要是為了開發(fā)一系列的特定變量(在本研究中，我們使用變量是與伊朗的現(xiàn)狀有關(guān)的)。GDP分析是專注于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、創(chuàng)新、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和生態(tài)效率等方面數(shù)據(jù)的分析；而使用的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展數(shù)據(jù)的分析主要是就業(yè)方面的數(shù)據(jù)。</p><p>　　接下來的小組成員對(duì)變量及進(jìn)行了分析并排序，在這項(xiàng)研究中，變量的定義被分為三個(gè)類別:電子商務(wù)、社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、人均實(shí)際GDP(最后兩個(gè)是可持續(xù)發(fā)展等主要指標(biāo))。電子商務(wù)

52、包括通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)購(gòu)買或采購(gòu)的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的所有信息。社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展是局限于成本和失業(yè)對(duì)社會(huì)的負(fù)面影響。GDP包括所有戰(zhàn)略的目標(biāo)，以確保我們的業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)滿足社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和環(huán)境的需求而減少他們對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和環(huán)境的不良影響。</p><p>　　(2)團(tuán)體決策后，采用德爾菲法(每個(gè)專家回答一份調(diào)查問卷，然后，這些答案經(jīng)過編譯和總結(jié))。在這一過程中，專家小組最終達(dá)到共識(shí)決策。在這項(xiàng)研究中，主要咨詢了伊朗國(guó)家可持續(xù)發(fā)展委員會(huì)的

53、經(jīng)濟(jì)、環(huán)境科學(xué)等ICT的專家。</p><p>　　(3)最終的強(qiáng)度關(guān)系變量使用一個(gè)5點(diǎn)計(jì)分法得分(分?jǐn)?shù)從0到4)。</p><p>　　(4)進(jìn)一步分析每個(gè)變量的關(guān)系，最后調(diào)整步驟3的得分。</p><p>　　(5)每個(gè)數(shù)組的反演矩陣N乘以最大行求和(a)給出矩陣M。</p><p>　　(6) 提出組件之間的直接和間接的相對(duì)強(qiáng)度相關(guān)性。

54、</p><p>　　(7)相對(duì)強(qiáng)度的間接變量之間的關(guān)系矩陣。</p><p>　　(8)層次結(jié)構(gòu)或結(jié)構(gòu)的組件定義。</p><p>　　表6顯示了直接和間接的結(jié)構(gòu)選擇的變量之間的關(guān)系。每個(gè)變量排名都會(huì)影響其他變量。</p><p><b>　　3 結(jié)果</b></p><p>　　最大行求和(R