外文翻譯--通過(guò)能源系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)向低碳社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變

1、<p>　　1600單詞，3120漢字</p><p>　　Shift to a low carbon society through energy systems design </p><p>　　Material Source: Special Topic on Engineering Thermophysics</p><p>　　Author:

2、Toshihiko Nakata, Mikhail Rodionow, Diego Silva, Joni Jupesta</p><p>　　Global environmental degradation is one of the serious threats facing humankind as a result of its expanding activities around the world

3、. Along with the development of society, vast quantities of greenhouse gases GHGs have been discharged into the atmosphere, namely carbon dioxideCO2, methane and other non-CO2 gases. Energy activities are the main source

4、 of anthropogenic GHG emissions and they represented 61% of total global GHG emissions in the year 2000 [1]. Approximately 30% of the anthropoge</p><p>　　Rising concern about the impact of climate change has

5、 led to the definition of long-term sustainability of society looking forward to the reduction of GHGs. This interpretation of sustainable development has been termed the “l(fā)ow carbon society” LCS. The sustainable develop

6、ment concept, introduced by the Brundtland Commission in 1987, refers to “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Given the relevan

7、ce of e</p><p>　　The most common classification of energy models distinguishes between top-down and bottom-up models [3]. These models serve as support systems in decision-making for engineers in order to se

8、lect environmentally sound technologies. The energy supplies in energy models must contain certain economic value in order to be considered as components of the energy system design. Several applications of energy models

9、 consider GHG mitigation alternatives. These applications are diverse, analyzing different</p><p>　　The alternatives to mitigate GHG emissions from energy related activities are the object of energy policies

10、 and energy systems design. The supply of primary energy through energy resources represents the supply side of energy systems. Energy resources can be separated into three main categories: fossil fuels, nuclear resource

11、s, and renewable resources. Currently, the world’s energy supply is largely based on fossil fuels. These energy resources exist in limited quantities, and their combustion i</p><p>　　Conversion technologies

12、are the central part in the architecture of an energy system. Their role in the energy system is to transform energy resources coming from the supply side into energy forms suitable for delivery or direct use by the dema

13、nd side. Several energy conversion technologies are available, depending on the type of energy resources that they use. Conventional technologies are based principally on the combustion of fossil fuels: coal, oil, and ga

14、s fired power plants. These conversi</p><p>　　The energy demanded by end users in different activities in any society is grouped in sectors representing the main components of an economy. The demand side is

15、categorized into four sectors of end users: the residential sector, the commercial sector, the industrial sector, and the transportation sector. In addition to these four sectors, agricultural activities are merged into

16、the industrial sector or the residential sector. The industrial and transportation sectors comprise the largest shares </p><p>　　Several different alternatives exist in the present in order to realize the vi

17、sion of the LCS. The inclusions of alternative sources of energy, such as biomass and wastes, are fundamental choices from the supply side. Renewable energy technologies represent the core of alternatives regarding energ

18、y conversion technologies. Demand side measures focused on the improvement of energy efficiency and more careful use of energy. The realization of the LCS involves shift from conventional to low carbon </p><p&

19、gt;　　The potential impact of climate change due to emissions from energy activities in forthcoming decades can be minimized driving development towards a low carbon path as described by the LCS vision. The feasibility of

20、 this vision depends on how the energy system is designed. Energy models help to clarify the effectiveness and applicability of technologies included in the system design. Based on this it is possible to evaluate the nee

21、ds in research and development and the barriers for integrating i</p><p>　　Model applications studying the utilization of wastes as alternative energy resources show that system designs must integrate with M

22、SW management systems. The double role of MSW as fuels and materials that can be recycled leads to a broader range of technologies for their treatment. Schemes for the economic valuation of GHGs emission reductions provi

23、ded by WTE technologies together with the technological progress are important for the diffusion of these technologies, especially in developing cou</p><p>　　The output from studies using energy models, thou

24、gh useful for assessing the feasibility of energy systems in alternative scenarios, should not be assumed as certain forecast. Instead, energy models help to raise the uncertainties surrounding the effective design of en

25、ergy systems considering impacts on the global environment. The credibility of models can be enhanced with a good quality of research’s approach, methodology and data. This is especially important when addressing the LCS

26、 targets in</p><p><b>　　譯文 </b></p><p>　　通過(guò)能源系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)向低碳社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變</p><p>　　資料來(lái)源:工程熱物理專題研究 作者:中田俊彥等</p><p>　　世界范圍內(nèi)不斷擴(kuò)大的人類活動(dòng)所導(dǎo)致的全球環(huán)境惡化問(wèn)題是人類面臨的嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題之一。隨著社會(huì)的日益發(fā)展,大量溫

27、室氣體(如二氧化碳、甲烷以及其他一些非二氧化碳?xì)怏w)被排放到了大氣中。而能源活動(dòng)是人為溫室氣體排放的主要來(lái)源,在2000年能源活動(dòng)排放的溫室氣體占到了當(dāng)年全球溫室氣體總排量的61%。大約只有30%的溫室氣體應(yīng)歸因于非二氧化碳?xì)怏w的排放。 </p><p>　　對(duì)于氣候變化帶來(lái)的影響的不斷關(guān)注和擔(dān)憂,促使了人們對(duì)于可持續(xù)社會(huì)定義的探索,以期減少溫室氣體的排放。這種可持續(xù)發(fā)展的社會(huì)現(xiàn)已被命名為“低碳社會(huì)”?？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展

28、概念,是布倫特蘭委員會(huì)在1987年首次提出來(lái)的,它是指“這種發(fā)展既要滿足當(dāng)代人的需求,又不能損害后代人滿足其需求的能力”?？紤]到能源相對(duì)性能轉(zhuǎn)化為社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定和進(jìn)步,以及與能源相關(guān)的活動(dòng)是溫室氣體主要來(lái)源的事實(shí),在一個(gè)較少使用高碳燃料的經(jīng)濟(jì)體下,低碳社會(huì)的視角能促使轉(zhuǎn)化為可持續(xù)發(fā)展帶來(lái)的成就。向低碳社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型不僅會(huì)給經(jīng)濟(jì),環(huán)境和能源帶來(lái)很重要的影響,而且會(huì)促使3Es或三元悖論等概念的形成和發(fā)展。3Es即是將三個(gè)目標(biāo)結(jié)合在一起:經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、能源

29、采購(gòu)和環(huán)境保護(hù)。包含在這三個(gè)目標(biāo)中的各種要素以一種很復(fù)雜的方式相互作用。在這樣一個(gè)背景下,國(guó)家政府和國(guó)際組織加強(qiáng)協(xié)作,制定并實(shí)施能覆蓋若干行業(yè)的短、中、長(zhǎng)期的措施和政策,以制止溫室氣體的排放。決策者面臨的不僅是來(lái)自第三方關(guān)于這些政策的評(píng)價(jià),他們更需要考慮的是這些政策會(huì)給3Es帶來(lái)的影響。其實(shí)這種復(fù)雜的相互作用關(guān)系只有通過(guò)能源系統(tǒng)和能源模型的設(shè)計(jì)才能被很好的理解。 </p><p>　　對(duì)于能源模型最常見的分類有兩

30、種,即自上而下和自下而上的模型。這些模型能為工程師在制定決策時(shí)提供很有價(jià)值的參考,從而能更好地制定出環(huán)境無(wú)害化技術(shù)。在能源模型中的能源供應(yīng)必須具備某種經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值,這樣才能被考慮為能源系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中的一部分。能源模型的一些應(yīng)用價(jià)值被認(rèn)為是減少溫室氣體排放的替代品。這些應(yīng)用是多種多樣的,能起到分析不同行業(yè)的作用,而且在地理上也是全面覆蓋的,這些應(yīng)用強(qiáng)調(diào)不同的能源來(lái)源和技術(shù)。本論文將討論在考慮到減少源于能源相關(guān)活動(dòng)排放的溫室氣體的前提下實(shí)現(xiàn)低碳社會(huì)

31、的可能性,且通過(guò)能源模型來(lái)分析對(duì)能源系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)帶來(lái)的影響。本文將圍繞在能源系統(tǒng)中就如何向低碳社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變所描述的四個(gè)方面進(jìn)行詳細(xì)闡述。這四方面的內(nèi)容包括低碳能源和無(wú)碳能源的利用,為能源的有效使用所采取的先進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù),具體到每個(gè)行業(yè)能源需求的措施實(shí)施,以及除了3Es這種評(píng)估低碳社會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)可能性的其他一些評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。本論文將重點(diǎn)討論具有以上四方面內(nèi)容的四組能源模型,包括描述廢物利用的模型,分析清潔煤炭技術(shù)的模型,交通行業(yè)模型以及農(nóng)村能源模型。 <

32、;/p><p>　　減少能源相關(guān)活動(dòng)排放的溫室氣體,最好的替代對(duì)象就是能源政策和能源系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。通過(guò)能源資源供應(yīng)的初級(jí)能源代表了能源系統(tǒng)的供應(yīng)方。這里的能源資源能夠被分成三類:化石燃料,核能資源以及可再生能源。目前,最主要的能源供應(yīng)是化石燃料。然而化石燃料是有限的不可再生的能源,它的燃燒所釋放的氣體被認(rèn)為是引起氣候變化的主要原因。在2006年的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)中顯示,當(dāng)前世界的初級(jí)能源消費(fèi)累積達(dá)到了12Gtoe(相當(dāng)于12千兆

33、頓石油量),僅化石燃料就占到了81%的比例。與化石燃料對(duì)比,可再生能源是從不會(huì)使用枯竭的能源中獲得的。最常見的可再生能源資源是具有生物起源的,即也被稱為生物量。用這些能源來(lái)生產(chǎn)并不會(huì)導(dǎo)致氣候變化,因?yàn)閷?duì)這些能源的使用不會(huì)帶來(lái)溫室氣體的排放。此外,從燃燒生物質(zhì)能中產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳排放量被認(rèn)為是比較樂(lè)觀的。目前,可再生能源為世界初級(jí)能源的需求提供了13%的能源量,并且在總的電量生產(chǎn)中占到了18%的比例,同樣在2006年,放射性物質(zhì)的能源使用,

34、也被稱為核能,在很多核電廠中被用來(lái)發(fā)電。同年這種能源占到了全球能源消費(fèi)6%的比例,而且在像中國(guó)和印度這樣的國(guó)家里核能供應(yīng)發(fā)展得很迅速。相反,在德國(guó)、比利時(shí)和瑞典</p><p>　　轉(zhuǎn)換技術(shù)是能源系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)中的中心組成部分。它們?cè)谀茉聪到y(tǒng)中的作用是將來(lái)自于供應(yīng)方的資源轉(zhuǎn)化為適合于交貨或適合于需求方直接使用的能源形式。一些能源轉(zhuǎn)換技術(shù)的可用性取決于這些能源資源被利用的方式。常規(guī)技術(shù)主要基于對(duì)化石燃料的燃燒:煤炭、

35、石油和天然氣發(fā)電廠。這些轉(zhuǎn)換技術(shù)是大量溫室氣體排放的主要來(lái)源,尤其是CO2的排放。與此相反,源于可再生能源產(chǎn)品所用的轉(zhuǎn)換技術(shù)則不會(huì)釋放溫室氣體,這種技術(shù)也被認(rèn)為是碳排量比較樂(lè)觀的技術(shù)。 </p><p>　　在任何社會(huì)的不同形式的活動(dòng)中,能源的最終用戶被分成能代表一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體系主要組成部分的各種行業(yè)和部門。需求方被劃分成四個(gè)行業(yè)的最終用戶:住宅部門、商業(yè)部門、工業(yè)部門和交通部門。除了以上四個(gè)部門,農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)被歸類為工

36、業(yè)或住宅部門。工業(yè)和交通部門已經(jīng)成為能源消費(fèi)中比重最大的兩個(gè)部門,分別占到了全球最終能源消費(fèi)的27%和28%。值得關(guān)注的是在過(guò)去的十年中,交通部門已經(jīng)成了在所有部門中能源消費(fèi)增長(zhǎng)最快的部門。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)低碳社會(huì)的美好愿望,目前已經(jīng)存在了幾種不同的方案。像生物質(zhì)能和廢物這樣的能替代能源的混合物,是來(lái)自供應(yīng)方的基本選擇?？稍偕茉醇夹g(shù)是能源轉(zhuǎn)換技術(shù)替代技術(shù)的核心。需求方措施主要關(guān)注于能源使用效率的提高和如何更加謹(jǐn)慎地使用能源。低碳社會(huì)的實(shí)現(xiàn)涉及

37、到如何將常規(guī)能源技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)化為低碳能源技術(shù)。在能源計(jì)劃中,對(duì)于向低碳社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變的可能性和未來(lái)用何種方式取得這種轉(zhuǎn)變這兩方面的分析,對(duì)決策者來(lái)說(shuō)是一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜的任務(wù)。對(duì)能源系統(tǒng)的評(píng)估和設(shè)計(jì)可通過(guò)建立能源模型來(lái)表現(xiàn)出來(lái),同時(shí)這種模型是基于能代替能源系統(tǒng)中各種要素的數(shù)學(xué)公式基礎(chǔ)上的。此外,這些模型就溫室氣體減排建議能給出更多的可信度。 </p><p>　　能源活動(dòng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致溫室氣體的排放,溫室氣體的排放會(huì)導(dǎo)致氣候變化,如果能按低碳

38、社會(huì)設(shè)想中所描述的低碳路線去發(fā)展的話,在即將到來(lái)的10年里,由氣候變化導(dǎo)致的各種潛在影響會(huì)達(dá)到最小化。低碳社會(huì)設(shè)想的可行性取決于能源系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)。這種能源模型能很好地分辨出包含在系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中的有關(guān)技術(shù)的有效性和適用性?；诖?能更好地評(píng)估在研究和發(fā)展中的需要以及集成創(chuàng)新技術(shù)面臨的障礙。 垃圾(能源資源的一種替代物)利用的模型應(yīng)用顯示了系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)必須和城市生活垃圾的管理系統(tǒng)相結(jié)合。作為燃料和材料雙重角色的城市生活垃圾在被循環(huán)利用的同時(shí),能促使對(duì)

39、它們的治理有一個(gè)技術(shù)上的提升。由垃圾發(fā)電技術(shù)和技術(shù)進(jìn)步結(jié)合帶來(lái)的有關(guān)溫室氣體減排的經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)估計(jì)劃,在這些技術(shù)的傳播過(guò)程中起了非常重要的作用,尤其是在發(fā)展中國(guó)家中表現(xiàn)得很明顯。模型應(yīng)用中顯示的清潔煤技術(shù)普及的程度很大意義上取決于對(duì)于技術(shù)自身的學(xué)習(xí)。通過(guò)類似于碳稅這樣的交易機(jī)制,能促使引進(jìn)技術(shù)所需的投資和溫室氣體減排的完美平衡。在發(fā)展中國(guó)家,這些措施對(duì)有效利用是至關(guān)重要的。在交通部門,對(duì)于向清潔燃料和車輛轉(zhuǎn)化的可行性所建議的措施同樣是采取能源

40、模型。合適的選擇是在中期使用生物燃料,在長(zhǎng)期使用</p><p>　　用能源模型研究盡管在替代方案中能很好評(píng)估能源系統(tǒng)的可行性,但其研究結(jié)果不能被假定為某種預(yù)測(cè)。相反,考慮到對(duì)于全球環(huán)境的影響,能源模型增加了能源系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)有效性的不確定因素。能源模型的可靠性能通過(guò)提高研究方法,研究數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量而有所增強(qiáng)。而這恰好在一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)期的能源系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中,為解決低碳社會(huì)任務(wù)時(shí),顯得就尤為重要了。因此,模型不應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是控制決策的一個(gè)