外文翻譯--頻率范圍

1、<p><b>　　中文2933字</b></p><p><b>　　英文原文</b></p><p>　　RFID Frequency Ranges Used</p><p>　　Because RFID systems generate and radiate electromagnetic waves,

2、they are legally classified as radio systems. The function of other radio services must under no circumstances be disrupted or impaired by the operation of RFID systems. It is particularly important to ensure that RFID s

3、ystems do not interfere with nearby radio and television, mobile radio services (police, security services, industry), marine and aeronautical radio services and mobile telephones.</p><p>　　The need to exerc

4、ise care with regard to other radio services significantly restricts the range of suitable operating frequencies available to an RFID system (Figure 1-1). For this reason, it is usually only possible to use frequency ran

5、ges that have been reserved specifically for industrial, scientific or medical applications. These are the frequencies classified worldwide as ISM frequency ranges (Industrial–Scientific–Medical), and they can also be us

6、ed for RFID applications.</p><p>　　In addition to ISM frequencies, the entire frequency range below 135 kHz (in North And South America and Japan:<400 kHz) is also suitable, because it is possible to work

7、 with high magnetic field strengths in this range, particularly when operating inductively coupled RFID systems.</p><p>　　The most important frequency ranges for RFID systems are therefore 0–135 kHz,and the

8、ISM frequencies around 6.78 (not yet available in Germany), 13.56 MHz,27.125 MHz, 40.68 MHz, 433.92 MHz, 869.0 MHz, 915.0 MHz (not in Europe),2.45 GHz, 5.8 GHz and 24.125 GHz.An overview of the estimated distribution of

9、RFID transponders at the various</p><p>　　frequencies is shown in Figure 1-2.</p><p>　　AVAILABLE & PRACTICAL RFID FREQUENCIES</p><p>　　Figure1-1 The frequency ranges used for RF

10、ID systems range. </p><p>　　The frequency ranges used for RFID systems range from the myriametric range below 135 kHz, through short wave and ultrashort wave to the microwave range, with the highest frequenc

11、y being 24 GHz. In the frequency range above 135 kHz the ISM bands available worldwide are preferred.</p><p>　　Figure1-2 The estimated distribution of the global market for transponders over the various freq

12、uency ranges in million transponder units (Krebs, n.d.) </p><p>　　1 Frequency range 9–135 kHz</p><p>　　The range below 135 kHz is heavily used by other radio services because it has not been res

13、erved as an ISM frequency range. The propagation conditions in this long wave frequency range permit the radio services that occupy this range to reach areas within a radius of over 1000 km continuously at a low technica

14、l cost. Typical radio services in this frequency range are aeronautical and marine navigational radio services (LORANC, OMEGA, DECCA), time signal services, and standard frequency services,</p><p>　　In order

15、 to prevent such collisions, the future Licensing Act for Inductive Radio Systems in Europe, 220 ZV 122, will define a protected zone of between 70 and119 kHz, which will no longer be allocated to RFID systems.</p>

16、<p>　　The radio services permitted to operate within this frequency range in Germany(source: BAPT 1997) are shown in Table 1-1.</p><p>　　Wire-bound carrier systems also operate at the frequencies 100

17、kHz, 115 kHz and 130 kHz. These include, for example, intercom systems that use the 220 V supply main as a transmission medium.</p><p>　　German radio services in the frequency range 9–135 kHz. The actual occ

18、upation of frequencies, particularly within the range 119–135 kHz has fallen sharply. For example, the German weather service (DWD) changed the frequency of its weather fax transmissions to134.2 kHz as early as mid-1996.

19、</p><p>　　Table1-1 German radio services in the frequency range 9–135 kHz. </p><p>　　Abbreviations: AL: Air navigation radio service, FC: Mobile marine radio service, FX: Fixed aeronautical radi

20、o service, MS:Mobile marine radio service, NL: Marine navigation radio service, DGPS: Differential Global Positioning System (correction data), Time: Time signal transmitter for ‘radio clocks’.</p><p>　　2 Fr

21、equency range 6.78 MHz</p><p>　　The range 6.765–6.795 MHz belongs to the short wave frequencies. The propagation conditions in this frequency range only permit short ranges of up to a few 100 km in the dayti

22、me. During the night-time hours, transcontinental propagation is possible. This frequency range is used by a wide range of radio services, for example broadcasting,weather and aeronautical radio services and press agenci

23、es.</p><p>　　This range has not yet been passed as an ISM range in Germany, but has been designated an ISM band by the international ITU and is being used to an increasing degree by RFID systems (in France,

24、among other countries). CEPT/ERC and ETSI designate this range as a harmonised frequency in the CEPT/ERC 70–03 regulation.</p><p>　　3 Frequency range 13.56 MHz</p><p>　　The range 13.553–13.567 M

25、Hz is located in the middle of the short wavelength range.The propagation conditions in this frequency range permit transcontinental connections throughout the day. This frequency range is used by a wide variety of radio

26、 services(Siebel, 1983), for example press agencies and telecommunications (PTP).</p><p>　　Other ISM applications that operate in this frequency range, in addition to inductive radio systems (RFID), are remo

27、te control systems, remote controlled models,demonstration radio equipment and pagers.</p><p>　　4 Frequency range 27.125 MHz</p><p>　　The frequency range 26.565–27.405 is allocated to CB radio a

28、cross the entire European continent as well as in the USA and Canada. Unregistered and non-chargeable radio systems with transmit power up to 4 Watts permit radio communication between private participants over distances

29、 of up to 30 km.</p><p>　　The ISM range between 26.957 and 27.283 MHz is located approximately in the middle of the CB radio range. In addition to inductive radio systems (RFID), ISM applications operating i

30、n this frequency range include diathermic apparatus (medical application), high frequency welding equipment (industrial application), remote controlled models and pagers.When installing 27 MHz RFID systems for industrial

31、 applications, particular attention should be given to any high frequency welding equipment that ma</p><p>　　5 Frequency range 40.680 MHz</p><p>　　The range 40.660–40.700 MHz is located at the l

32、ower end of the VHF range.The propagation of waves is limited to the ground wave, so damping due to buildings and other obstacles is less marked. The frequency ranges adjoining this ISM range are occupied by mobile comme

33、rcial radio systems (forestry, motorway management) and by television broadcasting (VHF range I).</p><p>　　The main ISM applications that are operated in this range are telemetry (transmission of measuring d

34、ata) and remote control applications. The author knows of no RFID systems operating in this range, which can be attributed to the unsuitability of this frequency range for this type of system. The ranges that can be achi

35、eved with inductive coupling in this range are significantly lower than those that can be achieved at all the lower frequency ranges that are available, whereas the wavelengths of </p><p>　　6 Frequency range

36、 433.920 MHz</p><p>　　The frequency range 430.000–440.000 MHz is allocated to amateur radio services worldwide. Radio amateurs use this range for voice and data transmission and for communication via relay r

37、adio stations or home-built space satellites.</p><p>　　The propagation of waves in this UHF frequency range is approximately optical.A strong damping and reflection of incoming electromagnetic waves occurs w

38、hen buildings and other obstacles are encountered.</p><p>　　Depending upon the operating method and transmission power, systems used by radio </p><p>　　amateurs achieve distances between30 and 3

39、00 km. Worldwide connections are also possible using space satellites.</p><p>　　The ISM range 433.050–434.790 MHz is located approximately in the middle of the amateur radio band and is extremely heavily occ

40、upied by a wide range of ISM applications. In addition to backscatter (RFID) systems, baby intercoms, telemetry ransmitters(including those for domestic applications, e.g. wireless external thermometers), cordless headph

41、ones, unregistered LPD walkie-talkies for short range radio, keyless entry systems (handheld transmitters for vehicle central locking) and many other app</p><p>　　7 Frequency range 869.0 MHz</p><p

42、>　　The frequency range 868–870 MHz was passed for Short Range Devices (SRDs) in </p><p>　　Europe at the end of 1997 and is thus available for RFID applications in the 43 member states of CEPT.</p>

43、<p>　　A few Far Eastern countries are also considering passing this frequency range for SRDs.</p><p>　　8 Frequency range 915.0 MHz</p><p>　　This frequency range is not available for ISM a

44、pplications in Europe. Outside Europe(USA and Australia) the frequency ranges 888–889 MHz and 902–928 MHz are available and are used by backscatter (RFID) systems.</p><p>　　Neighbouring frequency ranges are

45、occupied primarily by D-net telephones and cordless telephones as described in the CT1+and CT2 standards.</p><p>　　9 Frequency range 2.45 GHz</p><p>　　The ISM range 2.400–2.4835 GHz partiall

46、y overlaps with the frequency ranges used by amateur radio and radiolocation services. The propagation conditions for this UHF frequency range and the higher frequency SHF range are quasi-optical. Buildings and other obs

47、tacles behave as good reflectors and damp an electromagnetic wave very strongly at transmission (passage).</p><p>　　In addition to the backscatter(RFID) systems, typical ISM applications that can be found in

48、 this frequency range are telemetry transmitters and PC LAN systems for the wireless networking of PCs.</p><p>　　10 Frequency range 5.8 GHz</p><p>　　The ISM range 5.725–5.875 GHz partially overl

49、aps with the frequency ranges used by amateur radio and radiolocation services.</p><p>　　Typical ISM applications for this frequency range are movement sensors, which can be used as door openers (in shops an

50、d department stores), or contactless toilet flushing,plus backscatter (RFID) systems.</p><p>　　11 Frequency range 24.125 GHz</p><p>　　The ISM range 24.00–24.25 GHz overlaps partially with the fr

51、equency ranges used by amateur radio and radiolocation services plus earth resources services via satellite.</p><p>　　This frequency range is used primarily by movement sensors, but also directional radio sy

52、stems for data transmission. The author knows of no RFID systems operating in this frequency range.</p><p><b>　　英文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　RFID頻率范圍</b></p><p>　　因為

53、射頻識別系統(tǒng)產生和輻射電磁波，他們已被列為合法的無線電系統(tǒng)。其他功能的無線服務在任何情況下都不能受到射頻識別操作系統(tǒng)的干擾和損害。尤其重要的是要確保RFID系統(tǒng)不會干擾附近的廣播和電視，移動無線電服務（警察、保安服務、工業(yè)），航海和航空無線電服務和移動電話。</p><p>　　對射頻識別系統(tǒng)來講，運動保健方面需要的其他無線電服務明顯制約了適宜范圍內的可操作頻（圖1-1）.出于這個原因，它通常是唯一可以使用的頻率

54、范圍，已經有人預定了專供工業(yè)，科學和醫(yī)學中的應用。這些世界范圍內的頻率劃分成國際頻率范圍（工業(yè)-科學-醫(yī)學），它們也可以用于射頻識別應用。</p><p>　　除了ISM頻率，整個頻率范圍內低于135千赫（在北美、南美和日本：低于400千赫）也是可用的，因為在這個范圍內，它是可能與高磁場的優(yōu)勢聯合工作的，特別是操作時電感耦合的射頻識別系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　對射頻識別系統(tǒng)來說最重要的頻

55、率范圍是0-135千赫，ISM的是6.78左右（在德國不適用），13.56兆赫,27.125兆赫,40.68兆赫,433.92兆赫,869.0兆赫,915.0兆赫(不是在歐洲),2.45兆赫,5.8兆赫和24.125兆赫。</p><p>　　各種不同射頻轉發(fā)器頻率的概述估計分布如圖1-2所示。</p><p><b>　　實際可用的射頻頻率</b></p>

56、;<p>　　圖1-1 用于射頻識別系統(tǒng)范圍內的頻率范圍</p><p>　　用于射頻識別系統(tǒng)范圍內的頻率范圍為135千赫以下的超長范圍通過短波以及超短波到微波范圍，包括最高頻率24千兆赫。在上述的135千赫的范圍內，可用的ISM頻段是全球首選。</p><p>　　圖1-2 百萬應答機單元中的不同頻率范圍的轉發(fā)器的全球市場估計分布。</p><p>

57、;　　1 頻率范圍9-135千赫</p><p>　　低于135千赫范圍的頻率被其他無線服務大量使用，因為它沒有被保留為ISM頻率范圍。在長波頻率范圍內的傳播允許無線服務系統(tǒng)不斷地以較低的技術成本占據這個半徑為1000千米以上的區(qū)域。在這個范圍內的典型的無線電服務是航空和航海無線電導航服務（LORAN C,OMEGA,DECCA）,時間信號服務，標準頻率服務再加上軍用無線電服務。因此，在歐洲中部時間信號發(fā)射機DF

58、C的77在曼福林根可以在頻率 77.5 千赫左右被發(fā)現。因此在這個頻率的射頻識別系統(tǒng)的運行會導致讀者周圍幾百米半徑內的所有無線電時鐘故障。</p><p>　　為了防止這樣的沖突，在歐洲未來的感應式無線電系統(tǒng)許可法中，中控鎖122到220將會被限定在一個保護區(qū)域70到119千赫，這將不再被分配到射頻識別系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　德國無線電服務獲得的可操作的頻率范圍（來源：BAPT 199

59、7）如表1-1所示。</p><p>　　線裝載波系統(tǒng)的工作頻率為100千赫，115千赫和130千赫。這些包括，例如，</p><p>　　對講系統(tǒng)利用220V主電源作為傳輸介質。</p><p>　　頻率范圍為9-135千赫的德國無線電服務，實際占用的頻率，尤其是在頻率段119-135千赫這個范圍內已經急劇下降。例如，德國天氣服務局（DWD）早在1996年年中就把

60、天氣的無線傳播改為134.2千赫。</p><p>　　表1-1 頻率范圍為9-135千赫的德國無線電服務</p><p>　　縮寫：AL：航空無線電導航服務，FC：航海移動無線電服務，FX：固定航空無線電服務，MS：航海移動無線電服務，NL：航海無線電導航服務，DGPS：差分全球定位系統(tǒng)（校正數據），Time：“電波鐘表”時間信號發(fā)射器。</p><p>　　2

61、頻率范圍6.78兆赫</p><p>　　頻率范圍在6.765-6.795兆赫的屬于短波頻率。這個范圍內的傳播條件在白天只允許短距離高達數100公里。在夜間時段，橫貫大陸的傳播是可能的。這個頻率范圍由無線電服務廣泛使用，例如廣播，天氣，航空無線電服務以及新聞機構。</p><p>　　作為一個在德國的ISM范圍，此范圍尚未獲得通過，但已經被指定為國際電聯的</p><p

62、>　　ISM頻段并正在被射頻識別系統(tǒng)（法國，其他國家之間）大量使用。在CEPT/ERC 70-03原則中，CEPT/ERC指定此范圍為統(tǒng)一頻率。</p><p>　　3 頻率范圍13.56兆赫</p><p>　　范圍為13.553-13.567兆赫的頻率位于短波范圍的中間段。這個頻率范圍內的傳播條件允許整天的洲際連接，它被各種各樣的無線服務（Siebel ，1983）使用，例如新聞

63、機構和電信（PPT）的。</p><p>　　其他ISM應用在這個頻率范圍內的操作，除了感性無線電系統(tǒng)（RFID），還有遠程控制系統(tǒng)，遙控模型，示范無線電設備和傳呼機。</p><p>　　4 頻率范圍27.125兆赫</p><p>　　范圍為26.565-27.405的頻率被分配到整個歐洲大陸以及美國和加拿大的CB無線。發(fā)射功率高達4瓦特的注銷的和非充電式無線電

64、系統(tǒng)允許私人參與者之間的無線電通信距離可高達30公里。</p><p>　　位于26.957和27.283兆赫之間的ISM范圍大約在CB無線電范圍的中間，除了感應式無線電系統(tǒng)，在這個范圍內運行的ISM應用還包括透熱設備（醫(yī)療應用），高頻焊接設備（工業(yè)應用），遙控模型和傳呼機。</p><p>　　當安裝27兆赫的工業(yè)應用的射頻識別系統(tǒng)時，對任何可能位于高頻焊接設備附近的應給予特別注意。高頻

65、焊接設備產生的高場強可能會干擾同頻率附近的射頻識別系統(tǒng)的操作。當規(guī)劃醫(yī)院的27兆赫射頻識別系統(tǒng)（如門禁系統(tǒng)），審議時應考慮到任何可能存在的透熱設備。</p><p>　　5 頻率范圍40.680兆赫</p><p>　　范圍為40.660-40.700兆赫的頻率位于VHF范圍的低端。波的傳播受限于地面波，所以由建筑物和其他障礙物產生的阻尼不太明顯。毗連這ISM范圍的頻率被移動商業(yè)無線電系統(tǒng)

66、（林業(yè)，高速公路管理）和電視廣播（VHF范圍I）占用。</p><p>　　在此范圍內經營的主要ISM應用是遙測（測量數據的傳輸）和遠程控制應用。據我所知在此范圍內沒有射頻識別系統(tǒng)的應用，這可以歸因于在這個頻率范圍內不適合這種類型的系統(tǒng)。在此范圍內可與電感耦合實現的范圍比那些可以在較低頻率實現的范圍要顯著降低，而在范圍波長為7.5米的是不適合興建小型和廉價的后向散射轉發(fā)器。</p><p>

67、;　　6 頻率范圍433.920兆赫</p><p>　　范圍為430.000-440.000兆赫的頻率被分配為世界各地的業(yè)余無線電服務。業(yè)余無線電愛好者將此范圍用于語音和數據傳輸，并通過無線電中轉站或者自制的太空衛(wèi)星進行通信。</p><p>　　在這個UHF頻率范圍內的波的傳播大約是光學波。當遇到建筑物和其他障礙物時會產生過阻尼以及輸入的電磁波的反射。</p><p

68、>　　根據操作方法和發(fā)射功率的不同，業(yè)余愛好者使用的系統(tǒng)在30到300公里的距離。全球連接也可能利用空間衛(wèi)星。</p><p>　　ISM范圍為433.050-434.790兆赫的頻率大約位于業(yè)余無線電波段的中間并被廣泛的ISM應用嚴重占用。此外散射（RFID）系統(tǒng)，嬰兒對講機，遙測發(fā)射機（包括那些國內的應用，如無線外部溫度計），無線耳機，短距離的未注冊的LPD對講機，無鑰匙進入系統(tǒng)（汽車中央門鎖手持發(fā)射機

69、）和許多其他應用被塞進這個頻率范圍。不幸的是，在這個頻率范圍內廣泛地ISM應用之間相互干擾的情況并不少見。</p><p>　　7 頻率范圍869.0兆赫</p><p>　　在1997年底，范圍為868-870兆赫的頻率在歐洲通過了短距離設備（SRDs），因此在化學強化一級的43個成員國中可供射頻識別應用 。</p><p>　　一些遠東國家也正在考慮這個頻率范圍

70、內傳遞的短距離設備。</p><p>　　8 頻率范圍915.0兆赫</p><p>　　這個頻率范圍并不適用于歐洲ISM應用。歐洲以外（美國和澳大利亞）在頻率范圍888-889兆赫和902-928兆赫是可用的，并被散射技術(RFID)系統(tǒng)使用。</p><p>　　鄰近的頻率范圍主要被D型網電話和CT1+和CT2標準的無繩電話占用。</p><

71、p>　　9 頻率范圍2.4吉赫</p><p>　　ISM范圍為2.400-2.4835 吉赫的部分重疊的頻率范圍被用于業(yè)余無線電愛好者</p><p>　　和無線電定位服務。這個UHF頻率范圍和更高的SHF頻率范圍頻的傳播條件是類光的。建筑和其他障礙表現為非常強烈的反射和阻尼在一種電磁波的傳播(通道)中。</p><p>　　除了后向散射(RFID)系統(tǒng),典

72、型的供應管理協(xié)會(ISM)的應用被發(fā)現在這個頻率范圍的是遙測發(fā)射機和由無線網絡構成的計算機局域網系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　10 頻率范圍5.8吉赫</p><p>　　ISM范圍為5.725-5.875 吉赫的部分重疊的頻率范圍被用于業(yè)余無線電愛好者和無線電定位服務。</p><p>　　這個頻率范圍內典型的ISM應用是運動傳感器，加上散射（RFID）系統(tǒng)，它可以

73、作為開門器（在商店和百貨商店中），或者是非接觸式沖洗廁所。</p><p>　　11 頻率范圍24.125吉赫</p><p>　　ISM范圍為24.00-24.25吉赫的部分重疊的頻率范圍被用于業(yè)余無線電愛好者，無線電定位服務以及地球資源衛(wèi)星服務。</p><p>　　這個頻率范圍主要是由運動傳感器的使用，但是也用于定向數據傳輸的無線電系統(tǒng)。據我所知沒有RFID系