外文翻譯--技術(shù)創(chuàng)新對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的影響

1、<p>　　中文2100字，1695單詞</p><p><b>　　外文翻譯 </b></p><p><b>　　原文 </b></p><p>　　The effect of technological innovation on international trade</p>&l

2、t;p>　　Material Source:Economics discussion papers</p><p>　　Author:Márquez-Ramos, Laura Martínez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada</p><p>　　International trade theory highlights the importance of

3、technological innovation in explaining a country’s international competitiveness(Posner 1961; Vernon 1966; Fagerberg 1997).Schumpeter (1944) viewed economic development as a dynamic process deriving from industry and exp

4、orts, with innovation playing a key role in the development of both. </p><p>　　Empirical work linking trade to technological innovation based on a gravity framework show that the effect of technological inno

5、vation on exports varies with country characteristics.Loungani et al.(2002)assessed the importance of information links that associate technological innovation with lower communication costs,and stated that the negative

6、effect of physical distance on trade could be reduced by reducing the barriers to informational flows.These authors distinguished between developed and </p><p>　　These results may depend on the measure of in

7、novation that is used. Indeed, Kuznets (1962)noted the problems with that the lack of appropriate innovation measures may create in economic research related to inventive activity. In recent years, considerable attempts

8、have been made to measure technological innovation across countries.Wakelin (1997)classified different proxies for technological innovation used in the literature and pointed out that the main choice of technological inn

9、ovation proxies</p><p>　　Technological innovation has been defined as a country’s“absorption capacity”-the ability to put information from abroad into practice by developing new products and processes which

10、play a key role in international trade and economic development.Therefore,the development of relevant indicators to measure the level of technological innovation-seen as absorption capacity- across countries is of great

11、interest in a knowledge-based economy with high and increasing dependence on information technolog</p><p>　　We can infer from the above-mentioned results that,to the extent that technological innovation is a

12、ssociated with lower communication costs,both internally and externally,we should find similar results as those of Fink et al. (2005) in our empirical application using the TAI index. </p><p>　　The main aim

13、of this paper is to provide empirical evidence on the relationship between technological innovation and international trade. A non-linear relationship between these two variables would indicate that the effect of improve

14、d technological innovation on trade could vary according to the technological achievement in countries.Hence,the form of heterogeneity we investigate here is whether a country’s level oftechnological innovation achieveme

15、nt (or ability) affects the relationship betwee</p><p>　　The aggregated results show that a “U-shaped” relationship exists between exports and diffusion of old innovations, whereas an inverted U-shaped relat

16、ionship is found between exports and diffusion of recent innovations and between exports and human skills.With respect to the more specific results, on the one hand the sectoral results indicate that the effect of the im

17、porter’s TAI on trade is similar for all categories of goods. However, whereas the effect of the exporter’s TAI for differentiated</p><p>　　The importance of our results falls in several areas. Methodologica

18、lly speaking, we obtain a model of threshold effects of technological innovation on international trade.In terms of policy conclusions, we find that different levels of technological innovation are associated with differ

19、ent effects on exports in developed and developing countries, as well as in different sectors, owing to the existence of threshold effects in the relationship between technological innovation and trade. The main m</p&

20、gt;<p>　　The last few decades have witnessed important changes in international trade patterns, with an increasing number of countries that have become closely linked to one another through international trade and

21、 foreign direct investment.Technological innovation plays an important role in this world-wide inter- dependence.Within this framework, international trade theory highlights the importance of technological innovation in

22、explaining the international competitiveness of a country (Fagerberg 1997). </p><p>　　Classical thinking,which stressed international differences in technology in conjunction with international differences i

23、n real wage levels as a source of comparative advantage, dominated trade theory until the appearance of the Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O)theory which centred on resource endowments as the main factor explaining international tra

24、de patterns. Nevertheless, technological innovation once again came to the forefront of research into trade with the development of the technology gap (Posner </p><p><b>　　譯文 </b></p>

25、<p>　　技術(shù)創(chuàng)新對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的影響</p><p>　　資料來源: 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研討會(huì)論文 作者: 拉莫斯 馬 爾 克斯勞拉</p><p>　　國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論強(qiáng)調(diào)了在解釋一個(gè)國(guó)家的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力上技術(shù)革新的重要性(波斯納 1961 年; 弗農(nóng) 1966 年; 法格貝格 1997) . 熊彼特(1944) 認(rèn)識(shí)到經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展作為一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)進(jìn)程源自于工業(yè)和出口，創(chuàng)新同樣的在發(fā)展中扮演著一個(gè)關(guān)

26、鍵的角色。</p><p>　　有關(guān)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新實(shí)證的重要框架表明技術(shù)革新對(duì)隨著一個(gè)國(guó)家的特點(diǎn)而變化的出口有著深刻的影響。 Loungani et al. (2002) 評(píng)估了把技術(shù)創(chuàng)新與較低的通訊費(fèi)用這些信息鏈接的重要性，并指出物理距離的負(fù)面作用可以減少對(duì)信息的流動(dòng)從而減少貿(mào)易壁壘。這些作者區(qū)分發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家來分析是否更好的信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施能代替地理距離。他們的研究結(jié)果顯示, 物理信息距離之間的取代度基于全國(guó)系統(tǒng)

27、的變化特點(diǎn)。作者進(jìn)行了一個(gè)純粹的信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和貿(mào)易的線性關(guān)系的測(cè)試而不考慮任何閾值的影響。Fink et al. (2005) 在考慮了這種效用可能隨部門特點(diǎn)而轉(zhuǎn)變的基礎(chǔ)上，分析了溝通費(fèi)用對(duì)雙邊貿(mào)易流動(dòng)的影響。他們的結(jié)果顯示跨國(guó)國(guó)家溝通成本有顯著影響到國(guó)際貿(mào)易。事實(shí)上, 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)低價(jià)的通訊費(fèi)用差異商品比同種貿(mào)易的交易程度更優(yōu)。由于信息或通訊所需的要比差異商品大得多，這些產(chǎn)品的貿(mào)易在溝通成本變化上很可能更敏感(哈里斯1995年) 。 &l

28、t;/p><p>　　這些結(jié)論可能建立在已經(jīng)使用的創(chuàng)新的措施。事實(shí)上, 庫茲涅茨(1962 年)注意到適當(dāng)?shù)膭?chuàng)新措施的缺乏可能建立有關(guān)發(fā)明活動(dòng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)研究。近年來, 不同的國(guó)家已經(jīng)在技術(shù)創(chuàng)新措施方面有相當(dāng)大的嘗試。Wakelin(1997) 把使用在文獻(xiàn)中的技術(shù)革新分類成不同的代理，并指出主要選擇技術(shù)創(chuàng)新代理在使用一個(gè)輸入對(duì)創(chuàng)新的過程中, 比如研究和開發(fā)(R&D) 費(fèi)用或是在研究部門科學(xué)家和工程師的數(shù)量，或輸出

29、, 如專利的數(shù)量。在較新的研究中，凱勒(2004) 指出技術(shù)創(chuàng)新是一種無形的是很難直接測(cè)得的而且三個(gè)間接的途徑測(cè)量研發(fā)、輸入輸出(專利)和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的影響(更高的生產(chǎn)率) 能使用到的。技術(shù)創(chuàng)新曾被定義為一個(gè)國(guó)家的“吸納能力”--能夠讓信息從境外向?qū)嵺`的過程中通過開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品在國(guó)際貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。因此，相關(guān)指標(biāo)來衡量技術(shù)創(chuàng)新水平的發(fā)展-視為吸收能力-跨國(guó)國(guó)家越來越傾向于日益依賴信息技術(shù)和人力資本的知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)。 Márq

30、uez- Ramos et al. (2007) 最新的編譯了一大數(shù)量的指標(biāo)和變量來測(cè) 量被作為吸收能力的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的成果。 由于一國(guó)的技術(shù)成果是非常復(fù)雜的，我們很難抓住他們反映在任</p><p>　　我們可以從上述結(jié)果推知, 一定程度上技術(shù)創(chuàng)新與降低通訊費(fèi)用是聯(lián)系在一起的，在國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)外， 我們?cè)?Fink et al. (2005) 使用 TAI 指標(biāo)的實(shí)證案例可以找到相似的結(jié)論。 </p>&l

31、t;p>　　本文的主要目的是提供找出技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和國(guó)際貿(mào)易之間關(guān)系的實(shí)踐性證據(jù)。這兩個(gè)變量的一個(gè)非線性關(guān)系表明在貿(mào)易上的逐步進(jìn)步的技術(shù)革新的作用會(huì)以一個(gè)國(guó)家的技術(shù)成果的不同而不同。因此，我們調(diào)查的非均質(zhì)性研究的形式是是否一個(gè)國(guó)家技術(shù)創(chuàng)新成果(或能力) 的水平會(huì)影響到技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和貿(mào)易之間的關(guān)系。單獨(dú)研究這個(gè)作用，首先研究發(fā)展中國(guó)家和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家去確定是否經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的差別會(huì)影響其貿(mào)易與創(chuàng)新的關(guān)系，其次是研究不同的部門， 以便去完善Fink et

32、 al. (2005) 的非線性框架的結(jié)果。結(jié)果顯示，在出口商品和擴(kuò)散的舊創(chuàng)新之間有一個(gè) U 形的關(guān)聯(lián)存在然而發(fā)現(xiàn)出口商品和較新的創(chuàng)新之間的關(guān)系以及出口商品和人文技能之間的關(guān)系出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)倒 U 形的關(guān)系。就更具體的結(jié)果, 一方面部門的結(jié)果表明在貿(mào)易上出口商 TAI 的影響與各類商品相似。然而，差異商品中出口商的作用顯示一個(gè)倒 U 形關(guān)系，其余的被發(fā)現(xiàn)是一個(gè) U 形曲線。因此, 技術(shù)創(chuàng)新成果對(duì)中級(jí)水平的技術(shù)成果的差異商品的出口有一種較大的

33、影響, 對(duì)高水平的技術(shù)成果在同類商品上作用比較明顯。另一方面, 對(duì)于具體的國(guó)家群的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，當(dāng)進(jìn)口商是一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家時(shí)，被視為高水平的技</p><p>　　我們從幾個(gè)方面探討這些重要結(jié)論。在方法上說，我們得到了 一個(gè)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易上的閾值模型。從策略結(jié)論的形式上說，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)不同水平的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新與在發(fā)展中國(guó)家和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家之間不同的作用是密切聯(lián)系的，同樣在不同的領(lǐng)域， 由于閾值之間的關(guān)系存在從而影響技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和貿(mào)易

34、。根據(jù)本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),發(fā)展中國(guó)家應(yīng)遵循的有關(guān)的主要信息發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略是, 如果他們能夠達(dá)到最低限度的獲取和轉(zhuǎn)化能力, 國(guó)家出口將受益于高水平的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新。 因此, 投資領(lǐng)域巨頭達(dá)到這些閾值是可行的。 </p><p>　　過去幾十年我們已經(jīng)見證了國(guó)際貿(mào)易方式上很多重要的轉(zhuǎn)變，越來越多的國(guó)家已經(jīng)通過國(guó)際貿(mào)易和國(guó)外直接投資與一個(gè)又一個(gè)國(guó)家緊密的聯(lián)系在一起。在全球化國(guó)際中技術(shù)創(chuàng)新扮演著重要的角色。在這一框架內(nèi), 國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論強(qiáng)調(diào)