顯微鏡外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　附錄</b></p><p><b>　　附錄I 中文譯文</b></p><p>　　很早以前，人們就知道某些光學(xué)裝置能夠“放大”物體。比如在《墨經(jīng)》里面就記載了能放大物體的凹面鏡。凸透鏡——有的時候人們把它稱為“放大鏡”——能夠聚焦太陽光，也能讓你看到放大后的物體，這是因為凸透鏡能夠把光線偏折。你通過凸透鏡看到的

2、其實是一種幻覺，嚴(yán)格的說，叫做虛像。當(dāng)物體發(fā)出的光通過凸透鏡的時候，光線會以特定的方式偏折。當(dāng)我們看到那些光線的時候，或不自覺地認(rèn)為它們?nèi)匀皇茄毓P直的路線傳播。結(jié)果，物體就會看上去比原來大。1665年，英國科學(xué)家羅伯特?胡克用他的顯微鏡觀察軟木切片的時候，驚奇的發(fā)現(xiàn)其中存在著一個一個“單元”結(jié)構(gòu)。胡克把它們稱作“細(xì)胞”。不過，詹森時代的復(fù)合式顯微鏡并沒有真正顯示出它的威力，它們的放大倍數(shù)低得可憐。荷蘭人安東尼?馮?列文虎克（Anth

3、ony Von Leeuwenhoek ，1632-1723）制造的顯微鏡讓人們大開眼界。列文虎克自幼學(xué)習(xí)磨制眼鏡片的技術(shù)，熱衷于制造顯微鏡。他制造的顯微鏡其實就是一片凸透鏡，而不是復(fù)合式顯微鏡。不過，由于他的技藝精湛，磨制的單片顯微鏡的放大倍數(shù)將近300倍，超過了以往任何一種顯微鏡。當(dāng)列文虎克把他的顯微鏡對準(zhǔn)一滴雨水的時候</p><p>　　用電子代替光，這或許是一個反常規(guī)的主意。但是還有更令人吃驚的。1

4、983年，IBM公司蘇黎世實驗室的兩位科學(xué)家Gerd Binnig和Heinrich Rohrer發(fā)明了所謂的掃描隧道顯微鏡（STM）。這種顯微鏡比電子顯微鏡更激進(jìn)，它完全失去了傳統(tǒng)顯微鏡的概念。很顯然，你不能直接“看到”原子。因為原子與宏觀物質(zhì)不同，它不是光滑的、滴溜亂轉(zhuǎn)的削球，更不是達(dá)?芬奇繪畫時候所用的模型。掃描隧道顯微鏡依靠所謂的“隧道效應(yīng)”工作。如果舍棄復(fù)雜的公式和術(shù)語，這個工作原理其實很容易理解。隧道掃描顯微鏡沒有鏡頭，

5、它使用一根探針。探針和物體之間加上電壓。如果探針距離物體表面很近——大約在納米級的距離上——隧道效應(yīng)就會起作用。電子會穿過物體與探針之間的空隙，形成一股微弱的電流。如果探針與物體的距離發(fā)生變化，這股電流也會相應(yīng)的改變。這樣，通過測量電流我們就能知道物體表面的形狀，分辨率可以達(dá)到單個原子的級別。因為這項奇妙的發(fā)明，Binnig和Rohrer獲得了1986年的諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎。這一年還有一個人分享了諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎，那就是電子顯微鏡的發(fā)明者

6、Ruska。據(jù)說，幾百年前列文虎克把他制作顯微鏡的技</p><p><b>　　附錄II 英文原文</b></p><p>　　Long ago, people will know that some optical device can "zoom in" objects. For example in the ink by the &qu

7、ot;inside is recorded the concave mirrors can magnify objects. Convex-sometimes people is called it "the magnifying glass"-to be able to focus on the light from the sun, also can let you see the amplification o

8、f objects, this is because the light burning to bending. You see through the burning is actually an illusion, strictly speaking, called virtual. When light coming from an object through t</p><p>　　In 1665, t

9、he British scientist Robert HuKeYong his microscope biopsy of the cork, surprised to find that there is a a "units" structure. Hooker put them called "cells". But, Jason era of compound microscope and

10、 not really shows its power, they amplification pitifully low. The Dutch Anthony Von column singh g (Anthony Von Leeuwenhoek, 1632-1723) manufacturing microscope let people big open horizon. Column since learning abraded

11、 glass lens singh grams of technology, keen to manufacture the microsc</p><p>　　When listed his microscope singh g on a drop of rain, he surprised to find one amazing little world: countless microbes swim dr

12、ag in it. He put the findings report to the royal society of Britain, caused a sensation. Sometimes people listed the singh g known as the "father of the microscope", strictly speaking, it's not quite corre

13、ct. Singh had not been invented, listed the first compound microscope, his achievement is made of high quality convex lens.</p><p>　　In the next two centuries, compound microscope got fully perfect, for exam

14、ple, people invented to eliminate the error of off color and other optical lens groups. And the 19 th century compared the microscope, now we use ordinary optical microscope basically no improvement. The reason is simple

15、: the optical microscope has reached the limit of the resolution.</p><p>　　If only on paper drawing, you will naturally be "manufacturing" out of any magnification microscopy. But the volatility of

16、 the light will ruin your perfect invention. Even if the shape of the lens eliminate defect, any optical instrument still can't perfect imaging. It took a long time to find, light through a microscope in the diffract

17、ion to happen--- in short, object of a point when in imaging is not a point, but a diffraction flare. If two diffraction flare on too close, you can't tell them a</p><p>　　One of the ways to improve the

18、microscope resolution is trying to reduce the wavelength of the light, or, by the electron beam instead of the light. According to DE Broglie material wave theory, the movement of the electronic have volatility, and the

19、faster it "wavelength" more short. If the electronic speed can add to high enough, and gathering it, it is possible to used to amplify the objects.</p><p>　　In 1938, the German engineers Max Knoll

20、and Ernst Ruska produced the world's first transmission electron microscope (TEM). In 1952, British engineer Charles Oatley made the first scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electronic microscope in the 20 th centur

21、y is one of the most important invention. Since electronic speed can be added to the high, the resolution of the electronic microscope can achieve to the nanometer level (10-9 m).</p><p>　　With electronic in

22、stead of light, this is probably a deregulation of the idea. But there are more startling. In 1983, IBM Zurich laboratory two scientists Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer invented the so-called scanning tunneling microscop

23、e (STM). This microscope more radical than the electron microscope, it completely lost the concept of traditional microscope.</p><p>　　Obviously, you can't "see" atoms. Because the atoms and ma

24、cro material is different, it is not smooth, DiLiu disorderly to turn this, more is not Da Vinci, when the model used in painting. Scanning tunneling microscope rely on so-called "tunnel effect" work. If abando

25、n complex formula and terms, this principle is actually very easy to understand. Tunnel scanning microscope no lens, it USES a root probe. Probe and between objects and voltage. If the object surface very close distance

26、probe-about </p><p>　　Because the wonderful invention, Binnig and Rohrer won the 1986 Nobel Prize in physics. This years there is a Shared the Nobel Prize for physics, that is the inventor of the electron mi

27、croscope Ruska.</p><p>　　It is said that several hundred years ago-with the he made microscope singh g technology as a secret. Today, microscope-at least the optical microscope, has become a very common tool