智能車外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯中文+英文--畢業(yè)設(shè)計

1、<p><b>　　智能車</b></p><p>　　我們的社會充斥著各種各樣的“機器智能“。在過去的世紀(jì)，我們目睹越來越多日常生活中的“苦差事“被機器設(shè)備解決，如洗衣機。</p><p>　　然而，一個既枯燥又危險的保留區(qū)域就是日常駕駛汽車。2002年，120萬人死于交通事故，這是所有全球2.1％死亡，死因排名第11。如果這種趨勢繼續(xù)下去，估計從2020

2、年起每一年死于道路交通事故的人將達(dá)到850萬人。事實上，美國交通部估計交通事故的整體社會成本每年超過2300億美元。 </p><p>　　數(shù)百或數(shù)千輛車共享相同的道路時，就導(dǎo)致了大家都熟悉的交通擠塞。交通擠塞破壞了我們的生活質(zhì)量就像空氣污染損害公眾健康。1990年左右，公路運輸?shù)膶I(yè)人士開始申請讓他們在交通和道路管理。于是誕生了智能交通系統(tǒng)（ITS）。 20世紀(jì)90年代中后期開始，它的系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了開發(fā)和部署。在發(fā)

3、達(dá)國家，旅客今天能夠獲得旅行條件的信息，無論是駕駛自己的車或乘坐公共交通系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　隨著世界能源危機的持續(xù)，以及戰(zhàn)爭和能源-----石油的消耗及汽車飽有量的增加，能源在一天一天下降，終有一天它會消失的無影無蹤。石油不是在生資源。所以必須在石油耗凈之前找到一種代替品。隨著科技的發(fā)展社會的進(jìn)步，有人發(fā)明了電動汽車。電動汽車將成為人們最為理想的交通工具。 世界在各各方面的發(fā)展都取得豐碩成果，尤其

4、是隨著汽車電子技術(shù)和計算機以及發(fā)展迅速的信息時代。電子控制技術(shù)在汽車上得到了廣泛應(yīng)用，汽車上應(yīng)用的電子裝置越來越豐富，電子技術(shù)不僅用來改善和提高傳統(tǒng)汽車電器的質(zhì)量和性能，而且還提高了汽車的動力性、燃油經(jīng)濟性、可靠性以及廢氣排放的凈化性。汽車上廣泛使用電子產(chǎn)品不僅降低了成本，并且減少維護的復(fù)雜性。從發(fā)動機的燃油噴射點火裝置、進(jìn)氣控制、廢氣排放控制、故障自診斷到車身輔助裝置都普遍采用了電子控制技術(shù)，可以說今后汽車發(fā)展主要以機電一體化。汽車上

5、廣泛采用的電子控制點火系統(tǒng)主要有電子控制燃油噴射系統(tǒng)、電子控制點火系統(tǒng)、電子控制自動變速器、電子控制防滑（ABS/ASR）控制系統(tǒng)、電子控制懸架系統(tǒng)、電子控制動力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)、車輛動力學(xué)控制系統(tǒng)、安全氣囊系統(tǒng)、主動安全帶系統(tǒng)、電子控制自動空調(diào)系統(tǒng)、</p><p>　　以AVR 單片機為核心, 提出了一種智能探測小車的軟硬件設(shè)計方案。系統(tǒng)可以預(yù)先設(shè)定小車的行走路線, 能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)小車與計算機之間的無線通訊, 通過超聲測物

6、和紅外測障電路使小車安全行走。另外, 系統(tǒng)通過JTAG 接口在線調(diào)試程序。軟件設(shè)計中采用神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)自學(xué)習(xí), 大大增強了小車的智能化.</p><p>　　執(zhí)行元件的伺服系統(tǒng)性能將決定機器人的性能?；贏VR 系列單片機，并應(yīng)用積分分離技術(shù)，設(shè)計離散PI 調(diào)節(jié)器，輸出PWM 控制信號，建立驅(qū)動電機的速度伺服控制系統(tǒng)。使用AVR － GCC 編譯軟件開發(fā)伺服系統(tǒng)軟件，設(shè)定速度采樣頻率為2KHz，實現(xiàn)對電機速度的實時控制

7、。與基于51 系列單片機開發(fā)的伺服系統(tǒng)相比，本系統(tǒng)所需的外圍電路更簡單，數(shù)據(jù)處理速度更快。實現(xiàn)了機器人響應(yīng)快速，移動平穩(wěn)。該伺服系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)尤其適用于智能移動機器人，還可以廣泛應(yīng)用于其它智能設(shè)備和生產(chǎn)線。</p><p>　　提出了一種基于AVR 單片機Atmega8 為核心控制器的比賽機器人控制系統(tǒng),通過比賽機器人的特征分析,闡述了構(gòu)成控制系統(tǒng)所需的主控單元、電機驅(qū)動單元、傳感檢測單元及LCD 顯示單元,其中詳細(xì)

8、分析了以MCBL3006S 為核心的伺服電機驅(qū)動單元,以及關(guān)系比賽機器人基本功能實現(xiàn)的循線傳感系統(tǒng)及避障傳感系統(tǒng),并給出部分程序。最后通過實踐表明,該控制系統(tǒng)開放性好、結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、編程容易、智能并高效。</p><p>　　智能車的避障規(guī)則，通過對紅外傳感器的信息進(jìn)行采集,使用二極管D1 發(fā)射紅外線，二極管D2 接收紅外信號。紅外線發(fā)射部分不設(shè)專門的信號發(fā)生電路，直接從單片機實現(xiàn)時鐘頻率，既簡化了線路和調(diào)試工作，又

9、能使電路的穩(wěn)定性和抗干擾能力大大加強。經(jīng)實驗驗證，該系統(tǒng)運行可靠，達(dá)到了設(shè)計要求。</p><p>　　介紹一種基于CCD 攝像頭的路徑識別的智能車控制系統(tǒng), 設(shè)計了硬件結(jié)構(gòu)與方案, 提出了轉(zhuǎn)向機構(gòu)的控制策略, 該智能車能準(zhǔn)確實現(xiàn)自主尋跡, 具備抗干擾性極強, 穩(wěn)態(tài)誤差小等特點。</p><p>　　智能車系統(tǒng)，包括傳感器信息采集與處理、電機驅(qū)動、控制算法及控制策略等方面。采用激光傳感器采

10、集道路信息并反饋給單片機控制系統(tǒng)，通過軟件進(jìn)行相關(guān)分析處理，通過速度反饋和PID 算法控制舵機轉(zhuǎn)向和智能車速度。通過實際運行驗證，本方法使智能車運行穩(wěn)定、可靠,其平均速度達(dá)到2.6m/s，得到比較理想的效果。</p><p>　　為了綜合利用控制、模式識別、傳感器技術(shù)、汽車電子、電氣、計算機、機械等專業(yè)領(lǐng)域知識, 設(shè)計實現(xiàn)了一個基于PID 控制算法, CCD 檢測系統(tǒng), 并采用H C9SDG128 單片機作為主控

11、芯片的智能車系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)使用Codewar rio r IDE 集成開發(fā)環(huán)境作為程序設(shè)計的基本軟件平臺, 能利用攝像頭自動識別路況, 進(jìn)行圖像處理, 進(jìn)而調(diào)整方向沿預(yù)定軌道前行, 具有很強的可靠性、穩(wěn)定性、快速性、擴展性。</p><p>　　以“飛思卡爾”杯智能車大賽為研究背景，開發(fā)了一種智能循跡小車。該小車采用光電傳感器檢測路徑，獲得賽道信息，求出小車與黑線間的偏差，采用模糊控制對小車的速度進(jìn)行控制，使小車能

12、夠自動跟隨直道和彎道。實踐表明，采用模糊控制的智能小車在路徑識別的精準(zhǔn)度，穩(wěn)定性，及速度控制上具有明顯優(yōu)勢。</p><p>　　本世紀(jì)初期，在計算機和信息革命的影響下，汽車經(jīng)歷了性能和與駕駛者之間的互動方面最富戲劇性的變革。</p><p>　　1908年，亨利福特T型車的出現(xiàn)體現(xiàn)了汽車設(shè)計上的重大突破。它不僅開創(chuàng)了輕松更換零件和大量生產(chǎn)的先河，而且其“用戶友好”的運作方式，讓任何人都可

13、以輕松駕駛。近90年來，類似于福特T型車的簡單汽車越來越少，汽車迅速成為了一種復(fù)雜的“移動電腦”，扮演著領(lǐng)航者，護航者，甚至第二司機的角色。這些新特性不僅改變了我們的駕駛方式，還提高了運輸服務(wù)質(zhì)量和挽救生命的能力，并對美國工業(yè)的競爭力提供了支持。</p><p>　　然而，智能車的表現(xiàn)不僅如此。相反的，使車輛更加智能的這些組件，如新信息，安全性和自動化技術(shù)，是作為零配件抵達(dá)市場的，或作為可選設(shè)備，或作為售后服務(wù)的

14、特殊配件。為了提高司機的安全性，這些技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展并上市銷售。但是個別的技術(shù)還沒有得到整合，不能創(chuàng)造出與司機高度協(xié)作的完全智能的車輛。</p><p>　　汽車行業(yè)已經(jīng)意識到并解決了潛在的不協(xié)調(diào)技術(shù)的大量涌入問題。但他們的進(jìn)步受到技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟障礙，不確定的消費者喜好，不完善的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和準(zhǔn)則的阻礙。此外，無論是傳統(tǒng)的汽車制造商或是政府監(jiān)管機構(gòu)（除非安全問題非常明顯）都不能控制售后的產(chǎn)品的使用，特別是在卡車和公共汽車的使用方

15、面。然而，還沒有一個“以人為本”的智能車輛試圖整合和協(xié)調(diào)各種技術(shù)以解決問題。我們也許不僅僅會失去實現(xiàn)新的車載技術(shù)的機遇，甚至可能會在無意中降低行車的安全性和性能。</p><p>　　意識到智能車輛的重要性和汽車設(shè)計中人為因素所產(chǎn)生的潛在危險之后，交通部于1997年啟動智能車輛倡議（IVI）。這一舉措旨在加快汽車系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展和集成，用以幫助汽車，卡車及巴士司機更安全和有效地操作。</p><p&

16、gt;　　20世紀(jì)80年代的電視連續(xù)劇“霹靂游俠”功能的智能車輛可以跨越頗高的大廈，似乎駕駛超音速本身，對壞人間諜，并有英文用詞和管家的個性。這款車不僅是聰明，但自作聰明。雖然在現(xiàn)實世界中的智能車輛將無法飛越站在交通，他們將有強大的能力。正如所設(shè)想的國際疫苗研究所，智能車輛將能夠提供路線指示，感覺對象，警告即將發(fā)生的碰撞司機，自動信號在緊急情況下幫助司機保持警覺，并可能最終能夠接管駕駛。 </p><p>　　信

17、息和機動車輛的電腦為基礎(chǔ)的技術(shù)，然而，是不是新的用途。將廣泛的汽車電腦開始了旨在提高車輛運行和駕駛員舒適性技術(shù)的20世紀(jì)80年代。這些技術(shù)包括電子控制燃油噴射發(fā)動機的性能，特別是減少汽車排放，提高燃油經(jīng)濟性，防抱死制動系統(tǒng)，以幫助司機保持在濕滑路面控制，巡航控制系統(tǒng)以減輕司機的駕駛很長一段乏味。而這些技術(shù)主要是加強對車輛，在車輛技術(shù)的最新波，其中最感興趣的是IVI的能力的目的，是智能交通，旨在加強對駕駛員的能力的系統(tǒng)。這些系統(tǒng)包括預(yù)警和

18、信息，駕駛輔助和自動化技術(shù)。 </p><p>　　正如人們具有不同的專業(yè)能力，不同類型和層次的車載智能車輛技術(shù)賦予“情報”，以補充該驅(qū)動程序。駕駛員信息系統(tǒng)，擴大了駕駛員的路線和地點的知識。預(yù)警系統(tǒng)，如防撞技術(shù)，提高駕駛員的感知能力發(fā)生了什么事在周圍環(huán)境的。自動化和驅(qū)動技術(shù)援助和模擬駕駛者的思想和行動，以實際操作或在緊急情況下，長時間的車輛暫時的。 </p><p>　　但是，在智能車輛

19、將擴大司機的能力，它也可能會增加司機的傳統(tǒng)角色。特別是，在新車內(nèi)的技術(shù)中，人的作用擴大從感覺運動技能，寫道托馬斯謝里登，教授誰負(fù)責(zé)的人機系統(tǒng)實驗室在美國麻省理工學(xué)院（MIT），“這一規(guī)劃，程序員，在自動化，診斷者...，監(jiān)控學(xué)習(xí)者和管理者。</p><p>　　ITS的研究顯示出將在智能車輛中應(yīng)用的許多技術(shù)的好處可行性：</p><p>　　路線引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)將幫助司機更好的行駛在不熟悉的街道或

20、找到到達(dá)目的地最快的路線。1992年和1993年，在交通部主辦的奧蘭多TravTek實地測試中顯示，配備了路線引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)的游客駕駛汽車減少了30%的車輛轉(zhuǎn)錯彎的問題。與使用紙質(zhì)地圖的游客相比，節(jié)省了20%的時間。</p><p>　　防撞系統(tǒng)可以加強交通安全規(guī)范，完全防止交通事故的發(fā)生。據(jù)研究表明，如果司機能多半秒鐘反應(yīng)時間，就可以避免60%的岔路交通事故和30%的迎面相撞，而75%的車輛事故是由司機走神造成的。國

21、家公路交通安全管理局（NHTSA）估計每年美國應(yīng)用于這三類的防撞系統(tǒng)能夠避免110萬次交通事故，占總交通事故數(shù)的17%。而這能夠挽救17,500人的生命（安全帶和氣囊約挽救10,500人）并挽回260億美元的損失。其他的安全設(shè)施正在測試中，包括自動撞擊告知系統(tǒng)，當(dāng)一輛汽車的安全氣囊彈出時，該系統(tǒng)會自動發(fā)出求救信號，而昏睡司機警告系統(tǒng)可以防止在汽車行駛過程中司機昏昏欲睡。</p><p>　　車內(nèi)自動化系統(tǒng)可以在緊

22、急情況下接管駕駛，或在允許長時間行駛的情況下自動駕駛。1996年，國家公路交通安全管理局開始實地測試智能巡航控制系統(tǒng)——該系統(tǒng)能夠自動調(diào)整車輛行駛速度，與前方車輛保持安全距離——以評價這種技術(shù)在安全方面的影響。更加戲劇化的一幕出現(xiàn)在名為“放開手，放開腳”的駕駛中。去年夏天，由交通部和其他9個公、私營組織合辦的全國自動公路系統(tǒng)聯(lián)盟（NAHSC）在圣地亞哥I-15號路一段12公里的測試路段示范了未來全自動車輛的原型。未來，自動公路管理系統(tǒng)將

23、在速度越來越高、車距越來越短的高速地段提高交通管理者2-3倍的監(jiān)管力度。該系統(tǒng)也可能消除人為操作錯誤引發(fā)的交通事故的發(fā)生，提高路段的安全性。</p><p>　　除了為乘客提供安全和高效的交通以外，聯(lián)邦政府預(yù)計，智能汽車固有的發(fā)展趨勢也有可能提高美國的經(jīng)濟競爭能力。</p><p>　　為了讓智能汽車發(fā)揮出它最大的潛力，它們必須能夠與智能交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施系統(tǒng)和其他的智能汽車溝通交流，例如，與智

24、能基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施系統(tǒng)溝通可以使智能汽車了解事故的發(fā)生然后實時主動地選擇路線。智能汽車還可以作為探針，將有關(guān)于路段條件的信息發(fā)送給智能基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施系統(tǒng)，用以創(chuàng)建更加豐富的道路條件基本信息。此外，全自動汽車應(yīng)當(dāng)還可以在某種程度上依賴于智能基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施系統(tǒng)和其他的智能汽車提供的引導(dǎo)。例如，不久前圣地亞哥的美國直升機協(xié)會（AHS）顯示，在保險杠下安裝有磁動傳感器的自動汽車，成功被植入路表下方1.2米的磁鐵引導(dǎo)行駛。</p><p>　

25、　在未來的5到10年，我們應(yīng)該能夠看到具有特別驅(qū)動信息和報警系統(tǒng)能力的第一代產(chǎn)品。隨著信息的發(fā)展這些系統(tǒng)將日益完善。雖然防撞系統(tǒng)會提供一些自動的援助，司機們?nèi)匀怀钟衅嚨耐耆刂茩?quán)。此外，因為和智能基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施系統(tǒng)有了初步的溝通能力，汽車將在路段條件的實時偵查方面更加智能化。</p><p>　　約10至15年，一些改進(jìn)措施的應(yīng)用將為我們帶來更好更智能的第二代產(chǎn)品。雖然司機仍然有汽車的完全控制權(quán)，但防撞系統(tǒng)將可以在緊

26、急情況下采取暫時控制。另外，更加精密的語音識別系統(tǒng)將被納入司機與汽車的互動方面。車輛之間能夠互相溝通，以提高防撞能力。當(dāng)然，與智能基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施系統(tǒng)的溝通也將更加積極有效。</p><p>　　大約20年，在第三代產(chǎn)品中，我們將能看到完全自動化的公路系統(tǒng)，車輛和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的整合系統(tǒng)，司機與汽車之間更加貼近的互動，如視覺增強和平視顯示儀的使用。</p><p>　　回顧一個世紀(jì)泛濫如洪的技術(shù)，汽車作

27、為一項尤為突出的動力學(xué)發(fā)明而鶴立雞群。在下個世紀(jì)，這種活力將推動信息和計算機技術(shù)的發(fā)展。我們未來的挑戰(zhàn)是整合新的信息，安全和自動化技術(shù)，用以創(chuàng)造以人為本的智能車輛，提高安全性、地面?zhèn)鲃有屎徒?jīng)濟競爭能力。</p><p>　　Intelligent Vehicle</p><p>　　Our society is awash in “machine intelligence” of var

28、ious kinds.Over the last century, we have witnessed more and more of the “drudgery” of daily living being replaced by devices such as washing machines.</p><p>　　One remaining area of both drudgery and danger

29、, however, is the daily act ofdriving automobiles. 1.2million people were killed in traffic crashes in 2002, which was 2.1% of all globaldeaths and the 11th ranked cause of death . If this trend continues, an estimated

30、8.5 million people will be dying every year in road crashes by 2020. in fact, the U.S. Department of Transportation has estimated the overall societal cost of road crashes annually in the United States at greater than $2

31、30 billion .</p><p>　　when hundreds or thousands of vehicles are sharing the same roads at the same time, leading to the all too familiar experience of congested traffic. Traffic congestion undermines our qu

32、ality of life in the same way air pollution undermines public health.Around 1990, road transportation professionals began to apply them to traffic and road management. Thus was born the intelligent transportation system

33、(ITS). Starting in the late 1990s, ITS systems were developed and deployed。In developed countri</p><p>　　cant amounts of information about travel conditions, whether they are driving their own vehicle or rid

34、ing on public transit systems.</p><p>　　As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not

35、in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the

36、most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automob</p><p>　　Will was electric cars and intelligent car replaced. This is the question that day a

37、fter timing will come. ABS, GPS, and various new 4WD 4WS, electronic products and the modern era, excellent performance auto tacit understanding is tie-in, bring us unparalleled precision driving comfort and safety of dr

38、iving.</p><p>　　The hardware and software of the intelligent vehicle are designed based on AVR.This system could set the route in advance. The vehicle could communicate with the PC vianRF401 and could run sa

39、fely with the help of ultra sound detection and infrared measuring circuit.Neural network self- study is used to improve the intelligence of the vehicle.</p><p>　　The performance of servo systems will determ

40、ine the property of the robot． Based on AVRseries MCU，the velocity servo system for driving motor is created in this paper，including a discrete PIregulator which will work out a PWM control signal with applying the skill

41、 of integral separation． The velocities of motors will be controlled real － time with the speed sampling frequency set for 2KHz by using the AVR － GCC compiler software development． Compared to the servo system developme

42、nt based on the </p><p>　　A new design of contest robot cont rol system based on AVR Atmega8 was put forward. According to the character of contest robot , the main cont rol unit , motor drive unit , sense d

43、etection unit and LCDdisplay unit wereintroduced. Furthermore the servo driver system based on MCBL3006S , the line t racker sensor system and the obstacle avoidance sensor system were presented in detail. Finally the pe

44、rformance showsthat the cont rol system is open , simple , easy programming , intelligent and effic</p><p>　　Avoidance rules of intelligent vehicle obstacle are introducted. Through the collection of infrare

45、d sensor formation, the rules use diode D1 to launch and diode D2 to receive infrared signals. Infrared transmitter signal without a dedicated circuit comes directly from the MCU clock frequency, which not only simplifi

46、e the circuit and debugging, but also make the circuit stability and anti- jamming capability greatly enhanced. After the experimental verification, the system runs reliably meet the</p><p>　　A smart car con

47、trol sys tem of the path informat ion identif ied based on CCD camera was introduced. The hardware s truc ture and scheme were designed. The contro l strategy of s teering mechanismwas presented. T he smart car not only

48、can identify the road prec isely, but also have antinterference performance, and small s teady state error.</p><p>　　This article designed smartcar system,includes the aspects of the sensor information acqui

49、sition and processing, motor drive, control algorithm and control strategy etc.Using laser sensor to collect the road information which can feedback to the microcontroller control system,then making analytical processing

50、 combined with the software.With velocity feedback and PID control algorithms to control steering engine and the speed of smartcar.Verified by actual operation, this method makes smartcar tr</p><p>　　By the

51、aid o f the pro fessio na l know ledge of contr ol, patter n recog nitio n, senso r t echnolog y, aut omotive elect ronics, elect ricit y, computer, machiner y and so on, an intelligent vehicle system is designed with PI

52、D control a lg orithm,CCD detection system and H C9SDG128 M CU. Codew arr ior IDE integr ated dev elo pment pro gr amming env ir onment is taken as a basic softw are platform t hat can aut omatically deal w ith the traff

53、ic and image pro cessing, and then adjust the mo ving</p><p>　　Based on the research background of the Free-Scale smart car competition， a smart trackfollowing car is designed. In the car, the photo electric

54、ity sensor is used to check the path and obtain the information of racing road, andcalculate the error between the car and the black line. The fuzzy control is used to control the velocity of the car. The experiments sho

55、w that the smart car based on the fuzzy control has high accuracy on the judgment of the path, stability and velocity control.</p><p>　　In the wake of the computer and information revolutions, motor vehicles

56、 are undergoing the most dramatic changes in their capabilities and how they interact with drivers since the early years of the century. </p><p>　　In 1908, Henry Ford's Model T exemplified major breakthr

57、oughs in automotive design. Not only did its interchangeable parts inaugurate easy and economical mass production, but its "user-friendly" operation allowed almost anyone to drive. Nearly 90 years later, the mo

58、tor vehicle is resembling less and less Ford's simple machine and quickly becoming a complex "mobile computer", capable of acting as a navigator, a safeguard, and even, a second driver. These new capabiliti

59、es will not only change how </p><p>　　However, intelligent vehicles aren't quite here. Instead, the components that make vehicles smarter -- new information, safety, and automation technologies -- are ar

60、riving on the market as piecemeal accessories, offered either as optional equipment by new vehicle manufacturers or as speciality components by after-market suppliers. These technologies are being developed and marketed

61、to increase driver safety, performance, and convenience. These individual technologies, however, have yet to be int</p><p>　　The automotive industry is already aware of and addressing potential problems asso

62、ciated with the uncoordinated influx of technology. But their progress is hampered by technical and economic obstacles, uncertain consumer interest, and insufficient standards and guidelines. Also, neither original vehic

63、le manufacturers or government regulators (unless safety problems are clearly proven) have control over after-market products, especially their use in trucks and buses. However, without a "human-cen</p><p

64、>　　Recognizing the importance of smart vehicles and the potential for unintended consequences if human factors are not placed at the center of their design, DOT launched the Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) in 199

65、7. This initiative aims to accelerate the development, availability, and use of integrated in-vehicle systems that help drivers of cars, trucks, and buses operate more safely and effectively.</p><p>　　The 19

66、80s television series "Knight Rider" featured an intelligent vehicle that could leap moderately tall buildings, drive itself at seemingly supersonic speeds, spy on bad guys, and had the diction and personality

67、of an English butler. The car was not only smart, but smart-alecky. Although intelligent vehicles in the real world will not be able to fly over standing traffic, they will have formidable capabilities. As envisioned by

68、IVI, smart vehicles will be able to give route directions, sense</p><p>　　The use of information- and computer-based technologies in motor vehicles, however, is not new. Widescale computerization of motor ve

69、hicles began in the 1980s with technologies designed to enhance vehicle operation and driver comfort. These technologies included electronic fuel injection to control engine performance, particularly to reduce vehicular

70、emissions and improve fuel economy, antilock braking systems to help drivers retain control on slippery roads, and cruise control to relieve driver</p><p>　　Just as people possess different specialized abili

71、ties, in-vehicle ITS technologies endow vehicles with different types and levels of "intelligence" to complement the driver. Driver information systems expand the driver's knowledge of routes and locations.

72、 Warning systems, such as collision-avoidance technologies, enhance the driver's ability to sense what's going on in the surrounding environment. And driver assistance and automation technologies simulate a drive

73、r's thinking and physical action</p><p>　　But while a smart vehicle will extend the driver's capabilities, it will also potentially expand the driver's traditional role. In particular, in the mid

74、st of new in-vehicle technologies, the human role expands from that of sensory-motor skill, writes Thomas Sheridan, a professor who heads the Human-Machine Systems Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

75、(MIT), "to that of planner, programmer, monitor of the automation, diagnostician ..., learner and manager."8</p><p>　　Integration: The Key to Human-Centered Design </p><p>　　A key crit

76、eria of human-centered design is ensuring that a technology provides the intended benefits without engendering unintended adverse consequences. Driving is a potentially dangerous activity that requires attentive and aler

77、t drivers. Although technologies in the vehicle can enhance the driver's capabilities and comfort, they can also create potential distractions that transform even the best driver into a road hazard. The National Publ

78、ic Services Research Institute, for example, found tha</p><p>　　ITS research has already shown the benefits and feasibility of many of the technologies that will be contained within intelligent vehicles: <

79、;/p><p>　　Route guidance systems will help drivers better navigate unfamiliar streets or find the quickest route to their destinations. In the TravTek field test in Orlando, sponsored by DOT in 1992 and 1993, t

80、ourists driving vehicles equipped with route guidance systems made 30 percent fewer wrong turns and shortened their travel times by 20 percent compared to drivers who used paper maps. </p><p>　　Collision-avo

81、idance systems will expand the paradigm of traffic safety from protecting the occupant of the vehicle to preventing accidents altogether. According to one study, 60 percent of crashes at intersections and about 30 percen

82、t of head-on collisions could be avoided if drivers had an additional half-second to react. Nearly 75 percent of vehicular crashes are caused by inattentive drivers. NHTSA estimates that three types of collision-avoidan

83、ce systems could prevent 1.1 million accidents </p><p>　　In-vehicle automation systems will temporarily take over driving during emergencies or allow autopiloting for prolonged durations. In 1996, NHTSA bega

84、n field testing intelligent cruise-control systems, which will automatically adjust a vehicle's cruising speed to maintain a safe distance from vehicles ahead, to evaluate the safety impact of this technology. In a m

85、ore dramatic step towards "hands-off, feet-off" driving, the National Automated Highway Systems Consortium (NAHSC), which is a partner</p><p>　　Aside from delivering safety and efficiency benefits

86、for the traveling public, the federal government expects that indigenous development of intelligent vehicles could promote America's economic competitiveness.</p><p>　　For intelligent vehicles to reach t

87、heir maximum potential, they must be able to communicate with an intelligent transportation infrastructure and with other intelligent vehicles. For example, communication with a smart infrastructure would allow an intell

88、igent vehicle to learn of incidents and then proactively suggest alternative routes in real time. Smart vehicles could also act as probes that could send information about travel conditions back to the infrastructure to

89、create a richer base of k</p><p>　　Over the next five to 10 years, we should see the first generation with advances in the capabilities of individual driver information and warning systems. These systems wil

90、l become increasingly integrated with information coordinated through displays. Drivers will still maintain full control over their vehicles although collision-warning systems will provide limited automated assistance. I

91、n addition, vehicles would have a greater intelligence about road conditions in real time due to rudimentary</p><p>　　In about 10 to 15 years, the application of improvements in individual ITS systems will b

92、ring on a second generation with more and better intelligence in the vehicle. Although drivers will still maintain full control over their vehicles, collision-avoidance systems could take control temporarily during emerg

93、encies. In addition, more sophisticated voice recognition systems will be incorporated within the driver-vehicle interface. Vehicles will be able to communicate with each other to improve col</p><p>　　In abo

94、ut 20 years, in the third generation, we could see fully automated highway systems, cooperative systems of vehicles and infrastructure, and advances in the driver-vehicle interface, such as use of vision enhancements and

95、 head-up displays.</p><p>　　Looking back on a century inundated by technology, the motor vehicle stands out as a singularly dynamic invention. In the next century, this dynamism will be driven by advances in

96、 information and computer technology. Our challenge is to ensure that new information, safety, and automation technologies are integrated to create human-centered intelligent vehicles that can advance safety, surface tra