機(jī)械外文翻譯--- 電主軸技術(shù)水平分析

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文參考文獻(xiàn)翻譯</p><p>　　機(jī)械工程 系（院） 20 08 屆</p><p>　　題 目（中文） 電主軸的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì) </p><p>　　（英文）the mechanic designs of electric spindles</p>&l

2、t;p>　　學(xué)生姓名 </p><p>　　專業(yè)班 </p><p>　　完成日期： 2008 年 3月 23 日</p><p><b>　　目 錄</b></p><p>　　電主軸技術(shù)水平分析………………………………………………（8）</p>

3、<p>　　高速電主軸單元…………………………………………………（14）</p><p>　　The electrical technical level of main shaft is analysed </p><p>　　Abstract: Electrical main shaft is the processing machine tool of numerical

4、control " heart parts ", this paper has introduced typical structure and the working principle of electrical main shaft , has elaborated the crucial technology of electrical main shaft , has summarized it to de

5、velop tendency.</p><p>　　Keyword: The electrical porcelain ball of main shaft mix the bearing lubrication of oil gas </p><p>　　1, it is general to state the processing quality that can not only

6、raise processing efficiency substantially because of high speed processing and can still raise workpiece apparently, so, its application field is very extensive , is especially in aerospace , the manufacturing industries

7、 such as automobile and mould in. It is spoilt recently that so, the machine tool of numerical control that has high speed process capability has become market. Now, the domestic and international each famous manu</p&

8、gt;<p>　　2 the working principle electrical main shaft of the working principle, typical structure and 2.1 advantage electrical main shafts of electrical main shaft is the direct motor rotor of be hollow pack in m

9、ain shaft on, stator knows super-cooling but cover fixes , form a complete unit of main shaft in the casing hole of main shaft, after starting eclectricity rotor directly drive the operation of main shaft. </p>&l

10、t;p>　　The typical structural layout way of the typical structural electrical unit of main shaft of 2.2 electrical main shafts is that generator sets up before main shaft , rear axle Cheng between ( as picture show ),

11、its advantage is that the axial size of the unit of main shaft is the big, medium-sized machine tool of numerical control short comparatively, the rigidity of main shaft big, power suits comparatively; It is insufficient

12、 to be the naturally scattered hot condition in the generator in the </p><p>　　The 1 casings of main shaft the 2 cooling sets of 3 4 5 import stator rotors of cooling water the 6 sets of 7 8 9 10 former 11 c

13、an export feedback installation bearing rear axles of cooling water of runner shaft of main shaft of main shaft Cheng the advantage electrical province of main shaft of 2.3 electrical main shafts have gone to take ship o

14、r positive drive, the 0 transmissions that have realized machine tool have raised transmission efficiency. The rigidity of electrical main shaft good, r</p><p>　　3, the crucial technical concept of " el

15、ectrical main shaft " of electrical main shaft should not be simple to understand for the merely a sleeve of main shaft , and should be a set of assembly, include: Stator, rotor, bearing, the high speed installation

16、 of frequency conversion and lubrication install and cool installation. Therefore electrical main shaft is the with high speed bearing technical, lubrication technical, cooling technical technical, precise production of

17、dynamic balancing with th</p><p>　　The with high speed bearing technology of 3.1 electrical main shafts realizes the electrical high speed of main shaft to melt, is precise and crucial to be the application

18、of high speed precise bearing. Now the bearing that applied in high speed precise electrical main shaft have precise roll bearing and liquid movement press bearing and gas press bearing and magnetic suspension bearing qu

19、ietly, but it is precise angle contact porcelain ball bearing and precise cylinder roller bearing mainly. It</p><p>　　Angle contact ball bearing can not only at the same time bear radial and axial load, and

20、rigidity high, high speed performance good, structural simple compact, kind specifications numerous repair easily to change, thus in electrical main shaft, get extensive application. Now along with the development of por

21、celain bearing technology, the electrical bearing of main shaft of the most application is to mix porcelain ball bearing, roll body use Si3N4 porcelain ball, with the structure of " little pe</p><p>　　P

22、orcelain ball mix bearing and steel ball bearing compare , advantage is as follows: </p><p>　　( 1 ) the porcelain ball bearing friction performance of porcelain and steel composition very good, can reduce th

23、e stress of material and lubricant. </p><p>　　( 2 ) because of porcelain density low , can reduce the centrifugal force in operation. </p><p>　　( 3 ) the heat with lower porcelain coefficient of

24、 expansion have reduced bearing efficiently add the change of load in advance. </p><p>　　( 4 ) the flexible mould of porcelain quantity higher, can raise the rigidity of bearing. </p><p>　　Above

25、-mentioned factor have prolonged the life of bearing substantially with have promoted the operation limit speed of bearing. </p><p>　　The lubrication technical with high speed electrical main shaft of 3.2 el

26、ectrical main shafts the temperature rise that must control bearing with reasonable, controallable bearing lubrication way , in order to guarantee stability and the precision of the machining complex of numerical control

27、 of machine tool. Adopt to roll the lubrication way of the electrical main shaft of bearing now have the waies such as fat lubrication, oil fog lubrication and the lubrication of oil gas mainly. </p><p>　　Fa

28、t lubrication in the electricity with relatively lower rotational speed main shaft in is more common lubrication way. The lubrication system of fat lubrication type electrical main shaft is simple , uses convenience and

29、free from contamination , has strong versatility. </p><p>　　Oil fog lubrication has lubrication and cooling double role, it is taking compressed air as power , mixes oil liquid atomization into air through o

30、il fog ware to flow , then transports it to need the location of lubrication. The equipment needed by oil fog lubrication is simple , maintenance convenience has more cheap price , is a kind of with high speed electrical

31、 lubrication way of main shaft that used generally. But it has pollutive environment, oil consume more higher shortcoming. Along with</p><p>　　The lubrication technology of oil gas is use compressed air the

32、lubricating oil of be trace difference succession continuously land provide each set of bearing of main shaft accurately, small oil drop in roll with , outside raceway between form the flexible oil membrane of dynamic pr

33、essure, and reduce air can take the partial heats produced by bearing operation. </p><p>　　Practice shows that the fuel delivery in lubrication is been harmful for too much less , and former two lubrication

34、waies can not control the amount of fuel delivery accurately , disadvantage in the raising of the bearing rotational speed and life of main shaft. And develop the lubrication way of oil gas of geting up recently the lubr

35、icating oil that can control the point of every friction accurately quantity, reliability is very high. Practice proof and the lubrication of oil gas are the most i</p><p>　　Its cooling electrical main shaft

36、 and the analysis of thermal source of 3.3 electrical main shafts have two major internal thermal sources: Built-in motor give out heat with the bearing of main shaft give out heat. If not control , from the heat that th

37、is arouses warp can the serious processing precision and bearing service life that reduces machine tool , so, the service life that causes electrical main shaft shortens. </p><p>　　Electrical main shaft beca

38、use of the depository type configuration of main shaft in adopting, locate in the generator in the unit of main shaft can not break up with fan heat, therefore naturally, scattered hot condition is lacked comparatively.

39、Generator is realizing energy transition , is internal to produce power loss , so makes generator give out heat. Study to show , is under generator with high speed operation condition , have near 1/3 generator give out h

40、eat quantity from generator rotor </p><p>　　What angle contact ball bearing give out heat , is roller mainly under high speed and the rolling friction between raceway, the etc. that receive the top sliding f

41、riction that moment produces as well as the viscous friction of lubricating oil produce. Reduce little bearing to give out heat the major measure of quantity: </p><p>　　( 1 ) reduce the diameter of little ba

42、ll properly reduce little ball diameter can reduce little centrifugal force and top moment, so, reduce little friction, quantity decreases to give out heat. </p><p>　　( 2 ) adopt new material for example ado

43、pt porcelain material do ball, porcelain ball bearing and steel quality angle contact ball bearing are compared with , when high speed turns around ball and raceway between roll with sliding friction reduce little, give

44、out heat to measure reduction. </p><p>　　( 3 ) the lubrication way oil gas of reasonable adopting and the lubrication waies such as oil fog for bearing not only have lubrication role, still have certain cool

45、ing role. </p><p>　　Service life and the performance of 3.4 electrical main shafts that design and assembly electrical main shaft will get must carry out elaborate design and production for the electrical ev

46、ery part of main shaft. The stator of electrical main shaft from have is high Dao the high quality flat of silicon steel of magnetic rate press repeatedly, in stator cavity have to rush system inlay line groove. Rotor f

47、rom rotor core, squirrel cage and runner shaft 3 partial groups become. Location precision an</p><p>　　When the high speed of main shaft spins , any unbalanced quality of Xiao De arouses the vibration of hig

48、h frequency of big electrical main shaft. Therefore the precision requirement of dynamic balancing of precise electrical main shaft reach G1 G0. 4 levels. For the dynamic balancing of this kind of grade, with convention

49、al method, it is the insufficient dynamic balancing that need to still carry out whole after assembling to carry out dynamic balancing only respectively before assembling for e</p><p>　　the sport control of

50、3.5 little electrical main shafts in the machine tool of numerical control in, electrical main shaft usually adopts the method of frequency control. Now, there are the ordinary drive and control of frequency conversion m

51、ainly , direct torque and control as well as the drive of vector control actuator control 3 kinds of control way. </p><p>　　Ordinary frequency conversion is scalar drive and control, it drives to control pro

52、perty, export power and rotational speed for permanent torque drives into direct ratio. It is thought of that the development performance of the ordinary control of frequency conversion is not enough to manage , in low s

53、peed, control performance is not good, export power is not enough to stabilize , also does not have C axle function. But price is cheap , has simple structure , is used in grinding machine and ordi</p><p>　　

54、Vector control technology imitate the control of the motivation of direct current, with rotor magnetic field it is directional , use vector the method of alternating come to realize drive and control, have good developme

55、nt performance. Vector control actuator has great torque value when just starting , besides, electrical main shaft has simple structure and very little inertia, so, it is big to start acceleration, can realize to start a

56、fter instant reach promise limit speed. It is two that this </p><p>　　Directly torque control develops after being then vector control technology, is another as geting up to grow the new high performance alt

57、ernating technology of speed adjustment, its control thought is novel , construction of system is succinct and clear , more suits the drive of high speed electrical main shaft , can more satisfy the with high speed elect

58、rical high rotational speed of main shaft, the wide scope of speed adjustment and high speed instant to allow the requirement of development pr</p><p>　　4 electrical main shaft develop tendency along with th

59、e high speed and technology of machine tool cut the needs of actual application and the development of technology, people have also put forward more and more high requirement for the performance of the electrical main sh

60、aft of machine tool, the technology of electrical main shaft develop tendency major expression in some following aspects: </p><p>　　( 1 ) to the at low speed big torque direction development and rate of grea

61、t merit ( 2 ) to high accuracy and high rigidity direction development ( 3 ) to accurately directional( stop definitely) direction development ( 4 ) to fast from , stop direction development ( 5 ) to exceed with high spe

62、ed direction development ( 6 ) to standardization direction development 。</p><p><b>　　電主軸技術(shù)水平分析</b></p><p>　　摘要：電主軸是高速數(shù)控加工機(jī)床的“心臟部件”，本文介紹了電主軸的工作原理、典型結(jié)構(gòu)，闡述了電主軸的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，總結(jié)了其發(fā)展趨勢。</p>

63、<p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：電主軸 陶瓷球混合軸承 油氣潤滑</p><p><b>　　1、概述</b></p><p>　　由于高速加工不但可以大幅度提高加工效率，而且還可以顯著提高工件的加工質(zhì)量，所以其應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域非常廣泛，特別是在航空航天、汽車和模具等制造業(yè)中。于是，具有高速加工能力的數(shù)控機(jī)床已成為市場新寵。目前，國內(nèi)外各著名機(jī)床制造商在高速數(shù)控機(jī)床中廣泛采

64、用電主軸結(jié)構(gòu)，特別是在復(fù)合加工機(jī)床、多軸聯(lián)動(dòng)、多面體加工機(jī)床和并聯(lián)機(jī)床中。電主軸是高速數(shù)控加工機(jī)床的“心臟部件”，其性能指標(biāo)直接決定機(jī)床的水平，它是機(jī)床實(shí)現(xiàn)高速加工的前提和基本條件。</p><p>　　2、電主軸的工作原理、典型結(jié)構(gòu)及優(yōu)點(diǎn)</p><p>　　2.1 電主軸的工作原理</p><p>　　電主軸就是直接將空心的電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子裝在主軸上，定子通過冷卻套固

65、定在主軸箱體孔內(nèi)，形成一個(gè)完整的主軸單元，通電后轉(zhuǎn)子直接帶動(dòng)主軸運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。</p><p>　　2.2電主軸的典型結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p>　　電主軸單元典型的結(jié)構(gòu)布局方式是電機(jī)置于主軸前、后軸承之間，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是主軸單元的軸向尺寸較短，主軸剛度大，功率大，較適合于大、中型高速數(shù)控機(jī)床；其不足是在封閉的主軸箱體內(nèi)電機(jī)的自然散熱條件差，溫升比較高。</p><p><b&g

66、t;　　2.3電主軸的優(yōu)點(diǎn)</b></p><p>　　電主軸省去了帶輪或齒輪傳動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了機(jī)床的“零傳動(dòng)”，提高了傳動(dòng)效率。電主軸的剛性好、回轉(zhuǎn)精度高、快速響應(yīng)性好，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)極高的轉(zhuǎn)速和加、減速度及定角度的快速準(zhǔn)停（C軸控制），調(diào)速范圍寬。</p><p>　　3、電主軸的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)</p><p>　　“電主軸”的概念不應(yīng)簡單理解為只是一根主軸套筒，而應(yīng)

67、該是一套組件，包括：定子、轉(zhuǎn)子、軸承、高速變頻裝置、潤滑裝置、冷卻裝置等。因此電主軸是高速軸承技術(shù)、潤滑技術(shù)、冷卻技術(shù)、動(dòng)平衡技術(shù)、精密制造與裝配技術(shù)以及電機(jī)高速驅(qū)動(dòng)等技術(shù)的綜合運(yùn)用。</p><p>　　3.1電主軸的高速軸承技術(shù)</p><p>　　實(shí)現(xiàn)電主軸高速化精密化的關(guān)鍵是高速精密軸承的應(yīng)用。目前在高速精密電主軸中應(yīng)用的軸承有精密滾動(dòng)軸承、液體動(dòng)靜壓軸承、氣體靜壓軸承和磁懸浮軸承

68、等，但主要是精密角接觸陶瓷球軸承和精密圓柱滾子軸承。液體動(dòng)靜壓軸承的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度不高；氣體靜壓軸承不適合于大功率場合；磁懸浮軸承由于控制系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜，價(jià)格昂貴，其實(shí)用性受到限制。</p><p>　　角接觸球軸承不但可同時(shí)承受徑向和軸向載荷，而且剛度高、高速性能好、結(jié)構(gòu)簡單緊湊、品種規(guī)格繁多、便于維修更換，因而在電主軸中得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。目前隨著陶瓷軸承技術(shù)的發(fā)展，應(yīng)用最多的電主軸軸承是混合陶瓷球軸承，即滾動(dòng)體使用Si3

69、N4陶瓷球，采用“小珠密珠”結(jié)構(gòu)，軸承套圈為GCr15鋼圈。這種混合軸承通過減小離心力和陀螺力矩，來減小滾珠與溝道間的摩擦，從而獲得較低的溫升及較好的高速性能。</p><p>　　陶瓷球混合軸承與鋼球軸承相比，優(yōu)點(diǎn)如下：</p><p>　?。?）陶瓷與鋼組成的陶瓷球軸承摩擦性能非常好，能降低材料與潤滑劑的應(yīng)力。</p><p>　　（2）因陶瓷密度低，可降低運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)

70、時(shí)的離心力。</p><p>　　（3）陶瓷較低的熱膨脹系數(shù)有效降低了軸承預(yù)加負(fù)荷的變化。</p><p>　　（4）陶瓷的彈性模量較高，可以提高軸承的剛性。</p><p>　　上述因素大幅度地延長了軸承的壽命和提升了軸承的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)極限速度。</p><p>　　3.2電主軸的潤滑技術(shù)</p><p>　　高速電主軸必須

71、采用合理的、可控制的軸承潤滑方式來控制軸承的溫升，以保證數(shù)控機(jī)床工藝系統(tǒng)的精度和穩(wěn)定性。采用滾動(dòng)軸承的電主軸的潤滑方式目前主要有脂潤滑、油霧潤滑和油氣潤滑等方式。</p><p>　　脂潤滑在轉(zhuǎn)速相對(duì)較低的電主軸中是較常見的潤滑方式。脂潤滑型電主軸的潤滑系統(tǒng)簡單、使用方便、無污染、通用性強(qiáng)。</p><p>　　油霧潤滑具有潤滑和冷卻雙重作用，它以壓縮空氣為動(dòng)力，通過油霧器將油液霧化并混入

72、空氣流中，然后把其輸送到需要潤滑的位置。油霧潤滑所需設(shè)備簡單，維修方便，價(jià)格比較便宜，是一種普遍使用的高速電主軸潤滑方式。但它有污染環(huán)境，油耗比較高等缺點(diǎn)。隨著人們對(duì)環(huán)保要求的提高，油霧潤滑方式必將逐漸被淘汰。</p><p>　　油氣潤滑技術(shù)是利用壓縮空氣將微量的潤滑油分別連續(xù)不斷地、精確地供給每一套主軸軸承，微小油滴在滾動(dòng)和內(nèi)、外滾道間形成彈性動(dòng)壓油膜，而壓縮空氣則可帶走軸承運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)所產(chǎn)生的部分熱量。</p

73、><p>　　實(shí)踐表明在潤滑中供油量過多或過少都是有害的，而前兩種潤滑方式均無法準(zhǔn)確地控制供油量多少，不利于主軸軸承轉(zhuǎn)速和壽命的提高。而新近發(fā)展起來的油氣潤滑方式則可以精確地控制各個(gè)摩擦點(diǎn)的潤滑油量，可靠性極高。實(shí)踐證明，油氣潤滑是高速大功率電主軸軸承的最理想潤滑方法，但其所需設(shè)備復(fù)雜，成本高。由于油氣潤滑方式潤滑效果理想，目前已成為國際上最流行的潤滑方式。</p><p>　　3.3電主軸的

74、熱源分析及其冷卻</p><p>　　電主軸有兩個(gè)主要的內(nèi)部熱源：內(nèi)置電動(dòng)機(jī)的發(fā)熱和主軸軸承的發(fā)熱。如果不加以控制，由此引起的熱變形會(huì)嚴(yán)重降低機(jī)床的加工精度和軸承使用壽命，從而導(dǎo)致電主軸的使用壽命縮短。</p><p>　　電主軸由于采用內(nèi)藏式主軸結(jié)構(gòu)形式，位于主軸單元體中的電機(jī)不能采用風(fēng)扇散熱，因此自然散熱條件較差。電機(jī)在實(shí)現(xiàn)能量轉(zhuǎn)換過程中，內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生功率損耗，從而使電機(jī)發(fā)熱。研究表明，在

75、電機(jī)高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)條件下，有近1/3的電機(jī)發(fā)熱量由電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子產(chǎn)生，并且轉(zhuǎn)子產(chǎn)生的絕大部分熱量都通過轉(zhuǎn)子與定子間的氣隙傳入定子中；其余2/3的熱量產(chǎn)生于電機(jī)的定子。所以，對(duì)電機(jī)產(chǎn)生發(fā)熱的主要解決方法是對(duì)電機(jī)定子采用冷卻液的循環(huán)流動(dòng)來實(shí)行強(qiáng)制冷卻。典型的冷卻系統(tǒng)是用外循環(huán)水式冷卻裝置來冷卻電機(jī)定子，將電機(jī)的熱量帶走。</p><p>　　角接觸球軸承的發(fā)熱主要是滾子與滾道之間的滾動(dòng)摩擦、高速下所受陀螺力矩產(chǎn)生的滑動(dòng)摩擦以及潤

76、滑油的粘性摩擦等產(chǎn)生的。減小軸承發(fā)熱量的主要措施：</p><p>　?。?）適當(dāng)減小滾珠的直徑 減小滾珠直徑可以減小離心力和陀螺力矩，從而減小摩擦，減少發(fā)熱量。</p><p>　　（2）采用新材料 比如采用陶瓷材料做滾珠，陶瓷球軸承與鋼質(zhì)角接觸球軸承相比，在高速回轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，滾珠與滾道間的滾動(dòng)和滑動(dòng)摩擦減小，發(fā)熱量降低。</p><p>　　（3）采用合理的潤滑方

77、式 油氣和油霧等潤滑方式對(duì)軸承不但具有潤滑作用，還具有一定的冷卻作用。</p><p>　　3.4電主軸的設(shè)計(jì)和裝配</p><p>　　電主軸要獲得好的性能和使用壽命，必須對(duì)電主軸各個(gè)部分進(jìn)行精心設(shè)計(jì)和制造。電主軸的定子由具有高導(dǎo)磁率的優(yōu)質(zhì)矽鋼片迭壓而成，定子內(nèi)腔帶有沖制嵌線槽。轉(zhuǎn)子由轉(zhuǎn)子鐵芯、鼠籠和轉(zhuǎn)軸三部分組成。主軸箱的尺寸精度和位置精度也將直接影響主軸的綜合精度。通常將軸承座孔直

78、接設(shè)計(jì)在主軸箱上，為加裝電機(jī)定子，必須至少開放一端。</p><p>　　主軸高速旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，任何小的不平衡質(zhì)量即可引起電主軸大的高頻振動(dòng)。因此精密電主軸的動(dòng)平衡精度要求達(dá)到G1~G0.4級(jí)。對(duì)于這種等級(jí)的動(dòng)平衡，采用常規(guī)的方法即僅在裝配前對(duì)主軸上的每個(gè)零件分別進(jìn)行動(dòng)平衡是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的，還需在裝配后進(jìn)行整體的動(dòng)平衡，甚至還要設(shè)計(jì)專門的自動(dòng)平衡系統(tǒng)來實(shí)現(xiàn)主軸的在線動(dòng)平衡。另外，在設(shè)計(jì)電主軸時(shí)，必須嚴(yán)格遵守結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)稱原則，鍵

79、聯(lián)接和螺紋聯(lián)接在電主軸上被禁止使用，而普遍采用過盈聯(lián)接，并以此來實(shí)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)矩的傳遞。過盈聯(lián)接與螺紋聯(lián)接或鍵聯(lián)接相比有：不會(huì)在主軸上產(chǎn)生彎曲和扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力，對(duì)主軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)精度沒有影響；主軸的動(dòng)平衡易得到保證等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。轉(zhuǎn)子與轉(zhuǎn)軸之間的過盈聯(lián)接分為兩類，一類是通過套筒實(shí)現(xiàn)的，此結(jié)構(gòu)便于維修拆卸；另一類是沒有套筒，轉(zhuǎn)子直接過盈聯(lián)接在轉(zhuǎn)軸上，此類聯(lián)接轉(zhuǎn)子裝配后不可拆卸。由于內(nèi)孔與轉(zhuǎn)軸配合面之間有很大的過盈量，所以轉(zhuǎn)子與轉(zhuǎn)軸可以采用轉(zhuǎn)軸冷縮和轉(zhuǎn)子熱脹法裝配。帶

80、有套筒的聯(lián)接拆卸時(shí)，需向轉(zhuǎn)子套筒上預(yù)留的油孔中高壓注油，迫使轉(zhuǎn)子的過盈套筒漲開，即可順利拆卸下電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)子。電機(jī)定子通過一個(gè)冷卻套固定裝在電主軸的箱體中。</p><p>　　3.5電主軸的運(yùn)動(dòng)控制</p><p>　　在數(shù)控機(jī)床中，電主軸通常采用變頻調(diào)速方法。目前主要有普通變頻驅(qū)動(dòng)和控制、矢量控制驅(qū)動(dòng)器的驅(qū)動(dòng)和控制以及直接轉(zhuǎn)矩控制三種控制方式。</p><p>　　

81、普通變頻為標(biāo)量驅(qū)動(dòng)和控制，其驅(qū)動(dòng)控制特性為恒轉(zhuǎn)矩驅(qū)動(dòng)，輸出功率和轉(zhuǎn)速成正比。普通變頻控制的動(dòng)態(tài)性能不夠理想，在低速時(shí)控制性能不佳，輸出功率不夠穩(wěn)定，也不具備C軸功能。但價(jià)格便宜、結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，一般用于磨床和普通的高速銑床等。</p><p>　　矢量控制技術(shù)模仿直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的控制，以轉(zhuǎn)子磁場定向，用矢量變換的方法來實(shí)現(xiàn)驅(qū)動(dòng)和控制，具有良好的動(dòng)態(tài)性能。矢量控制驅(qū)動(dòng)器在剛啟動(dòng)時(shí)具有很大的轉(zhuǎn)矩值，加之電主軸本身結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，慣性

82、很小，故啟動(dòng)加速度大，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)啟動(dòng)后瞬時(shí)達(dá)到允許極限速度。這種驅(qū)動(dòng)器又有開環(huán)和閉環(huán)兩種，后者可以實(shí)現(xiàn)位置和速度的反饋，不僅具有更好的動(dòng)態(tài)性能，還可以實(shí)現(xiàn)C軸功能；而前者動(dòng)態(tài)性能稍差，也不具備C軸功能，但價(jià)格較為便宜。</p><p>　　直接轉(zhuǎn)矩控制是繼矢量控制技術(shù)之后發(fā)展起來的一種新型的高性能交流調(diào)速技術(shù)，控制思想新穎，系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)簡潔明了，適合于高速電主軸的驅(qū)動(dòng)，能滿足高速電主軸高轉(zhuǎn)速、寬調(diào)速范圍、高速瞬間準(zhǔn)停的

83、動(dòng)態(tài)特性和靜態(tài)特性的要求，已成為交流傳動(dòng)領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)技術(shù)。</p><p>　　4、電主軸的發(fā)展趨勢</p><p>　　隨著機(jī)床技術(shù)、高速切削技術(shù)的發(fā)展和實(shí)際應(yīng)用的需要，人們對(duì)機(jī)床電主軸的性能也提出了越來越高的要求，電主軸技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：</p><p>　?。?）向高速大功率和低速大轉(zhuǎn)矩方向發(fā)展</p><p>　

84、　（2）向高精度、高剛度方向發(fā)展</p><p>　　（3）向精確定向（準(zhǔn)停）方向發(fā)展</p><p>　?。?）向快速起、停方向發(fā)展</p><p>　?。?）向超高速方向發(fā)展</p><p>　　（6）向標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化方向發(fā)展</p><p>　　The electrical unit of high speed mai

85、n shaft</p><p>　　The representative application of high speed processing is to carry out milling with the milling cutter of hard alloy of little diameter for the of aluminium alloy, model and the mould of va

86、rious materials, the rotational speed of machine tool of main shaft is to cut speed scope and the / rotational speed of cutting tool of main shaft that calculated according to the diameter of milling cutter of this speed

87、 and difference reasonably according to the economy that the modern material of cutting to</p><p>　　Electrical main shaft realizes the wide speed adjustment of main shaft through exchanging frequency control

88、 and vector control. It's advantage is not only easier main transmission structure, reduce the system of main transmission turn inertia, and have reduced power comsumption , have raised the ability that realizes the

89、higher speed of main shaft and adds deceleration degree , so can also realize to decide angle allow fast Ding ( C axle control ) function, this is very important for with high s</p><p>　　Certainly, the desig

90、n production of the high speed of main shaft will be concerned with a lot of special problems, as lubrication way and the structural type of the supporting of main shaft ( generator rotor ) generator give out heat with c

91、ooling measure, the problem of dynamic balancing as well as the connection of main shaft and cutting tool, it is studied and solved that luckily these problems has had a lot of research units and has gone on , the with h

92、igh speed electrical unit of main shaft </p><p>　　高速電主軸單元     高速加工的典型應(yīng)用是以小直徑的硬質(zhì)合金銑刀來對(duì)各種材料的模具,模型和鋁合金件進(jìn)行銑削,機(jī)床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速是根據(jù)現(xiàn)代刀具材料所能達(dá)到的經(jīng)濟(jì)合理切削速度范圍(圖3)和按此速度及不同的銑刀直徑所計(jì)算得的刀具/主軸轉(zhuǎn)速(圖4)來確定.可見除切削鈦或鎳合

93、金時(shí),由于刀具所能達(dá)到的合理切削速度較低(300m/min以下),刀具主軸最高轉(zhuǎn)速可在10000r/min以下外,其他材料的切削所要求的刀具/主軸最高轉(zhuǎn)速都在10000r/min以上,甚至要求達(dá)到50000r/min至80000r/min.如此高的主軸轉(zhuǎn)速,采用一般機(jī)床用的主傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)(電機(jī)加皮帶輪和齒輪傳動(dòng))方式是不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的,一般都需采用由變頻調(diào)速電機(jī)和機(jī)床主軸集成在一起的所謂"電主軸"直接驅(qū)動(dòng)來實(shí)現(xiàn).