法學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯--美國(guó)離婚后的子女監(jiān)護(hù)制度的介紹

1、<p>　　The Custody System Of USA </p><p><b>　　Tom.Mark</b></p><p>　　TheGlobalReview,2008,23（116）：131~137</p><p>　　美國(guó)離婚后的子女監(jiān)護(hù)制度的介紹</p><p><b>　　湯姆?馬

2、克</b></p><p>　　環(huán)球評(píng)論，2008,23卷（116期）：131~137</p><p><b>　　前言</b></p><p>　　美國(guó)是世界上離婚率較高的國(guó)家,每三個(gè)人中就有一人離婚,每年有超過(guò)100萬(wàn)的18歲以下的兒童的父母離婚,在離婚案件中有一半要涉及到兒童問(wèn)題。因此，美國(guó)法律中有很詳細(xì)的關(guān)于離婚后子女監(jiān)護(hù)的

3、規(guī)定。總的來(lái)講,美國(guó)法院決定離婚后子女監(jiān)護(hù)人時(shí),以“子女最佳利益”為根本原則。但是,如何判斷在何種情況下才符合“子女最佳利益”頗為復(fù)雜。本文通過(guò)對(duì)美國(guó)有關(guān)離婚后子女監(jiān)護(hù)制度立法及判例的研究分析,探討其可資借鑒之處。</p><p>　　一、父母離婚后未成年子女監(jiān)護(hù)的種類</p><p>　　關(guān)于父母離婚后監(jiān)護(hù)的種類,美國(guó)各州法律規(guī)定不一,總體而言,父母離婚后的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的行使方式主要有四種:(

4、1)由父或母其中的一方單獨(dú)行使的“單獨(dú)監(jiān)護(hù)”;(2)父母雙方同時(shí)取得子女的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán),但在時(shí)間上加以分配的“分配監(jiān)護(hù)”;(3)父母雙方同時(shí)取得子女的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán),但在法律與身體監(jiān)護(hù)上加以分配的“共同監(jiān)護(hù)”;(4)父母雙方各自對(duì)不同的子女取得單獨(dú)監(jiān)護(hù)的“分離監(jiān)護(hù)”。目前關(guān)于監(jiān)護(hù)最常見(jiàn)的情形是母親享有身體上的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)和與父親的共同的法律上的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)。</p><p>　　單獨(dú)監(jiān)護(hù),是指父母一方同時(shí)獲得子女身體上的監(jiān)護(hù)與法律上的監(jiān)護(hù)

5、,另一方則有與子女交往的探視權(quán)。這里的身體上的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán),是指對(duì)于兒童的事實(shí)上擁有和控制;法律上的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán),是指對(duì)于與子女長(zhǎng)期教育、醫(yī)療、教育或其他對(duì)子女生活有重大影響的事務(wù)的決定權(quán)。在通常情況下,如果離婚時(shí)父母雙方不能共同協(xié)商處理好子女利益,則父母一方獲得監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán),另一方享有繼續(xù)與子女保持聯(lián)系的探視權(quán)。</p><p>　　分配監(jiān)護(hù),是指父母雙方同時(shí)獲得子女法律上與身體上的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán),但子女在一年中的某些月份或一星期中的幾

6、天分別與父或母居住。</p><p>　　共同監(jiān)護(hù),是指賦予父母雙方對(duì)于子女照顧保護(hù)和輪流陪伴、交往的法律義務(wù),包括父母共同的身體上的監(jiān)護(hù)和法律上的監(jiān)護(hù)。雖然名為父母雙方共同享有子女的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán),但實(shí)際上同時(shí)僅能與父母一方居住,所以多數(shù)法院均僅賦予同住的父或母對(duì)子女有身體上的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán),而不同住的父或母共同享有法律上的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)和自由探視權(quán)。美國(guó)的多數(shù)州均將共同監(jiān)護(hù)推定為一種較佳的監(jiān)護(hù)制度,即如果不存在不適合共同監(jiān)護(hù)的情形,

7、法院認(rèn)為共同監(jiān)護(hù)符合子女的最佳利益,可判決共同監(jiān)護(hù)。但是,共同監(jiān)護(hù)需要父母雙方為了子女的利益相互合作,如果父母之間仍然懷有敵意,在有關(guān)子女的無(wú)論大小事宜上持續(xù)沖突,則不適合共同監(jiān)護(hù),否則會(huì)給子女身心發(fā)展造成不良的影響。因此,美國(guó)有學(xué)者特別指出,共同監(jiān)護(hù)必須由父母雙方自己決定并自愿達(dá)成協(xié)議,法庭不得作出共同監(jiān)護(hù)的裁判。</p><p>　　分離監(jiān)護(hù),是指多個(gè)子女分別由父親或母親一方監(jiān)護(hù),即離婚時(shí)子女不止一個(gè),在數(shù)個(gè)

8、子女的情況下,分別將子女的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)交由父親或母親行使,由父母分別行使對(duì)于不同子女的身體上和法律上的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)。</p><p>　　此外,監(jiān)護(hù)還可以細(xì)分為單獨(dú)身體上的監(jiān)護(hù)、共同身體上的監(jiān)護(hù)、單獨(dú)法律上的監(jiān)護(hù)和共同法律上的監(jiān)護(hù)。按照《加利福尼亞民法典》中的解釋,單獨(dú)身體上的監(jiān)護(hù)是指兒童與父母一方居住并處于父母一方的管理之下;共同身體上的監(jiān)護(hù)是指父母雙方均有特定時(shí)期的身體上的監(jiān)護(hù),從而保證兒童可以經(jīng)常持續(xù)地與父母任何一方接

9、觸;單獨(dú)法律上的監(jiān)護(hù)是指父母一方享有決定兒童的健康、教育福利的權(quán)利和義務(wù);共同的法律上的監(jiān)護(hù)是指父母雙方均享有決定兒童的健康、教育福利的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，共同的法律上的監(jiān)護(hù)和共同的身體上的監(jiān)護(hù)占相對(duì)較少的比例,即使是處于共同監(jiān)護(hù)運(yùn)動(dòng)前沿的華盛頓、科羅拉多州和加利福尼亞州,也只有15%—17%的兒童在雙重住所中生活;在加利福尼亞州只有10%的未成年人與父母雙方生活;這些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字表明,共同監(jiān)護(hù)雖然為法律所倡導(dǎo),但在實(shí)踐中并不具有普遍性。</

10、p><p>　　二 離婚后未成年人監(jiān)護(hù)的基本原則———子女最佳利益</p><p>　　1871年之前,法院在英國(guó)普通法的“父權(quán)優(yōu)先”的原則之下,自動(dòng)地將監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)給予父親,父親有權(quán)向子女的母親或者其他人要求交還子女,如果子女的母親或其他人拒絕交還的,該父親有權(quán)根據(jù)人身保護(hù)令強(qiáng)制其交還。直到1929年,馬里蘭州上訴法院仍然認(rèn)為,父親與母親相比對(duì)子女有優(yōu)先監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)。但隨著“母愛(ài)長(zhǎng)久論”的出現(xiàn),美國(guó)各

11、州立法幾乎一致規(guī)定,除非母親不能提供適當(dāng)?shù)谋O(jiān)護(hù)條件,未成年子女的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)屬于母親。從20世紀(jì)30年代起,美國(guó)多數(shù)法院或州均采“幼年原則”將年幼子女的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)判給母親,認(rèn)為父親并無(wú)能力提供幼兒必要的養(yǎng)護(hù),而母親則在天性上適合養(yǎng)育子女。各州關(guān)于幼年的規(guī)定有所不同,紐約州規(guī)定3歲以下,路易斯安那州規(guī)定11歲以下,西弗吉尼亞州則規(guī)定13歲以下。在“幼年原則”之下也出現(xiàn)了一些極端的判例。比如在Funkhouse一案中,面對(duì)曾經(jīng)因車禍陷入昏迷達(dá)6個(gè)月的

12、母親,法院仍認(rèn)為應(yīng)適用“當(dāng)父母雙方將平等照顧子女時(shí),母親仍較父親適合監(jiān)護(hù)子女,尤其當(dāng)子女在年幼時(shí)”。后來(lái)隨著憲法平等保護(hù)條款、婦女運(yùn)動(dòng)的挑戰(zhàn)及心理學(xué)家強(qiáng)調(diào)父親對(duì)于年幼子女的重要性“幼年原則”,最終被“子女最佳利益”原則所取代。1969年的《家庭法案》中規(guī)</p><p>　　(一)幼年子女由母親監(jiān)護(hù)</p><p>　　依精神分析專家之經(jīng)驗(yàn),一般而言,幼兒清楚認(rèn)識(shí)特定之人(母親)而確立對(duì)人

13、關(guān)系的時(shí)期,是在5個(gè)月到6個(gè)月時(shí),而在8個(gè)月時(shí)是怕生開(kāi)始之時(shí)期,此時(shí)幼兒會(huì)選擇1人或2人(主要是母親)為情感對(duì)象;而一旦與其最初情感對(duì)象分離,可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生情緒的混亂,進(jìn)而損及人格之形成。為了滿足幼兒之“不斷的繼續(xù)性的需要”年幼的子女應(yīng)由母親行使監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán),多數(shù)法院曾認(rèn)為,母親的愛(ài)在子女年幼時(shí)是不可替代的,孩子對(duì)于母愛(ài)的需要超過(guò)父親。因此,只要不能證明母親對(duì)孩子的福祉有危害,就應(yīng)當(dāng)由母親行使監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)。這一原則被法庭長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用于裁判中。直到1970年

14、,加利福尼亞州法律還規(guī)定,在其他條件相當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下,幼年子女由母親行使監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán),當(dāng)子女需要上學(xué)接受教育或準(zhǔn)備外出工作、經(jīng)商時(shí),則應(yīng)當(dāng)由父親行使監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)。1973年,賓夕法尼亞州高級(jí)法院仍然認(rèn)為幼年子女的最大利益就是由母親給予照顧看管。現(xiàn)在法院多認(rèn)為,幼年子女由母親監(jiān)護(hù)為性別歧視,是違憲的,因?yàn)樵谧优O(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的訴訟中,僅以性別為劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而不是考慮子女的最佳利益,沒(méi)有任何一方基于性別的不同應(yīng)當(dāng)被推定較之對(duì)方更符合子女的最佳利益。故多數(shù)法院拒絕使用

15、這一理論,相反地,認(rèn)為在決定子女隨何方生活時(shí),根據(jù)</p><p>　　(二)自然父母享有監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)</p><p>　　監(jiān)護(hù)糾紛有時(shí)發(fā)生在孩子的自然父母與心理父母之間,除非發(fā)生遺棄、虐待等不適于監(jiān)護(hù)的情況,絕大多數(shù)法院仍傾向于將監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)判給自然父母。在佛羅里達(dá)州的一個(gè)案件中,父母離婚后由父親行使對(duì)于子女的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán),父親在離婚數(shù)年后死亡,在生母與繼母爭(zhēng)奪監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的訴訟中,法院就適用自然父母優(yōu)先的理論

16、將孩子的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)判給了生母。但也有例外。當(dāng)子女與其心理父母已經(jīng)形成事實(shí)上的父母子女關(guān)系,如果解除這一關(guān)系可能不利于子女的最佳利益時(shí),法院會(huì)作出有利于子女最佳利益的判決。</p><p>　　(三)主要照顧者享有監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)</p><p>　　法院在確定子女監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)時(shí),通常確定在日常生活中對(duì)子女承擔(dān)主要照顧責(zé)任的父母一方行使監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)符合子女最佳利益,因而將監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)賦予承擔(dān)主要照顧責(zé)任的父母一方。明尼蘇達(dá)

17、州最高法院在Sefkowv.Sefkow一案中,確定了主要照顧者的認(rèn)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即考慮父母一方誰(shuí)主要承擔(dān)了以下責(zé)任:(1)做飯;(2)洗澡、、整潔穿衣;(3)購(gòu)物、清潔、整理衣服;(4)醫(yī)療照顧,包括看護(hù)和去醫(yī)院看醫(yī)生;(5)放學(xué)后安排孩子的社交活動(dòng);(6)安排可替代的照看,如去幼兒園、雇傭保姆;(7)晚上哄孩子睡覺(jué),早上叫醒孩子;(8)教育孩子基本的行為規(guī)則,如日常行為、上洗手間的訓(xùn)練;(9)教育(宗教、文化等)。1992年,美國(guó)法律協(xié)

18、會(huì)在“離婚法原則”中確立了有關(guān)處理此類問(wèn)題的原則:1、父母不能達(dá)成子女監(jiān)護(hù)協(xié)議的,法院應(yīng)當(dāng)確定由在家庭中承擔(dān)主要照顧和管教子女責(zé)任的一方行使監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán),除非他方更適合作為照管人。2、所謂在家庭生活承擔(dān)主要照顧和管教子女責(zé)任的父母一方是指:(1)呆在家里全職照顧子女的一方;(2)兼職工作但有時(shí)間照顧子女的一方;(3)父母雙方均全職工作的,負(fù)責(zé)為子女安排日常生活、上學(xué)、看病等各種瑣事,并為子女提供咨詢和感情支</p><p&

19、gt;　　三、影響離婚后父母監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的其他因素</p><p><b>　　(一)父母的性別</b></p><p>　　幼年子女由母親監(jiān)護(hù)的理論受到質(zhì)疑后,有些州的法律則明確規(guī)定,處理子女監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)問(wèn)題時(shí),必須堅(jiān)持男女平等原則。如阿肯色州法律規(guī)定,在離婚判決有關(guān)子女監(jiān)護(hù)問(wèn)題時(shí),法院不應(yīng)考慮父母的性別,而應(yīng)考慮子女的福祉和最佳利益。但是,年幼子女由母親監(jiān)護(hù)這一理論的影響并非

20、完全被取消,而是作為多種應(yīng)考慮的因素之一。仍有法院認(rèn)為,孩子在1至3歲之間以隨母親生活為宜。</p><p><b>　　(二)子女的意愿</b></p><p>　　為了更好地符合子女的最佳利益,子女的意愿是確定子女監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的重要因素。為此《統(tǒng)一結(jié),婚離婚法》明確規(guī)定了法庭聽(tīng)詢制度,①法官可以在法庭議事室會(huì)見(jiàn)子女,以聽(tīng)詢子女在監(jiān)護(hù)和探視方面的愿望。法官可以允許律師在聽(tīng)

21、詢時(shí)在場(chǎng),并應(yīng)作法庭記錄。此外,一些州的法律中明確規(guī)定了子女意愿在監(jiān)護(hù)判決中所起的作用。如明尼蘇達(dá)州法律規(guī)定,如果法院認(rèn)為孩子的年齡足以表達(dá)其意愿,則允許在法官的辦公室召見(jiàn)孩子,了解孩子要求由何方監(jiān)護(hù)的意愿,同時(shí)允許律師在場(chǎng),律師可以直接或通過(guò)法庭合理詢問(wèn)。伊利諾斯州法律同樣允許法官在律師在場(chǎng)的情況下在法官辦公室聽(tīng)取孩子的意見(jiàn)。對(duì)于孩子的意見(jiàn),大多數(shù)法院認(rèn)為僅僅是考慮因素之一,而且要考慮孩子的年齡、成熟程度及孩子所提出的理由的合理性。佐

22、治亞州和西弗吉尼亞州法律規(guī)定,只要父母適合擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人,14歲以上的未成年人有選擇父母何方擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人的絕對(duì)權(quán)利,除非孩子選擇的父母不適合監(jiān)護(hù)子女,否則孩子的選擇將起到?jīng)Q定性作用。而羅得島則規(guī)定,14歲作為子女選擇監(jiān)護(hù)人的最低年齡,子女的選擇只能作為法院判決的參考因素之一。</p><p><b>　　(三)種族</b></p><p>　　通常,法院在作出監(jiān)護(hù)判決前必須

23、全面考慮所有與子女利益有關(guān)的因素,雖然種族不能作為單獨(dú)的決定性因素,但在父母屬于不同種族的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)案件中,種族確實(shí)與確定子女監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的歸屬有關(guān)。美國(guó)最高法院在Palmorev.Sidoti一案中指出,種族不能作為子女監(jiān)護(hù)判決的決定性因素。該案中當(dāng)事人雙方離婚時(shí)其3歲的女兒由母親監(jiān)護(hù)。后原審法院鑒于子女生活環(huán)境的變化而同意其父親變更監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的請(qǐng)求,因?yàn)楹⒆拥哪赣H與一黑人結(jié)婚。該法院認(rèn)為,孩子難以承受不同種族的家庭給其帶來(lái)的社會(huì)偏見(jiàn)與壓力,因此,

24、她的最佳利益是與父親生活在一起。而最高法院則認(rèn)為,孩子與不同種族的繼父生活在一起確實(shí)存在因種族歧視所帶來(lái)的社會(huì)偏見(jiàn)與壓力的危險(xiǎn)。但這不能成為讓孩子離開(kāi)其生母的決定性因素,因?yàn)檫@一危險(xiǎn)并未現(xiàn)實(shí)存在,故這一判決違反憲法有關(guān)平等保護(hù)的規(guī)定,佛羅里達(dá)法院僅根據(jù)種族因素進(jìn)行判決是不被允許的。</p><p><b>　　(四)宗教</b></p><p>　　與上述有關(guān)種族對(duì)監(jiān)

25、護(hù)影響的判例相似,將宗教信仰作為子女監(jiān)護(hù)判決的依據(jù)也是違反憲法的。依阿華州高級(jí)法院指出家庭法庭可以考慮父母的宗教信仰,以保護(hù)子女的最佳利益,然而聯(lián)邦憲法禁止法院從宗教方面考慮不同宗教的優(yōu)劣或表現(xiàn)出某種傾向性。總體而言,美國(guó)法院在涉及與宗教有關(guān)的子女監(jiān)護(hù)問(wèn)題時(shí)主要堅(jiān)持這樣的原則:在婚姻關(guān)系存續(xù)期間父母雙方協(xié)商決定子女的宗教信仰,離婚后,雙方對(duì)于子女宗教信仰有協(xié)議的,從協(xié)議,沒(méi)有協(xié)議或協(xié)議不一致的,由有監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的父母一方?jīng)Q定。</p&g

26、t;<p>　　四、美國(guó)離婚后未成年人監(jiān)護(hù)制度的啟示</p><p>　　筆者認(rèn)為,美國(guó)的父母離婚后的未成年人監(jiān)護(hù)制度有諸多可資借鑒之處:</p><p>　　第一,在處理父母離婚后未成年人監(jiān)護(hù)問(wèn)題時(shí),應(yīng)堅(jiān)持子女本位。縱觀歷史,在父母子女關(guān)系的法律發(fā)展進(jìn)程中有從“家族本位”“父母本位”向再向“子女本位”演變的趨勢(shì)?！凹易灞疚弧币咽芡贄墶案改副疚弧?則過(guò)于強(qiáng)調(diào)父母雙方對(duì)于子女的

27、權(quán)利,忽視子女的獨(dú)立主體地位。而“子女本位”則關(guān)注父母對(duì)于子女的撫養(yǎng)、教育、照顧、保護(hù)的義務(wù)與責(zé)任,雖然仍然冠以監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)①名稱,但父母的權(quán)利已經(jīng)變成以權(quán)利為名的義務(wù),在性質(zhì)上是“義務(wù)權(quán)”。這種權(quán)利不是利己的,而是一種以關(guān)心照顧他人為特點(diǎn)的權(quán)利,是一種以法律的形</p><p>　　式、為了子女利益而行使的權(quán)利,實(shí)際上是一種義務(wù)。由于子女具有民事權(quán)利能力,是獨(dú)立的民事主體,不隸屬于任何人,因此針對(duì)父母監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)行使,子女

28、有權(quán)要求父母對(duì)他們予以尊重并全面考慮子女的生理、心理及人格的需要。正緣于此,父母監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)專屬于未成年人的父母,并應(yīng)依法行使監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán),不得濫用,也不得拋棄。從“子女本位”的角度,在確定離婚后未成年人監(jiān)護(hù)人時(shí),應(yīng)充分考慮父母哪一方能夠更好地履行撫養(yǎng)、教育、照顧、保護(hù)的義務(wù)與責(zé)任,從而保障未成年子女的健康成長(zhǎng)。</p><p>　　第二,應(yīng)當(dāng)明確規(guī)定子女最佳利益原則。在過(guò)去的一個(gè)世紀(jì)中,世界各國(guó)婚姻、家庭領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的立法發(fā)生了

29、巨大的變化。沒(méi)有任何一個(gè)法律領(lǐng)域能像家庭法那樣,如此強(qiáng)烈地反映出在過(guò)去的世紀(jì)里人們生活方式和觀念的變革。承認(rèn)子女在家庭中的獨(dú)立的人格、獨(dú)立的主體地位,強(qiáng)調(diào)父母對(duì)于子女的照顧、保護(hù)、監(jiān)護(hù)的義務(wù)與責(zé)任,強(qiáng)調(diào)子女的最佳利益,已成為世界各國(guó)立法中的共識(shí)。“子女最佳利益”作為各國(guó)婚姻法中所堅(jiān)持的基本原則,也是各國(guó)法院在處理父母離婚后子女監(jiān)護(hù)案件時(shí)的最高準(zhǔn)則。而子女最佳利益原則不僅應(yīng)當(dāng)適用于法院處理離婚案件,也應(yīng)當(dāng)適用于夫妻雙方協(xié)議離婚的情形,并且

30、作為一項(xiàng)基本原則,更應(yīng)是處理父母子女關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)。</p><p>　　第三,在有關(guān)的法律中確立兒童權(quán)利優(yōu)先原則。在子女利益與父母利益之間,兒童的福祉是第一位的,父母的權(quán)利、望、求是第二位愿要的。聯(lián)合國(guó)《兒童權(quán)利公約》明確了一切行為必須以兒童最佳利益為原則,兒童在家庭、社會(huì)中享有廣泛的權(quán)利并應(yīng)受到優(yōu)先的保護(hù),兒童不再作為單純的服務(wù)和施舍對(duì)象,或保護(hù)措施的被動(dòng)受益者來(lái)對(duì)待,而是作為權(quán)利的主體被承認(rèn),并被優(yōu)先保護(hù)著。在

31、父母離婚的情況下,未成年子女雖然無(wú)權(quán)阻止父母離婚,只能被動(dòng)地接受父母離婚的事實(shí),但是父母有義務(wù)為未成年人的健康成長(zhǎng)作出合理的安排,有義務(wù)和責(zé)任將兒童的利益置于父母利益之前優(yōu)先考慮。</p><p>　　第四,采多種監(jiān)護(hù)方式并存的立法模式,為離婚后的未成年人監(jiān)護(hù)在制度上提供更多的選擇。我認(rèn)為,應(yīng)改變有關(guān)離婚后未成年子女的監(jiān)護(hù)問(wèn)題單采雙方共同監(jiān)護(hù)的原則,代之以單方監(jiān)護(hù)與共同監(jiān)護(hù)并存的原則;并且應(yīng)借鑒美國(guó)的身體上的監(jiān)護(hù)

32、和法律上的監(jiān)護(hù)的分類,特別是單獨(dú)身體上的監(jiān)護(hù)、共同身體上的監(jiān)護(hù)、單獨(dú)法律上的監(jiān)護(hù)和共同法律上的監(jiān)護(hù)的多種監(jiān)護(hù)方式并存的模式,從而在制度設(shè)計(jì)上為滿足不同當(dāng)事人的需求提供法律依據(jù)。</p><p><b>　　Preface</b></p><p>　　The divorce rate of USA is higher than other countries ，One-

33、third of people who have been divorced，Each year more than one million children ‘s parents' divorce who is under the age of 18, In divorce cases, half of it relates to children,Therefore, American law has a very deta

34、iled about care provision in children after divorce.In general, the United States Court of children after divorce guardian, in "the best interests of the child" as the fundamental principle.However, how to dete

35、rmine the cond</p><p>　　PDRT 1 The Care forms for Minor children after their parents divorce</p><p>　　The care forms for Minor children after their parents divorce.The United States state law

36、 is not the same.Overall,After her parents divorced custody exercise there are mainly four ways:1).Individual monitoring,The father or mother in which one party to exercise alone.2).Distribution monitoring,Both parents h

37、ave custody of the children, but at the time of be assigned.3).Joint custody,Both parents have custody of the children, but in the legal and physical custody to be assigned.4).Isolation ward,</p><p>　　Indivi

38、dual monitoring,Refers to one parent and child physical custody and legal custody, the other side is with children associating visitation rights.Here the physical custody, refers to the child in fact owned and controlled

39、;Legal custody, refers to the children with long-term education, medical, educational or other on children's life have a significant impact on business decisions.In the usual case, if both parents can consult divorce

40、 handle child interests, is a parent to obtain custody, th</p><p>　　Distribution monitoring, refers to both parents get their children the legal and physical custody, but the children in a certain months of

41、a year or a week days respectively and father or mother living.</p><p>　　Joint custody,Refers to confer both parents for child care to protect and take turns to accompany, exchanges legal obligations, includ

42、ing parents joint physical custody and legal custody.Although the name is both parents share custody of their children, but at the same time can only with one parent living,So most of the court are endowed with the paren

43、t to child physical custody, but not with the father or the mother to enjoy legal custody and visitation rights of freedom.Most American States ha</p><p>　　Isolation ward,Refers to multiple children respecti

44、vely by the father or the mother party care, that is when the children more than a divorce,In a few cases of children, the custody of children by the father or mother of exercise, exercise respectively by parents for chi

45、ldren with physical and legal custody.</p><p>　　In addition, care may be further subdivided into:Sole physical custody,Joint physical custody,Sole legal custody and joint legal custody.According to "the

46、 California civil code" in the interpretation of,Sole physical custody refers to children with one parent living in one of the parents of the management;Joint physical custody refers to both parents have the specifi

47、c period of physical custody, so that children can often continuously with either parent contact;Sole legal custody refers to one p</p><p>　　PART 2 The basic principle of the guardianship of minors---The

48、principle of best interests of children</p><p>　　Before 1871, the courts in the common law of England "patriarchal priority" principle, will automatically awarded custody father,Father has the righ

49、t to children mother or other demands the return of the children,If the mother of the child or other people refuse to return, the father have the right to habeas corpus forced to surrender.Until 1929,Mali Lanzhou appeals

50、 court still think that,Father and mother to child custody compared to have priority.But as the "mother of the long",The United Stat</p><p>　　1. Juvenile offspring from mothers care</p><

51、;p>　　In psychoanalysis expert experience, generally speaking, children recognize the particular person (mother) and the establishment of relations between the period, from 5 months to 6 months,In the 8 months to afrai

52、d of strangers, here the child will choose 1 or 2 people (mostly mothers) for emotional object;Once the initial feelings of isolation and its object, may have a mood disorder, and loss and personality formation.In order

53、to meet the child's "continues the needs of young children should be</p><p>　　Parents have custody</p><p>　　Custody disputes sometimes occurred in the child's natural parents and me

54、ntal between parents, except in cases of abandonment, abuse is not suitable for monitoring the situation, the vast majority of the court still tend to custody of the natural parents.In a Florida cases, after the divorce

55、of their parents by the father of exercise for custody of the children, father divorced several years after the death, in the mother and stepmother custody proceedings, court applied natural parents preferre</p>&

56、lt;p>　　3. Primary caregivers have custody</p><p>　　The court in determining the child custody rights, usually identified in the daily life of children take the primary responsibility of one parent exerci

57、se guardianship accord with the best interests of the child, and thus will care endowed primary caring responsibilities of a parent.Supreme Court of the state of Minnesota in the Sefkowv.Sefkow case, identified the main

58、caregivers of standards, namely the consideration of a parent who is mainly responsible for the following responsibilities:(1)Co</p><p>　　PART 3 Influence of parents after divorce custody other factors<

59、;/p><p>　　Parent s’gender</p><p>　　Juvenile offspring from mothers care theory after being challenged,some state laws stipulate, treatment of child custody issues, must adhere to the principle of e

60、quality between men and women.Such as the Arkansas law, divorce judgments regarding child custody matters, the court should not consider parental gender, which should be considered in children well-being and best interes

61、ts.Young children are, by the mother custody of the impact of this theory is not completely removed, but as a variety </p><p>　　Children‘s will</p><p>　　In order to better accord with the best i

62、nterests of their children, their children will be determined in child custody important factors.This "uniform marriage and divorce law" clearly provides the court hearings in court system, judges may 1 chamber

63、s met with hearing children, children in custody and visitation in terms of desire.The judge may allow lawyers in the hearings when present, should make the court records.In addition, some state law clearly stipulates th

64、e wishes of their children in</p><p><b>　　Race</b></p><p>　　Usually, the court before the judgment in making care must take into full consideration the interests of all children and

65、related factors, although not as a separate race the decisive factors in parents of different races, but the custody case, race and indeed identify children guardianship relation.The United States Supreme Court in the ca

66、se of Palmorev.Sidoti points out, as a child custody decisions races can't decisive factor.In this case the parties divorce when their 3 year old daughter by </p><p><b>　　Religion</b></p&g

67、t;<p>　　And the effect of race on the custody case similarity, the religious beliefs as a child custody ruling basis is in violation of the constitution.Iowa Supreme Court noted family courts can consider parental

68、 religious beliefs, in order to protect the best interests of their children, but the Federal Constitution prohibits the court from religion to consider different religious superiority or show some tendency.Overall, the

69、United States Court in relation with religion child custody problems mainly</p><p>　　PART 4 Inspiration From the United States after the divorce custody system </p><p>　　The author thinks, th

70、e United States of America's parents divorced after the minor guardianship system has many lessons:</p><p>　　First of all, after the divorce of their parents in the treatment of minor custody issues, sho

71、uld adhere to the children standard.Throughout history, the relationship between parents and children in the process of legal development from "family-oriented" parents "to the" standard "to chil

72、dren standard" evolution trend."Family standard" has been cast aside "parents standard", is too much emphasis on both parents for children rights, neglect their children independent status."

73、Children standard" co</p><p>　　Secondly, should clearly stipulate the principle of best interests of children.In the last century, countries all over the world, in the field of marriage family legislati

74、on has undergone tremendous changes.There is no a legal field as family law, so strongly reflected in the past century people's way of life and idea change.Recognition of children in the family of independent persona

75、lity, independent status, emphasizing the parents for the child's care, protection, monitoring the obligation and</p><p>　　Then, in the laws relating to the rights of the child in the establishment of th

76、e principle of giving priority to.In the interests of the child and parents' interests, the well-being of children is the first, the rights of parents, hope, truth second willing to.The United Nations Convention on t

77、he rights of the child "made clear" all acts must be in the best interests of the child as the principle, the child in the family, society and enjoy extensive rights and protection of children should be t</p

78、><p>　　Fourth, adopt a variety of mode of monitoring coexist in the legislative mode, for after a divorce the guardianship of minors in the system provides more choices.I think, should be related to changes in

79、the minor children after divorce custody issues of mutual care principles, replaced by unilateral care and joint custody coexist principle; and should draw lessons from the United States of America's body on the care