車輛工程外文翻譯----傳輸方式和操作

1、<p><b>　　附錄2英文翻譯</b></p><p>　　TRANSMISSION TYPES AND OPERATION</p><p>　　Travel-speed-changing systems found in tractors vary considerably particularly with respect to the numbe

2、r of speeds, kinds of gears, and methods of shifting. Based on these factors, transmission types can be classified as (1) sliding spur gear, (2) constant-mesh with shifting collars, (3) Synchromesh, and (4) hydrostatic.

3、 Also with respect to changing speeds, it can be done manually with a hand-lever or automatically by hydraulic pressure. These variations will be explained in connection with </p><p>　　Plain Spur-Gear Transm

4、ission Figure 18-7 illustrates the design and operation of the type of transmission originally used in earlier tractors and still used in some small, current models. As shown, the different speeds are obtained by sliding

5、 gears of a certain size into me h with others of another size. Reverse requires an additional single gear on a separate short shaft. The entire mechanism operates in an oil bath in a special housing. The bearings may be

6、 plain or antifriction type. The diffe</p><p>　　Deere Horizontal Two-Cylinder Transmission Figure 18-9 shows a two-cylinder, horizontal engine equipped with a four-speed sliding gear transmission and spur-ge

7、ar final drive for the axles and wheels.</p><p>　　Allis-Chalmers Dual-Range Transmission The AUis-Chalmers dual-range (Fig. 18-10) consists of an eight-speed, constant-mesh unit with helical gears and shifti

8、ng collars. A special double-unit, hand-lever-operated disk clutch that runs in oil has three positions: "Low-range," "High-range," and "Neutral." The change from one range to the other can

9、be made by means of this clutch and a hydraulic assist mechanism while the tractor is moving.</p><p>　　Ford Dual-Power Transmission Figure 18-11 illustrates a manual shift transmission, which normally has ei

10、ght forward speeds and two reverse speeds. However, if the tractor must operate at slower speeds and under heavier draft conditions, this transmission can be equipped with an optional gear assembly that will provide eig

11、ht additional forward and four additional reverse speeds. The shift is made by a single lever without stopping the tractor. The travel speed is reduced, but the pulling power i</p><p>　　Deere Hydraulic Hi-Lo

12、 Range Tractor Figure 18-12 is a six-cylinder, 80 hp tractor having a two-range transmission with twelve forward and three reverse speeds. Table 18-1 gives the travel speeds for each range.</p><p>　　Internat

13、ional Harvester 60 hp Tractor Figure 18-13 shows the complete power transmission train for an International Harvester 60 hp tractor having two travel speed ranges with four forward speeds for each one. This is a constant

14、-mesh synchronized transmission. A Hi-Lo-Reverse range lever permits shifting between forward and reverse for shuttle-type operation on back-and-forth operations. The entire power train is pressure lubricated. The wet-di

15、sk brakes are hydraulic actuated and self-adjusting.</p><p>　　Deere Four-Wheel-Drive Tractor Figure 18-14 illustrates the power train and transmission design for a four-wbeel-drive tractor. Power is first tr

16、ansmitted to two sets of primary master gears. These gears, in turn, transmit power to two sets of change-speed gears by which the different</p><p>　　ravel speeds are obtained. These gears then transmit the

17、power to the front and rear final-drive gears and axles. Hydraulically operated front and rear differential locks simultaneously lock both axles. Both locks are operated by a single foot pedal which can be engaged or dis

18、engaged on the go.</p><p>　　Track-Type Tractor Transmissions The transmissions for the track-type tractors are not unlike those in wheel machines except that the steering mechanism is incorporated in them.

19、That is, the ordinary wheel tractor</p><p>　　s propelled by the rear wheels and guided by means of the front wheels, whereas the conventional track-type tractor, having but two traction members, must be both

20、 propelled and guided through them.</p><p>　　Caterpillar Transmission Figure 18-15 shows the change-gear set for the Caterpillar tractor. The power is transmitted to a countershaft by means of bevel gears; t

21、hen, through two steering clutches located on this countershaft on each side of the bevel gear, to the spur-type final-drive gears; and then to the sprocket. Steering is accomplished through the multiple-dry-disk steerin

22、g clutches; that is, by means of hand levers, either clutch can be disengaged, which obviously cuts off the power to t</p><p>　　Caterpillar Planetary Transmission Figure 18-16 shows a planetary transmission

23、and power train for a track-type tractor. Power from the engine is first transmitted to the torque converter by the crankshaft, then to the planetary power-shift transmission. This unit consists of a certain number of pl

24、anetary units that vary in size. Large clutch packs surround each gear set and engage with special hydraulic modulation for smooth, cushioned shifting. The clutch plates and gears are cooled by oil. Fo</p><p&g

25、t;　　Hydrostatic Drives and Power Transmission The basic principles involved in the operation of hydrostatic drives are explained in Chap. 20. A hydrostatic drive mechanism consists essentially of two major units, namely

26、, a positive displacement pump driven by the original power unit and a positive displacement motor, which receives its energy from the pump. In other words, the tractor engine develops and transfers mechanical energy to

27、 the pump. The pump unit then converts this mechanical energy in</p><p><b>　　傳輸方式和操作</b></p><p>　　傳輸系統(tǒng)發(fā)現(xiàn)在拖拉機(jī)類型相差很大的情況下，尤其是對(duì)其速度，各種齒輪及傳輸方法方法的轉(zhuǎn)變?；谶@些因素,傳輸形式可分為(1)滑動(dòng)滑移齒輪傳遞(2)轉(zhuǎn)移項(xiàng)圈傳遞(3)同步器

28、傳遞和(4)壓力傳遞。也就是說要改變速度可以自動(dòng)手動(dòng)或者是利用液體的壓力。這些變化可以解釋和說明為什么有不同類型的拖拉機(jī)取力器?？偟膩碚f,小功率拖拉機(jī)使用更簡(jiǎn)單的傳輸方式,同時(shí)，其傳輸速度從6或8到12或16。在這種情況下,是為從工作狀態(tài)向較高的速度變化或反之亦然，而拖拉機(jī)在運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)并沒有脫離主離合器而停下。小功率拖拉機(jī)的這些優(yōu)點(diǎn),允許其更方便的調(diào)整和較快的響應(yīng)的力量、扭矩、拖拉機(jī)葉輪能力的具體條件和要求。</p><

29、p>　　Spur-Gear傳輸數(shù)字說明了設(shè)計(jì)和傳輸?shù)牟僮黝愋?。最初是用在更早的拖拉機(jī),和一些小型的，電流模擬程序的機(jī)械上。不同的速度的轉(zhuǎn)換需要具有一定規(guī)不同速度的轉(zhuǎn)換的實(shí)現(xiàn)是由一對(duì)齒輪或多對(duì)齒輪相嚙合來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。當(dāng)需要反向操作時(shí)，則需要增加一個(gè)惰輪，一對(duì)齒輪中間，只改變力的方向，不改變力的大小。整個(gè)傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)安裝在一個(gè)殼體里，其中，裝有大量的潤(rùn)滑油來保證潤(rùn)滑。軸承也軸承的選擇既可以是承受力的也可以只起支承座用。不同的速度，通過手動(dòng)操縱

30、桿的控制有一個(gè)固定的傳動(dòng)比。每一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)速的傳動(dòng)比是固定的，不同轉(zhuǎn)速的傳動(dòng)比是不同的。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)速發(fā)生變化是，離合器要斷開傳力，使發(fā)送幾所傳出的動(dòng)力到不了變速箱，變速箱內(nèi)的轉(zhuǎn)速有一個(gè)相對(duì)的靜止。見原文圖18 - 8展示了一個(gè)用于high-clearance row-crop拖拉機(jī)上的類似的傳輸方式。</p><p>　　見原文圖18 - 9　顯示一個(gè)雙輪缸傳輸數(shù)字迪爾水平,橫向引擎裝有四滑動(dòng)齒輪傳動(dòng),利用雙聯(lián)齒輪和軸傳遞力

31、。</p><p>　　見原文圖18- 10示的是一個(gè)有可變速功能的雙向離合器控制的，圓柱斜齒輪傳動(dòng)的取力器。因?yàn)橛幸粋€(gè)特別的雙向的盤式離合器,手動(dòng)取力器可以控制其實(shí)現(xiàn)三個(gè)功能:工作狀態(tài)，掛高速檔和脫離嚙合，處于空擋位。通過這樣一個(gè)離合器，就可以使傳輸?shù)乃俣劝l(fā)生一定的變化，并利用液壓輔助裝置，是拖拉機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)一定的牽引能力。</p><p>　　見原文圖18-11中的數(shù)字說明福特Dual-Po

32、wer傳輸系統(tǒng)的情況,這個(gè)傳輸系統(tǒng)，擁有八個(gè)前進(jìn)擋，兩個(gè)倒退檔。然而,當(dāng)拖拉機(jī)必須實(shí)現(xiàn)較慢的轉(zhuǎn)速較大的功率的情況下,在主變速箱總體情況不變的情況下,這種傳輸會(huì)配備一個(gè)起落架組件作為副變速箱使前進(jìn)擋和倒退檔的轉(zhuǎn)速變化范圍提高一倍。這一變化是由一個(gè)單一的杠桿來控制的，而不要求拖拉機(jī)動(dòng)力斷開。當(dāng)拖拉機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速降低時(shí)，拖拉機(jī)的扭矩就會(huì)增加，增大其爬坡能力。</p><p>　　見原文圖18-12顯示的事林韻梅液壓高低變化范圍

33、,拖拉機(jī)是表六，這種拖拉機(jī)是雙齒輪傳輸，她可以有十二種傳輸速度的變化，和提供三種扭矩。速度和三個(gè)扭轉(zhuǎn)。表1給出了速度為18m/s的變化范圍。</p><p>　　見原文圖18 - 13國(guó)際收割拖拉機(jī)，展示完整的電力傳輸列車。每一個(gè)國(guó)際收割拖拉機(jī)都有兩種速度變化范圍，其中每一種速度變化范圍都有四個(gè)前進(jìn)擋，和一個(gè)倒退檔。這是一個(gè)利用同步器的同步傳輸。利用一個(gè)杠桿來控制整個(gè)變速箱的前進(jìn)和倒退，以及各個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)速之間變化的操作

34、。整個(gè)變速箱采用的是壓力潤(rùn)滑。壓力潤(rùn)滑的實(shí)現(xiàn)是靠一個(gè)壓力系統(tǒng)和自我壓力調(diào)節(jié)控制器的控制。</p><p>　　見原文圖18 – 14顯示的是由迪爾公司設(shè)計(jì)的四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的拖拉機(jī)傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率首先通過傳動(dòng)軸傳遞到兩個(gè)后輪上，再由兩個(gè)后輪傳遞到兩個(gè)前輪上。變速箱可以提供兩種不同的速度。從齒輪中發(fā)出的力矩，經(jīng)過軸承，軸，以及其他傳出裝置的傳遞，最后傳遞到四個(gè)車輪上來控制拖拉機(jī)的前進(jìn)與倒退。液壓裝置可以控制兩個(gè)鎖銷同時(shí)

35、鎖緊。這些傳遞動(dòng)力的過程都是由一個(gè)腳踏板式的操縱機(jī)構(gòu)來控制完成的。</p><p>　　拖拉機(jī)牽引的履帶式推土機(jī),不像其他履帶式推土機(jī)那樣是一個(gè)有獨(dú)立的傳輸機(jī)構(gòu)的機(jī)器。也就是說,普通的傳統(tǒng)的輪拖拉機(jī)用后輪作為驅(qū)動(dòng)輪帶領(lǐng)前輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),但兩履帶推土機(jī)拖拉機(jī)既是被牽引機(jī)構(gòu)又起積極的引導(dǎo)作用。</p><p>　　見原文圖18-15顯示的是履帶推土機(jī)拖拉機(jī)傳輸。(由個(gè)別公司不能履帶式拖拉機(jī)通訊器)。電

36、力傳遞到中間軸上的漸開線齒輪;然后,通過兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)向離合器，和位于副傳動(dòng)軸上的每一個(gè)漸開線齒輪;最后傳遞到最終傳力機(jī)構(gòu)。轉(zhuǎn)向的實(shí)現(xiàn)是靠轉(zhuǎn)向離合器;也就是說,通過手操縱杠桿,離合器,可自動(dòng)切斷電源,同時(shí)，運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)需要的特殊的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡也是由拖拉機(jī)完成的。每一個(gè)制動(dòng)離合器都會(huì)配備一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)便的從動(dòng)盤鼓。如果一個(gè)快速的，短時(shí)間的變速,是理想情況，那么不僅是制動(dòng)離合器,而且離合器的釋放與轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)都是與特定的軌跡相符合的。要所有的力量去完成另一個(gè)軌跡的傳遞,顯然

37、會(huì)很苦難。按下兩個(gè)剎車的同時(shí),機(jī)器可以幾乎立刻就停止。值得注意的是,一個(gè)模擬毛毛蟲運(yùn)動(dòng)的傳輸?shù)姆绞健?lt;/p><p>　　見原文圖18 – 16（卡特彼勒行星傳動(dòng)）利用行星輪傳遞力的履帶式推土拖拉機(jī)。先從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率傳輸?shù)阶兙仄鞯那S,然后到行星傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)。組成本單元的行星的單位數(shù)大小不等。大離合器齒輪組,液壓調(diào)質(zhì)的潤(rùn)滑為高級(jí)潤(rùn)滑。離合器盤、齒輪需要用冷卻油來冷卻潤(rùn)滑。因?yàn)楣ぷ餍枰?這臺(tái)拖拉機(jī)不需要經(jīng)常轉(zhuǎn)變傳遞力的方