紡織品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力分析外文翻譯

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)論文外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯</p><p>　翻譯（1）題目中國(guó)紡織工業(yè)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)</p><p>　翻譯（2）題目中國(guó)紡織品的政策建議</p><p>　系經(jīng)貿(mào)系</p><p>　專 業(yè)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易</p><p>　　中國(guó)的紡織工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)</p><p>

2、<b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　通過(guò)改革開(kāi)放的政策，憑借要素稟賦優(yōu)勢(shì)中國(guó)紡織工業(yè)在全球紡織市場(chǎng)的份額持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)超過(guò)20年。本文認(rèn)為，目前中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)仍然是基于傳統(tǒng)因素的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，這可能由于國(guó)際紡織產(chǎn)業(yè)的技術(shù)不斷地升級(jí)，國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)比以前更激烈。中國(guó)加入WTO后，有一些弊端，如產(chǎn)業(yè)和貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)，貿(mào)易壁壘對(duì)中國(guó)紡織業(yè)發(fā)展的阻礙。如何加快產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級(jí)，提升中國(guó)紡織工業(yè)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，

3、是中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)發(fā)展的首要任務(wù)。</p><p>　　紡織工業(yè)一直是中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的支柱，得益于其在要素稟賦和市場(chǎng)規(guī)模的優(yōu)勢(shì)。紡織部門的貿(mào)易額在過(guò)去25年（從改革開(kāi)放）增長(zhǎng)了27.11倍。 2005年，紡織品出口占了中國(guó)出口總額的15.4％，占了世界總出口的紡織品24.4％，而中國(guó)紡織品的生產(chǎn)和出口都位居世界前列。</p><p>　　盡管如此，中國(guó)紡織工業(yè)正面臨著各種各樣的困難，比如過(guò)度依賴資源

4、，技術(shù)含量低和附加值低，復(fù)雜的貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)和出口市場(chǎng)的高度集中等對(duì)中國(guó)紡織品有越來(lái)越多的貿(mào)易制裁，特別值得一提的是，因?yàn)橹袊?guó)在這個(gè)行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)被限制。本文旨在通過(guò)深入的調(diào)查中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，并帶來(lái)了相應(yīng)的建議。</p><p>　　一、中國(guó)紡織工業(yè)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)</p><p>　　鑒于國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)關(guān)系的因素，紡織行業(yè)的發(fā)展仍然受勞動(dòng)力成本和技術(shù)的決定。相比較而言，服裝業(yè)是高強(qiáng)度勞動(dòng)，

5、而在紡織行業(yè)，尤其是在化纖行業(yè)，資本和技術(shù)正在成為越來(lái)越重要的因素。中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)顯示了材料供應(yīng)，勞動(dòng)力成本，產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，與上下游的兼容性，明顯的出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)積極促進(jìn)規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)和成本的影響。但是，隨著發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家新技術(shù)持續(xù)投資于他們的紡織工業(yè)，廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力優(yōu)勢(shì)在發(fā)展中國(guó)家是傾向于被通過(guò)不斷提高生產(chǎn)效率在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家削弱。紡織行業(yè)在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家從而可以維持較高的利潤(rùn)，而同時(shí)降低了生產(chǎn)。在本節(jié)中，中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)進(jìn)行分析，并比較其對(duì)口發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟(jì)

6、體將會(huì)作出修改。</p><p>　　1.中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的基礎(chǔ)</p><p>　　目前中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)在很大程度上取決于其雄厚的工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)和廉價(jià)的成本。在與國(guó)外同行相比，中國(guó)的紡織行業(yè)呈現(xiàn)出以下幾方面，預(yù)計(jì)在不久的將來(lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)依然存在。</p><p>　　（1）要素稟賦的優(yōu)勢(shì)</p><p>　　如勞動(dòng)力和相關(guān)材料的供應(yīng)充裕，

7、是中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)必不可少的主要因素。其中，最重要的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是人力資本。其中兩個(gè)中國(guó)勞動(dòng)力資源的主要特點(diǎn)，就是其低廉的價(jià)格以及卓越的品質(zhì)。中國(guó)工人的平均受教育期為10年，這是發(fā)展中國(guó)家的中等水平，與發(fā)達(dá)經(jīng)濟(jì)體相比有大約四年的滯后，但中國(guó)工人的工資遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于其他國(guó)家的水平。中國(guó)在紡織行業(yè)已經(jīng)獲得了太多的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，勞動(dòng)力供給的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)沒(méi)有喪失，而這種優(yōu)勢(shì)是紡織行業(yè)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的動(dòng)力。 第二個(gè)特點(diǎn)是它的可持續(xù)性。城市化的擴(kuò)張以及中國(guó)提高高等教

8、育將為紡織行業(yè)帶來(lái)越來(lái)越多的優(yōu)越性，但價(jià)格低廉的人力資源，因此人力資本存量的上升將保證工人為中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)未來(lái)發(fā)展的技術(shù)支持的供應(yīng)。</p><p>　?。?）市場(chǎng)規(guī)模的優(yōu)勢(shì)</p><p>　　雖然國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)吸收紡織生產(chǎn)量的70％以上，中國(guó)人均消費(fèi)量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于世界平均水平。中國(guó)是世界上最大和增長(zhǎng)最快的發(fā)展中國(guó)家，其經(jīng)濟(jì)蓬勃發(fā)展和提高人民生活水平帶來(lái)的需求擴(kuò)大無(wú)論在紡織產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量。這表明一

9、個(gè)巨大的潛在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)，所以有極好的發(fā)展機(jī)遇，中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境。這樣的優(yōu)勢(shì)并沒(méi)有在其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家或發(fā)展中國(guó)家存在。在另一方面，加入WTO將中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)在短期內(nèi)面臨各種保護(hù)，但它并不妨礙中國(guó)的不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的融入世界市場(chǎng)。此外，紡織品配額在2005年取消，無(wú)疑是有利于中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)贏得更大的國(guó)外市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入，這是一個(gè)難得的機(jī)會(huì)對(duì)建設(shè)規(guī)模擴(kuò)張和產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)有所幫助。</p><p>　　2.中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)和的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家之間的

10、比較</p><p>　　與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的紡織工業(yè)相比，中國(guó)的紡織行業(yè)目前的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)主要源于勞動(dòng)力供應(yīng)和自然資源稟賦的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。紡織產(chǎn)品是中國(guó)最具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和大宗出口，得益于更廉價(jià)的勞動(dòng)力成本和較完整的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的紡織業(yè)就在于利用雄厚的資金，研發(fā)，品牌和成熟的銷售渠道。來(lái)自中國(guó)的紡織產(chǎn)品，目前主要占據(jù)低或中等質(zhì)量的市場(chǎng)，而那些在歐洲或美國(guó)生產(chǎn)的主要是占據(jù)世界頂級(jí)市場(chǎng)。由于中國(guó)是一個(gè)主要的生產(chǎn)商和紡織產(chǎn)品的主要消費(fèi)國(guó)

11、，生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)的巨大潛力將打開(kāi)中高端服裝，這反過(guò)來(lái)又增強(qiáng)雙方紡織工業(yè)之間的相互依存關(guān)系。</p><p>　　3.中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)和其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家的比較</p><p>　　中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)也同時(shí)在對(duì)比其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家同行特殊優(yōu)勢(shì)和劣勢(shì)。中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)的優(yōu)勢(shì)體現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)業(yè)和市場(chǎng)規(guī)模，吸引外國(guó)直接投資等領(lǐng)域。在這一部分，我們將首先簡(jiǎn)要介紹紡織行業(yè)在其他一些發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟(jì)體的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。</p>

12、<p>　?。?）主要發(fā)展中國(guó)家的總體情況 </p><p>　　印度是一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手，中國(guó)的紡織行業(yè)。它擁有一個(gè)龐大而競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的紡織行業(yè)，并已成為世界第三大棉紡織品供應(yīng)商。印度紡織工業(yè)的份額在總生產(chǎn)商產(chǎn)量高達(dá)20％，它占據(jù)印度的聚集出口的25％。印度也是在歐洲市場(chǎng)的第三大出口國(guó)和第四大紡織品供應(yīng)商到美國(guó)。印度擁有設(shè)備齊全的部門，如紡紗，織布，印染等行業(yè)。從WTO的一份報(bào)告指出，在“后配額時(shí)代”

13、中，紡織產(chǎn)品從印度到美國(guó)將會(huì)由4％上升到15％。巴基斯坦是另一個(gè)主要的棉花供應(yīng)商，世界排名第四，并顯示強(qiáng)大的實(shí)力。</p><p><b>　　（2）中國(guó)特殊優(yōu)勢(shì)</b></p><p>　　中國(guó)的出口量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)這些發(fā)展中國(guó)家紡織品出口的總和，出口增長(zhǎng)，主要在世界市場(chǎng)份額方面。因此，我們可以得出結(jié)論，除了低要素成本和市場(chǎng)規(guī)模，中國(guó)在產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚和外國(guó)直接投資的吸引力擁有特

14、別的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。 </p><p>　　正如產(chǎn)業(yè)組織的現(xiàn)代理論，集聚是產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的內(nèi)在規(guī)律，以及一個(gè)有效措施進(jìn)行資源分配和提高生產(chǎn)要素的利用率。就目前而言，從范圍，由產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚進(jìn)一步在中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)規(guī)模效應(yīng)帶來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。中國(guó)成功地通過(guò)規(guī)模擴(kuò)張，資源配置優(yōu)化，生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化和提高生產(chǎn)力產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚獲得了在紡織行業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。這些影響是最明顯的在中國(guó)東部近海工業(yè)區(qū)，特別是長(zhǎng)江，太湖和珠江三角洲。</p><p

15、>　　（3）中國(guó)與其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家之間的差距在紡織行業(yè) </p><p>　　中國(guó)落后于其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家大多在以下幾個(gè)方面。第一個(gè)缺陷是中國(guó)的出口合作伙伴的方式匯集，特別是一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，中國(guó)最大的四個(gè)出口市場(chǎng)是香港，日本，歐盟和美國(guó)，其中占中國(guó)紡織品出口的50％以上。如此沉重的市場(chǎng)集中度很容易會(huì)因目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)嚴(yán)格的監(jiān)視或貿(mào)易糾紛。其次，政策扶持在中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)有待加強(qiáng)。例如，印度正在實(shí)施的殘留紡織材料生產(chǎn)的特定政策，

16、這目前還沒(méi)有提供給中國(guó)企業(yè)。中國(guó)政府和企業(yè)應(yīng)該進(jìn)行持續(xù)的努力和合作。</p><p>　　二、國(guó)際貿(mào)易壁壘對(duì)中國(guó)紡織工業(yè)</p><p>　　中國(guó)出口的紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品在遭受貿(mào)易壁壘，這嚴(yán)重抑制了其對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)發(fā)揮。在中國(guó)紡織工業(yè)的缺陷是由于貿(mào)易壁壘造成的，但貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義也有原因。因經(jīng)濟(jì)或政治利益，很多紡織品進(jìn)口國(guó)愿意并能夠?qū)χ袊?guó)紡織品的限制，以滿足他們?cè)诘统杀镜哪繕?biāo)。</p>

17、<p>　　1.目前針對(duì)中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)貿(mào)易壁壘</p><p>　?。?）回顧近期貿(mào)易壁壘對(duì)中國(guó)紡織產(chǎn)品 </p><p>　　于2004年4月8日，尼日利亞政府決定禁止41個(gè)產(chǎn)品，其中大部分是紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)口。于2004年6月3日，哥倫比亞定制征收進(jìn)口除了那些從安第斯集團(tuán)國(guó)家的襪子的價(jià)格限制。土耳其決定推出保障，以免紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品自中國(guó)的一部分在2004年12月23日，

18、并開(kāi)始對(duì)42類中國(guó)紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品對(duì)2005年2月1日配額。</p><p>　?。?）對(duì)中國(guó)紡織產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易壁壘的特點(diǎn) </p><p>　　首先，貿(mào)易壁壘對(duì)中國(guó)紡織產(chǎn)品是大批量，多品種，寬范圍的。從2004年4月至2005年5月，19顯著的貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端是針對(duì)中國(guó)的紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品推出，其中的形式從出口禁令，自定義價(jià)格壟斷，維護(hù)，關(guān)稅配額，特別的保護(hù)和監(jiān)控等范圍，而類覆蓋幾乎包括中國(guó)的整個(gè)紡織行

19、業(yè)。其次，明顯的上升趨勢(shì)中顯示的中國(guó)紡織品貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端的頻率。中國(guó)紡織工業(yè)在2004年最重要的爭(zhēng)議是三種，其中炒到16的2005年首五個(gè)月相當(dāng)驚人的水平。第三，引發(fā)糾紛不僅涉及發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，如美國(guó)，但也有不少發(fā)展中國(guó)家，如墨西哥，阿根廷和巴西。</p><p>　　2.中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)的瓶頸</p><p>　　（1）嚴(yán)重依賴于要素稟賦優(yōu)勢(shì) </p><p>　　大多數(shù)中國(guó)出口

20、的紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品集中在低或中等質(zhì)量的，在世界市場(chǎng)這說(shuō)明中國(guó)很大的價(jià)格優(yōu)勢(shì)，由于廉價(jià)的勞動(dòng)力，但在質(zhì)量和品種較少的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。</p><p>　　第一個(gè)方面，中國(guó)紡織產(chǎn)品在結(jié)構(gòu)上相似，缺乏多樣性和低技術(shù)，這使得中國(guó)紡織產(chǎn)品容易被模仿。中國(guó)的紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品具有很強(qiáng)的替代產(chǎn)品，均來(lái)自于其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家，因而不善于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)和弱勢(shì)貿(mào)易壁壘。在第二個(gè)方面，日益加劇的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)低技術(shù)含量，低附加價(jià)值的紡織品市場(chǎng)趨于迫使世界上的出口

21、商妥協(xié)，而進(jìn)口商希望獲得其他政治或經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，由于治或經(jīng)濟(jì)原因，所以一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家往往會(huì)對(duì)某些產(chǎn)品，某些歧視性政策國(guó)際貿(mào)易規(guī)則框架政。</p><p>　?。?）中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)間的激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng) </p><p>　　在'薄利多銷翻身“的傳統(tǒng)，在中國(guó)企業(yè)以及在中國(guó)的外匯積累迫使許多出口企業(yè)政府長(zhǎng)期的出口補(bǔ)貼削減價(jià)格，以達(dá)到他們的出口目標(biāo)，并因此招致反傾銷措施。有些公司甚至不惜零利潤(rùn)價(jià)格出售

22、產(chǎn)品，以獲得出口補(bǔ)貼或缺點(diǎn)。亂七八糟的定價(jià)活動(dòng)是最有可能遭受美國(guó)和其他國(guó)家產(chǎn)生貿(mào)易限制。此外，中國(guó)仍然有待加強(qiáng)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型的方式和政策透明度。</p><p>　　高濃度出口中國(guó)四大最有分量的紡織品出口市場(chǎng)是香港（中國(guó)） ，日本，歐盟和美國(guó)，這在總吸收中國(guó)紡織產(chǎn)品出口的70％。中國(guó)紡織品出口到非洲，拉丁美洲，中東和其他100多個(gè)國(guó)家在增加，然而聚集份額占僅12％ ，這比日本的更小。出口的高地域集中度相當(dāng)可能誘發(fā)貿(mào)易

23、保護(hù)主義的目標(biāo)國(guó)家/地區(qū)，提高貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端的可能性，這是有害于中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展。</p><p>　　3.發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的保護(hù)主義</p><p>　?。?）從進(jìn)口國(guó)的國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)壓力</p><p>　　中國(guó)已成為紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品世界最大的出口國(guó)，憑借它在紡織行業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，其特點(diǎn)在于擴(kuò)大規(guī)模，增加產(chǎn)量國(guó)和貿(mào)易順差收入來(lái)源之一。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家考慮到他們的政治選舉或保護(hù)國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)從

24、而傾向于尋找借口對(duì)中國(guó)的紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品進(jìn)口限制，。因此，貿(mào)易保護(hù)必然作為他們的長(zhǎng)期戰(zhàn)略。中國(guó)作為世界上最大的紡織品出口國(guó)，作出相應(yīng)承擔(dān)其貿(mào)易限制的沖擊。此外，中國(guó)是世界上最大的社會(huì)主義國(guó)家，在不同的政治制度和其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的意識(shí)形態(tài)工作，這很可能是另一個(gè)借口歧視或障礙。在另一方面，中國(guó)加入WTO，政府或企業(yè)有足夠的經(jīng)驗(yàn)足夠長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間致遠(yuǎn)在保護(hù)國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)的國(guó)際貿(mào)易規(guī)則框架下。這是貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端誘餌。</p><p><

25、b>　　（2）保護(hù)過(guò)渡 </b></p><p>　　此外，技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘和其他非關(guān)稅保護(hù)措施，包括環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在包規(guī)則及標(biāo)簽和勞動(dòng)工資，等等，都還可以向發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家為他們對(duì)紡織工業(yè)的保護(hù)。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，許多發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家制定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)環(huán)境的保護(hù)（如技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，染料，紡織纖維及纖維加工環(huán)境，安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的紡織產(chǎn)品和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生產(chǎn)的情況下的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)） ，工資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，勞動(dòng)權(quán)利等。這些復(fù)雜的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，很可能是被發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家用來(lái)從其他

26、國(guó)家的進(jìn)口限制。</p><p>　?。?）利用在中國(guó)人民共和國(guó)加入特殊物品和條款的協(xié)議</p><p>　　盡管配額從2005年1月1日取消，中國(guó)仍然面臨著一些特殊的物品和條款，其中兩個(gè)普遍采用的限制。一個(gè)是對(duì)中國(guó)紡織產(chǎn)品特別保障措施。截至2008年12月31日中國(guó)進(jìn)口伙伴授予中國(guó)紡織品的產(chǎn)品，其中配額是最初被取消數(shù)量限制，存在或市場(chǎng)擾亂威脅“的條件和原產(chǎn)于中國(guó)的產(chǎn)品在被破壞“ ，在工作

27、組對(duì)中國(guó)加入WTO（ 241-242 ）的報(bào)告指出。像美國(guó)，歐盟，韓國(guó)，日本，加拿大和印度等國(guó)根據(jù)這一條款相繼制定法規(guī)。其他條款是特殊的安全防范措施。根據(jù)第16條，對(duì)特定產(chǎn)品過(guò)渡性保障機(jī)制對(duì)中國(guó)人民共和國(guó)的入世議定書(shū)，進(jìn)口商被授予采取針對(duì)中國(guó)產(chǎn)品的限制，如果是后者引起市場(chǎng)擾亂“ ，直到2013年。</p><p>　　除了以上提到的因緣，值得注意的是，不僅有出口商和他們的進(jìn)口商之間，也有出口商之間的矛盾和沖突。中

28、國(guó)在出口快速增長(zhǎng)，從其他紡織品出口商產(chǎn)生怨恨。在這些國(guó)家的一些商業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)已經(jīng)征求歐洲國(guó)家和美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)紡織品的配額延長(zhǎng)。同時(shí)，一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家正在尋求在保護(hù)最不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的借口下針對(duì)中國(guó)的貿(mào)易保護(hù)。</p><p>　　China’s Textile Industry International Competitive Advantage1</p><p><b>　　Abstr

29、act</b></p><p>　　The share of China’s textile industry in global textile market has kept expanding for more than 20 years by full utilization of its advantage in factor endowment since the Reform and O

30、pening Policy. This paper argues that current competitive advantage of China’s textile industry is still based on traditional factor comparative advantage, which may be weakened since the technology of international text

31、ile industry is upgrading continually and the international competition is more intensely than b</p><p>　　Textile industry has long been a pillar to China’s economy thanks to its advantage in factor endowmen

32、t and market scale. Trade volume of textile sector has increased by 27.11 times during the past 25 years (from the Reform and Opening). In 2005, textile export took up 15.4% of China’s total export and 24.4% of the world

33、’s total export in textile, and the production and export of Chinese textile products are both the largest in the world.</p><p>　　Nonetheless, China’s textile industry is facing various difficulties, such as

34、 excessive resource reliance, low technology and value added, indisposition in trade structure and highly concentrated export markets, etc. More and more trade sanctions against China’s textile products are particularly

35、noteworthy as they cast tight restrictions on China’s competitive advantage in this industry. This paper aims at an in-depth investigation to competitive advantage of China’s textile industry and brings </p><p

36、>　　I. International Competitive advantage Of China’s Textile Industry</p><p>　　In view of the relation of factor and international competitive advantage, the development of textile industry is still deter

37、mined by labor cost and technology. In comparison, garment industry is labor intensity, while in textile industry, particularly in the chemical fiber sector, capital and technology is becoming more and more important. Ch

38、ina’s textile industry shows apparent scale economy and cost effects in material supply, labor cost, product qualities, compatibility between up and down s</p><p>　　Foundation of competitive advantage of Chi

39、na’s textile industry</p><p>　　The competitive advantage of present China’s textile industry is in a large part depends on its solid industrial foundation and cheap cost. In comparison with its overseas coun

40、terparts, China’s textile industry shows competitive advantage in the following aspects, which are expected to still exist in the near future.</p><p>　　(1) Advantage in factor endowment</p><p>　

41、　The abundant supply of primary factors such as labor and related materials is essential to China’s textile industry.</p><p>　　Among them, the most important advantage is human capital. There are two main fe

42、atures in Chinese labor resource, the first of which is its low price as well as superior quality. Average education period of Chinese workers is ten years, which is the medium level of developing countries and around fo

43、ur years’lag compared with those in developed economies, yet wage of Chinese worker is well below those of other countries. China has gained much economic benefits in textile industry without loss of </p><p>

44、;　　The second feature is its sustainability. Expansion of urbanization and improving higher education in China will provide more and more superior but low price human resource for textile industry, so the rising human ca

45、pital stock will guarantee the supply of worker and technological support for future development of China’s textile industry.</p><p>　　(2) Superiority in market scale</p><p>　　Although domestic

46、market absorbs over 70% of aggregative textile output, consumption per capita in China is far below the world’s average. China is the largest and fastest growing developing country; whose vigorous economic development an

47、d improving living standard bring expanding demand both in quantity and quality for textile products. This indicates a tremendous potential domestic market, so there are excellent development opportunity and competition

48、environment for textile industry of China.</p><p>　　Comparison between competitive advantage of textile industry of China and developed countries</p><p>　　In comparison with developed countries’

49、textile industry, present competitive advantage of China’s textile industry largely stems from comparative advantage in labor supply and natural resource endowment. Textile products are China’s most competitive and stapl

50、e exports, thanks to cheaper labor cost and comparatively integrated industrial chain. Advantage of developed countries’textile industry lies in abundant capital, R&D, brand and matured marketing channel. Textile pro

51、ducts from China therefor</p><p>　　3. Comparison between competitive advantage of textile industry of China and other</p><p>　　developing countries</p><p>　　China’s textile industry

52、 also shows both specific superiority and inferiority in contrast to its counterparts of other developing countries. The advantage of China’s textile industry is embodied in industrial and market scale, FDI attraction an

53、d other fields. In this part we will first cast a brief introduction to competitive advantage of textile industry in some other developing economies.</p><p>　　General status of major developing countries<

54、/p><p>　　India is a powerful competitor to China’s textile industry. It owns a huge and highly competitive textile industry and has become the world’s third largest cotton textile supplier. Indian textile indus

55、try’s share in total manufacturer output is up to 20%, and it occupies 25% of India’s aggregative export. India is also the third largest exporter in European market and the fourth largest textile supplier to U.S.. India

56、 possesses well equipped sectors such as spinning, weaving, printing and dyeing</p><p>　　Particular advantage of China</p><p>　　China is well ahead of the above developing countries in textile e

57、xport in terms of aggregative export, export growth, and world market share. We can therefore conclude that besides low factor cost and market scale, China enjoys particular competitive advantage in industrial agglomerat

58、ion and FDI attraction.</p><p>　　As pointed out by modern theory of industrial organization, agglomeration is an inherent law in industrial development as well as an effective measure for resource allocation

59、 and factor utilization. For the time being, economy of scale effect in China’s textile industry from economy of scope, which is further brought by industrial agglomeration, is becoming increasingly prominent. China’s su

60、ccess in scale expansion, optimization of resource allocation, production specialization and productivity </p><p>　　(3) Gap between China and other developing countries in textile industry</p><p&g

61、t;　　China falls behind other developing countries mostly in following aspects. The first flaw is China’s export partners are pooled in some particular developed countries, as China’s biggest four exporting markets are Ho

62、ng Kong, Japan, EU and U.S., which take up more than 50% of Chinese aggregative textile export. Such a heavy market concentration is easy to incur rigorous surveillance or trade disputes from target markets. Secondly, po

63、licy support to China’s textile industry needs to be strengthene</p><p>　　II. International Trade Barriers to Chinese Textile Industry</p><p>　　Textiles and apparel products suffer the heaviest

64、trade barriers in China’s export, which badly inhibits its exertion on competitive advantage. Deficiencies in China’s textile industry are certainly responsible for such heavy barriers, yet trade protectionism is also li

65、able. On account of economic or political interests, many head</p><p>　　textile importing countries are willing and able to cast restriction against China’s textile products to meet their targets at small co

66、sts.</p><p>　　Current trade barriers against China’s textile industry</p><p>　　(1) Retrospect to recent trade barrier to China’s textile products</p><p>　　On April 8th, 2004, Nigeri

67、an government decided to forbid import of 41 products, the majority of which were textiles and apparel products. On June 3rd, 2004, Columbian custom imposed price restriction on importing socks except for those from the

68、Andes Group countries. Turkey decided to launch safeguard against part of textiles and apparel products from China on December 23rd, 2004 and began to impose quotas on 42 categories of Chinese textiles and apparel produc

69、ts on February 1st, 2005. </p><p>　　Features of the trade barriers to China’s textile products</p><p>　　Firstly, trade barriers to China’s textile products are large in quantity and variety, and

70、 wide in scope. From April, 2004 to May, 2005, 19 remarkable trade disputes were launched against China’s textiles and apparel products, the forms of which ranged from export prohibition, custom price fixing, safeguard,

71、tariff to quota, special protection and surveillance, etc., while the category coverage almost included China’s whole textile industry. Secondly, apparent rising trend is shown in the freque</p><p>　　Bottlen

72、ecks of China’s textile industry</p><p>　　Heavily based on factor endowment advantage</p><p>　　The majority of China’s export in textiles and apparel products concentrates in low or medium quali

73、ty ones, which shows in world market China’s great price advantage due to cheap labor but less competitive advantage in quality and variety.</p><p>　　On the first hand, Chinese textile products are similar i

74、n structure, lack of variety and low in technology, which make Chinese textile products easy to be imitated. China’s textiles and apparel products are highly substitutable to products fro mother developing countries, thu

75、s are weak in competitive advantage and vulnerable to trade barriers. On the second hand, increasingly intensified rivalry in world’s low-tech and low value added textile market tends to force exporters to compromise, wh

76、ile</p><p>　　Cutthroat competition among Chinese domestic firms</p><p>　　The ‘small profits but quick turnover’tradition in Chinese enterprises along with government’s long term export subsidy f

77、or foreign exchange accumulation forces many export firms in China cut price in order to reach their export target, and therefore incur anti-dumping measures. Some firms even sell products at zero profit prices in order

78、to gain export subsidy or drawbacks. Mess in pricing activities is most likely to incur trade restrictions from U.S. and other countries. Additionally, China i</p><p>　　High export concentration</p>&

79、lt;p>　　China’s four most weighty textile export markets are Hong Kong (China), Japan, EU and U.S., which absorb 70% of China’s textile product export in total. China’s textile export to Africa, Latin America, the Midd

80、le East and other more than 100 countries is increasing, yet the aggregative share accounts only for 12%, which is even smaller than that of Japan. High geographic concentration of export is rather likely to induce trade

81、 protectionism in target countries/regions and enhance the likelihood </p><p>　　Protectionism in developed countries</p><p>　　Pressures from domestic industries of import countries</p>&l

82、t;p>　　China has become one of the world’s largest exporters and trade surplus earner in textiles and apparel products by virtue of her rapid progress in textile industry, which is marked by expanding scale and increas

83、ing output. Developed countries thereby tend to seek excuses for import restriction against China’s textiles and apparel products on account of their political elections or protection to domestic industries. Trade protec

84、tion is therefore necessarily employed as their long term strategy. C</p><p>　　Moreover, China is the world’s largest socialistic country and operates under different political system and ideologies from oth

85、er developed countries, and this is likely to be another excuse for discrimination or obstacle. On the other hand, China’s stay in WTO is not long enough for either her government or firms to win sufficient experience in

86、 protecting domestic industries under international trade rule framework. This is a more bait for trade disputes.</p><p>　　(2) Protection transition in developed countries</p><p>　　Moreover, tec

87、hnical trade barriers and other non-tariff protection measures, including environmental standards, technical standards, rules in package & label and labor wage, etc., are additionally available to developed countries

88、 for their protection towards textile industry. For instance, many developed countries enact standards on environment protection (such as technical standards for dye, standards for textile fiber and fiber processing envi

89、ronment, security standards for textile products an</p><p>　　Utilization of special articles and clauses in the Protocol on the Accession of the People’s Republic of China</p><p>　　Despite the f

90、act that quota are canceled from Jan 1st, 2005, China is still facing restrictions from some special articles and clauses, two of which are commonly adopted. One is the special safeguard measure to Chinese textile produc

91、ts. Till December 31st, 2008 China’s import partners are granted to turn back to quantitative restriction against Chinese textile products, to which quota have been originally canceled, on condition thereof existence or

92、threat of market disruption”and ethe role of pr</p><p>　　Besides the above mentioned causations, it is noteworthy that there are contradictions and conflicts not only between exporters and their importers bu

93、t also between exporters. China’s rapid growth in export has incurred resentment from other textile exporters. Some commercial associations in these countries have already solicited European countries and U.S. for prolon

94、ged quota against textile products from China. Simultaneously, some developed countries are seeking excuses for trade protection a</p><p>　　中國(guó)紡織品的政策建議2</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p>

95、<p>　　紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品的配額結(jié)束于2005年1月1日，根據(jù)協(xié)議對(duì)紡織品和成衣，以及全球紡織品貿(mào)易應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)向自由貿(mào)易管理制度。擴(kuò)大全球市場(chǎng)，從而擴(kuò)大中國(guó)的紡織產(chǎn)品，但在這一領(lǐng)域的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)正日益加劇。因此，如何在“后配額時(shí)代”期間，正確理解國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)格局，通過(guò)優(yōu)化程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)和潛在的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，發(fā)展路徑，探索戰(zhàn)略，以促進(jìn)今后的生產(chǎn)和出口，從而達(dá)到這一支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，是一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的問(wèn)題，以配件供應(yīng)爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō)，對(duì)紡織行業(yè)的依賴，中

96、國(guó)有效地實(shí)施三大戰(zhàn)略才是未來(lái)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。</p><p>　　1.從簡(jiǎn)單的規(guī)模擴(kuò)張轉(zhuǎn)向擴(kuò)大高附加值產(chǎn)品，促進(jìn)核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì) </p><p>　　行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化，提高人力資本存量和技術(shù)是先決條件，在中國(guó)的紡織行業(yè)要實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，技術(shù)創(chuàng)新以及產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)。從目前來(lái)看，產(chǎn)品與客戶和低附加值提供的材料受到了廣大中國(guó)的紡織產(chǎn)品。因此，有必要對(duì)中國(guó)的紡織行業(yè)摒棄傳統(tǒng)的追求數(shù)量和規(guī)模，并更加重視

97、提高附加值，提升核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。</p><p>　　2.中國(guó)的出口市場(chǎng)，也是中國(guó)企業(yè)國(guó)際化戰(zhàn)略的多樣化 </p><p>　　中國(guó)的紡織品出口市場(chǎng)主要集中在香港，日本，歐盟和韓國(guó)。高密度的出口市場(chǎng)，使中國(guó)的紡織產(chǎn)品在很大程度上依賴于幾個(gè)主要市場(chǎng)，因而容易受到突然燃起的貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端。中國(guó)紡織企業(yè)應(yīng)該抓住機(jī)遇開(kāi)拓非洲，拉丁美洲和東歐等新興市場(chǎng)，中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)應(yīng)該保持其市場(chǎng)多元化戰(zhàn)略，并不斷開(kāi)拓新的出

98、口市場(chǎng)，并加強(qiáng)在“后配額傳統(tǒng)市場(chǎng)時(shí)代“ ，以保持出口平穩(wěn)發(fā)展。國(guó)際化戰(zhàn)略指的是紡織企業(yè)在中國(guó)可以購(gòu)買或建造生產(chǎn)，銷售的紡織品企業(yè)在其出口市場(chǎng)，以跳貿(mào)易壁壘對(duì)中國(guó)紡織產(chǎn)品，并減少中國(guó)紡織品和進(jìn)口國(guó)之間的貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端的頻率。 “國(guó)際化”不僅是在開(kāi)放過(guò)程中的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，也是企業(yè)的重要國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)手段。</p><p>　　配額的取消“后配額時(shí)代降低出口成本，激勵(lì)出口商的積極性，這導(dǎo)致了三個(gè)”大幅增加“中國(guó)紡織產(chǎn)業(yè)，即急劇上

99、升的生產(chǎn)，出口和就業(yè)。這些增加可能會(huì)損害中國(guó)的整體出口，如果政府未能跟上出口秩序，因此產(chǎn)生的貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端與主要進(jìn)口國(guó)。雖然官方的干擾，被廣泛聘用在中國(guó)計(jì)劃時(shí)代，控制了出口，市場(chǎng)的方法，其中包括匯率，缺點(diǎn)和出口關(guān)稅，應(yīng)主要由政府通過(guò)在當(dāng)前市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)規(guī)范市場(chǎng)秩序和紡織品出口。</p><p>　　此外，政府和行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)應(yīng)該分析協(xié)議紡織品及成衣，以找出中國(guó)的紡織品出口好手段，改善與其他國(guó)家的政策合作，探討紡織品進(jìn)口國(guó)的貿(mào)易政