行政管理專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)論文中英文翻譯---新公共管理的現(xiàn)狀

1、<p>　　英文2620單詞，14500英文字符，5250漢字</p><p>　　The New Public Management Situation</p><p>　　Owen E. Hughes</p><p>　　Monash University Management (Australia)</p><p>　　No

2、doubt, many countries in the world, and both developed countries and developing countries, in the late 1980s and early 1990s began a continuous public sector management reform movement. The reform movement is still in ma

3、ny aspects government continue to the organization and management of the influence. People in these reforms view repudiating them. Critics especially in Britain and the United States, critics say the new mode of various

4、problems exist, but also does not have the international </p><p>　　A traditional pattern</p><p>　　Obviously, in the late 19th century bureaucracy system theory, not sound already exists some for

5、m of administrative management. Public administration has a long history, and it is the concept of a government and the rise of civilization as history. As the case Glad2den Osama bin laden (point), a model of administra

6、tive since the government appears has existed. First is endowed with founder or leader, then is the social or administrative person to organizers of eternity. Administration management</p><p>　　The tradition

7、al public administrative pattern</p><p>　　In the late 19th century, additionally one kind of pattern on the world popular, this is the so-called traditional administrative pattern. Its main theoretical basis

8、 from several countries, namely, the American scholars and Germany Woodrow Wilson of Max Weber's, people put their associated with bureaucracy model, Frederick Tyler systematically elaborated the scientific managemen

9、t theory, the theory of the private sector from America, for public administration method was provided. And the other t</p><p>　　1. The bureaucracy. The government shall, according to the principle of bureau

10、cratic rank and organization. The German sociologist Max Weber bureaucracy system of a classic, and analysis. Although the bureaucracy in business organizations and other tissues, but it is in the public sector got bette

11、r and longer.</p><p>　　2. The best way of working and procedures are in full manual detail codes, for administrative personnel to follow. Strictly abide by these principles will run for the organization prov

12、ides the best way.</p><p>　　3. Bureaucratic service. Once the government policy areas in, it will be through the bureaucracy to provide public products and service providers.</p><p>　　4. In poli

13、tical and administrative two relations, political and administrative managers generally think of administrative affairs can be separated. Administration is the implement instruction, and any matter policy or strategic af

14、fairs shall be decided by the political leaders, which can ensure that the democratic system.</p><p>　　5. Public interests are assumed to individual civil servants, the only motive for public service is self

15、less paying.</p><p>　　6. Professional bureaucracy. Public administration is viewed as a kind of special activities, thus requirements, obscure, civil servants neutral equal employment and lifelong service to

16、 any political leaders.</p><p>　　7. The administrative task is to carry out the meaning of the written instructions and not others assume the personal responsibility.</p><p>　　Through the compar

17、ison of the early administrative pattern, we can better understand the main advantages and Webber system differences. Webber system and it is the most important mode of various before the difference: the rule-based imper

18、sonal system replaced the personification of administrative management system. An organization and its rules than any of the people are important organization. Bureaucracy is its operation and how to respond to customer

19、must is personified. As Weber has demonstr</p><p>　　It is very important. Early administration based on personal relationships, be loyal to relatives, protect, leaders or political, rather than on the system

20、. Sometimes, the early administration is politically sensitive, because of the administrative organs of the staff is appointed, they also politicians arms or mainstream class. However, it is often autocratic, autocratic

21、administration may be unfair, especially for those who can't or unwilling to input personal and political game. One of the ba</p><p>　　Other differences were associated with this. In various regulations

22、and impersonal basis, will naturally formed strict hierarchy. Personal rating system and its provisions in the left unchanged. Although Webber emphasizes the entire system, but he also noticed the bureaucracy of the orga

23、nization and individual term.</p><p>　　The traditional administrative mode won great success, it is widely adopted by governments around the world. Theoretically or in practice, it shows the advantage. And b

24、efore the corruption flourished, it is more efficient than system, and the thought of individual professionalization civil servants and amateur service has a great progress. However, this model is also exposed the proble

25、ms that shows that the model can even said outdated, also can say is outdated.</p><p>　　The theory of public administration has been difficult to describe the pillar. Political control theory has problems. A

26、dministrative means follow instructions, so people demand a well-ordered transceiver method. Instruction between implementers and has a clear division. But this is not the reality, and with the public service domain expa

27、nds the scale and more impossible. The traditional mode of another theoretical pillar - bureaucracy theory is no longer considered particularly effective form of</p><p>　　The new public management mode</p

28、><p>　　In the 1980s, the public sector is a traditional administrative pattern of new management methods of defects. This method can alleviate some of the problems of traditional pattern, also means that the pu

29、blic sector operation aspects has changed significantly. The new management method has many names: management of "individualism", "the new public administration", based on the market of public adminis

30、tration ", after the bureaucracy model "or" entrepreneurial government ". To the late 1990s, peop</p><p>　　Although the new public management, but for many of the names of public manageme

31、nt of department of actual changes happened, people still have a consensus. First, no matter what, it is called mode with traditional represents a significant change of public administration, different more attention and

32、 managers of the individual responsibility. Second, it is clear to get rid of the classical bureaucracy, thereby organization, personnel, term and conditions more flexible. Third, it stipulates the or</p><p>

33、;　　Holmes and Shand as a useful characteristics of generalization. They put the new public management paradigm, the good as management method has the following features: (1) it is a more strategic or structure of decisio

34、n-making method (around the efficiency, quality and service). (2) decentralization type management environment replaced concentration level structure. The resource allocation and service delivery closer to supply, we can

35、 get more itself from the customers and related information and</p><p>　　The new public management and realize a result that no one in the best way. Managers in endowed with responsibility and without being

36、told to get results. Decision is a management job duties, if not for achieving goals, managers should assume responsibility.</p><p>　　Conclusion</p><p>　　The government management over the past

37、150 years experienced three modes. First is the personification of modern administrative mode, or when the pattern of its defects and increasingly exposed to improve efficiency, it is the second mode of traditional burea

38、ucracy model is replaced. Similarly, when the traditional administrative mode problems, it is the third model is the new public management, from the government to alternative market. Since 1980s, the dominance of the mar

39、ket as the 1920s to </p><p>　　In reality, the market and bureaucracy, mutual complement each other. The new public management may not be completely replace the bureaucracy, as in 1989, the eastern Europe bef

40、ore bureaucracy could not instead of the market. But the new public management movement is early traditional bureaucracy, many functions can be and often by market now. In a bureaucracy system for organizational principl

41、e is weakened environment, market solutions will be launched. Of course not all market prescription can</p><p><b>　　新公共管理的現(xiàn)狀</b></p><p><b>　　歐文·E·休斯</b></p&g

42、t;<p>　　(澳大利亞莫納什大學(xué)管理系)</p><p>　　毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),世界上許多國(guó)家,無(wú)論是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家還是發(fā)展中國(guó)家,在20世紀(jì)80年代后期和90年代初期都開(kāi)始了一場(chǎng)持續(xù)的公共部門(mén)管理變革運(yùn)動(dòng)。這場(chǎng)改革運(yùn)動(dòng)至今仍在很多方面繼續(xù)對(duì)政府的組織和管理產(chǎn)生著影響。人們對(duì)于這些改革的看法眾說(shuō)紛紜,莫衷一是。批評(píng)家尤其是英國(guó)和美國(guó)的批評(píng)家們認(rèn)為,新模式存在著各種各樣的問(wèn)題,而且也不具有國(guó)際普遍性的改革意義,

43、公共管理不可能被稱(chēng)為范式。批評(píng)幾乎涵蓋了變化的各個(gè)方面。大多數(shù)批評(píng)都屬于學(xué)術(shù)上的吹毛求疵。不同的思想流派討論著細(xì)枝末節(jié);學(xué)術(shù)期刊上的文章也越來(lái)越抽象,遠(yuǎn)離現(xiàn)實(shí)。同時(shí),公共管理者在實(shí)踐中不斷推動(dòng)和實(shí)施著這項(xiàng)變化和改革。正如我在其他文章中所認(rèn)為的那樣,在大多數(shù)國(guó)家,傳統(tǒng)的公共行政模式已經(jīng)為公共管理模式所取代。公共部門(mén)的變革回應(yīng)了幾個(gè)相互聯(lián)系的重大現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題,包括:職能公共部門(mén)提供公共服務(wù)的低效率;經(jīng)濟(jì)理論的變化;私營(yíng)部門(mén)相關(guān)變化產(chǎn)生的影響,尤

44、其是全球化作為一種經(jīng)濟(jì)力量的興起;技術(shù)變化使得分權(quán)同時(shí)又能更好地控制全局成為可能。行政管理可以分為三個(gè)鮮明的發(fā)展階段:前傳統(tǒng)階段、公共行政傳統(tǒng)模式階段和公共管理改革階段。每個(gè)階段都有自己的管理模式。從上一個(gè)階段過(guò)渡到下一個(gè)階</p><p><b>　　一、前傳統(tǒng)模式</b></p><p>　　很顯然,在19世紀(jì)末官僚體制理論尚未健全之前,已經(jīng)存在著某種形式的行政管

45、理。公共行政已經(jīng)有很長(zhǎng)的歷史了,它與政府這一概念以及文明的興起一樣歷史悠久。正如格拉登(Glad2den)指出的那樣,行政的某種模式自從政府出現(xiàn)之后就一直存在著。首先是創(chuàng)始者或領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者賦予社會(huì)以可能,然后是組織者或行政者使之永恒。行政或事務(wù)管理是所有社會(huì)活動(dòng)中的中間因素,雖然不是光彩奪目,但對(duì)社會(huì)的持續(xù)發(fā)展卻是至關(guān)重要的。公認(rèn)的行政體制在古埃及就已經(jīng)存在了,其管轄范圍從每年的尼羅河泛濫引起的灌溉事務(wù)到金字塔的建造。中國(guó)在漢朝就采用了儒家規(guī)

46、范,認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)當(dāng)是民選的,不是根據(jù)出身,而是根據(jù)品德和能力,政府的主要目標(biāo)是謀取人民的福利。在歐洲,各種帝國(guó)——希臘、羅馬、神圣羅馬、西班牙等首先是行政帝國(guó),它們由中央通過(guò)各種規(guī)則和程序進(jìn)行管理。韋伯認(rèn)為,中世紀(jì)“現(xiàn)代”國(guó)家的發(fā)展同時(shí)伴隨著“官僚治理結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展”。盡管這些國(guó)家以不同的方式進(jìn)行管理,但它們具有共同的特點(diǎn),這可以稱(chēng)為前現(xiàn)代。也就是說(shuō),早期的行政體制本質(zhì)上是人格化的,或者說(shuō)是建立在韋伯所說(shuō)的“裙帶關(guān)系”的基礎(chǔ)上,也就是說(shuō)以效忠

47、國(guó)王或大臣等某個(gè)特定的人為基礎(chǔ),而不是非人格化的</p><p>　　二、傳統(tǒng)的公共行政模式</p><p>　　在19世紀(jì)末期,另外一種模式開(kāi)始在全世界流行,這就是所謂的傳統(tǒng)行政模式。它的主要理論基礎(chǔ)來(lái)源于幾個(gè)國(guó)家的學(xué)者,即,美國(guó)的伍德羅·威爾遜和德國(guó)的馬克斯·韋伯,人們把他們和官僚制模式相聯(lián)系;弗雷德里克·泰勒系統(tǒng)地闡述了科學(xué)管理理論,該理論也來(lái)源于對(duì)美國(guó)

48、私營(yíng)部門(mén)的運(yùn)用,為公共行政提供了方法。與其他理論家不同,泰勒沒(méi)有著力關(guān)注公共部門(mén),可是他的理論卻在該領(lǐng)域具有廣泛影響。這三位理論家是傳統(tǒng)公共行政模式的主要影響者。對(duì)于其他國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō),還要加上諾思科特和屈維廉,他們對(duì)美國(guó)之外的國(guó)家的行政尤其是威爾遜的行政體制產(chǎn)生了重要影響。在19世紀(jì)中期,諾思科特和屈維廉最先提出了通過(guò)考試和品德來(lái)任命官員的主張,并提出了無(wú)偏見(jiàn)和行政中立的觀點(diǎn)。傳統(tǒng)的行政模式有以下幾個(gè)主要特點(diǎn):</p><

49、;p>　　1.官僚制。政府應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)等級(jí)、官僚原則進(jìn)行組織。德國(guó)社會(huì)學(xué)家馬克斯·韋伯對(duì)官僚制度有一個(gè)經(jīng)典的、清晰的分析。雖然這種官僚制思想在商業(yè)組織和其他組織中采用過(guò),但它在公共部門(mén)得到了更好和更長(zhǎng)久的執(zhí)行。</p><p>　　2.最好的工作方式和程序都在詳盡全面的手冊(cè)中加以規(guī)定,以供行政人員遵循。嚴(yán)格地遵守這些原則將會(huì)為組織運(yùn)行提供最好的方式。</p><p>　　3.官

50、僚服務(wù)。一旦政府涉足政策領(lǐng)域,它將成為通過(guò)官僚體制提供公共產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的提供者。</p><p>　　4.在政治、行政二者的關(guān)系中,行政管理者一般認(rèn)為政治與行政事務(wù)是可以分開(kāi)的。行政就是貫徹執(zhí)行指令,而任何事關(guān)政策或戰(zhàn)略事務(wù)的決定都應(yīng)當(dāng)由政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者做出,這可以確保民主責(zé)任制。</p><p>　　5.公共利益被假定為公務(wù)員個(gè)人的惟一動(dòng)機(jī),為公眾服務(wù)是無(wú)私的付出。</p><

51、;p>　　6.職業(yè)化官僚制。公共行政被看作是一種特殊活動(dòng),因而要求公務(wù)員保持中立、默默無(wú)聞、終身雇用以及平等地服務(wù)于任何一個(gè)政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。</p><p>　　7.行政任務(wù)的書(shū)面含義是執(zhí)行他人的指令而不承擔(dān)由此而致的個(gè)人責(zé)任。</p><p>　　通過(guò)對(duì)比早期的行政模式,我們可以更好地理解韋伯體系的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)和不同點(diǎn)。韋伯制度和它以前的各種模式最重要的區(qū)別在于:以規(guī)則為基礎(chǔ)的非人格化的制

52、度取代了人格化的行政管理制度。一個(gè)組織及其規(guī)則要比組織中的任何個(gè)人都重要。官僚制度就其運(yùn)作以及如何對(duì)客戶(hù)做出反應(yīng)方面必須是非人格化的。正如韋伯所論證的那樣“:將現(xiàn)代公職管理歸并為各種規(guī)定深深地觸及了它的本質(zhì)?，F(xiàn)代公共行政理論認(rèn)為,以法令形式來(lái)命令執(zhí)行某些事務(wù)的權(quán)威已被合法地授予了公共機(jī)關(guān)。這并沒(méi)有授予某機(jī)構(gòu)具體情況下通過(guò)指令實(shí)施某種事務(wù)的權(quán)力。它只能是抽象地管制某種事務(wù)。與此形成鮮明對(duì)比的是,通過(guò)個(gè)人特權(quán)和賦予特許權(quán)管制所有事務(wù)。后者的

53、情況完全是由世襲制支配的,至少就這些事務(wù)不是不可被侵犯的傳統(tǒng)而言是這種情況。”</p><p>　　這一點(diǎn)非常重要。早期的行政管理以人際關(guān)系為基礎(chǔ),個(gè)人要忠誠(chéng)于親戚、保護(hù)人、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人或政黨,而不是對(duì)體制負(fù)責(zé)。有時(shí),早期行政管理在政治上是比較敏感的,因?yàn)樾姓C(jī)關(guān)的人員是任命的,他們更是政客的臂膀或主流階級(jí)。但是,它也常常是專(zhuān)制的,專(zhuān)制的行政可能是不公平的,特別是對(duì)那些不能夠或者不愿意投入個(gè)人政治游戲的人來(lái)說(shuō)更是如此。

54、一個(gè)以韋伯原則為基礎(chǔ)的非人格化的制度可以完全消除專(zhuān)制——至少在理想情況下是如此。檔案的存在、前例原則的參照和法律依據(jù)意味著在相同的環(huán)境中總是會(huì)做出相同的決策。在這種情況下不僅效率更高,而且公民和官僚等級(jí)制中的人員都知道自己所處的立場(chǎng)。</p><p>　　其他的差別均與此相聯(lián)系。在各種規(guī)定和非人格化的基礎(chǔ)上,會(huì)很自然地形成嚴(yán)格的等級(jí)制度。等級(jí)制度及其規(guī)定在個(gè)人離開(kāi)組織后保持不變。雖然韋伯強(qiáng)調(diào)的是整個(gè)制度,但他也注

55、意到了官僚制組織中的個(gè)人任期和條件。</p><p>　　傳統(tǒng)行政模式獲得了極大的成功,它為全世界各國(guó)政府所廣泛采用。無(wú)論是從理論上還是從實(shí)踐上看,它都顯示出了優(yōu)勢(shì)。與以前腐敗盛行的制度相比,它更具效率,而且職業(yè)化公務(wù)員的思想對(duì)個(gè)人以及業(yè)余服務(wù)都是一個(gè)巨大的進(jìn)步。然而,該模式現(xiàn)在也暴露出了問(wèn)題,這些問(wèn)題表明該模式即使不能說(shuō)已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)了,也可以說(shuō)即將過(guò)時(shí)。</p><p>　　公共行政的理論支

56、柱已經(jīng)難以描述政府現(xiàn)實(shí)了。政治控制理論已經(jīng)問(wèn)題重重。行政意味著遵從他人的指令,因此要求有一個(gè)秩序井然的收發(fā)方法。指令的發(fā)出者與實(shí)施者之間有一個(gè)明確的劃分。但是這并不現(xiàn)實(shí),并且隨著公共服務(wù)規(guī)模和領(lǐng)域的擴(kuò)大而愈加不可能。傳統(tǒng)模式的另一理論支柱——官僚制理論也不再被認(rèn)為是組織的特別有效形式。正式的官僚體制可能有它的優(yōu)勢(shì),但人們也認(rèn)為它往往培養(yǎng)墨守成規(guī)者而不是創(chuàng)新者;鼓勵(lì)行政人員規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn)而不是勇于冒險(xiǎn),鼓勵(lì)他們浪費(fèi)稀缺資源而不是有效利用。韋伯曾

57、把官僚制看成是“理想類(lèi)型”,但現(xiàn)在這種理想類(lèi)型卻培養(yǎng)了惰性、喪失進(jìn)取心、導(dǎo)致平庸和低效率,這些被認(rèn)為是公共部門(mén)的特有病。它也由此遭受批評(píng)。實(shí)際上“,官僚”這個(gè)詞在今天更多地被看成是低效率的同義詞。</p><p><b>　　三、新公共管理模式</b></p><p>　　20世紀(jì)八九十年代,在公共部門(mén)出現(xiàn)了一種針對(duì)傳統(tǒng)行政模式的缺陷的新管理方法。這種方法可以緩解傳統(tǒng)

58、模式的某些問(wèn)題,同時(shí)也意味著公共部門(mén)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)方面發(fā)生了引人注目的變化。這種新的管理方法有很多名稱(chēng)“:管理主義”、“新公共管理”“、以市場(chǎng)為基礎(chǔ)的公共行政”“、后官僚制典范”或“企業(yè)型政府”。到90年代后期,人們?cè)絹?lái)越傾向于使用“新公共管理”的概念。</p><p>　　盡管新公共管理的名稱(chēng)眾多,但對(duì)于公共部門(mén)管理發(fā)生的實(shí)際變化而言,人們還是有一種共識(shí)。第一,無(wú)論這種模式叫什么,它都代表著一種與傳統(tǒng)公共行政不同的重大變

59、化,它更為關(guān)注結(jié)果的實(shí)現(xiàn)和管理者的個(gè)人責(zé)任。第二,它明確表示要擺脫古典官僚制,從而使組織、人事、任期和條件更加靈活。第三,它明確規(guī)定了組織和人事目標(biāo),這就可以根據(jù)績(jī)效指標(biāo)測(cè)量工作任務(wù)的完成情況。同樣,還可以對(duì)計(jì)劃方案進(jìn)行更為系統(tǒng)的評(píng)估,也可以比以前更為嚴(yán)格地確定政府計(jì)劃是否實(shí)現(xiàn)了其預(yù)定目標(biāo)。第四,高級(jí)行政管理人員更有可能帶有政治色彩地致力于政府工作,而不是無(wú)黨派或中立的。第五,政府更有可能受到市場(chǎng)的檢驗(yàn),將公共服務(wù)的購(gòu)買(mǎi)者與提供者區(qū)分開(kāi)

60、,即將“掌舵者與劃槳者區(qū)分開(kāi)”。政府介入并不一定總是指政府通過(guò)官僚手段行事。第六,出現(xiàn)了通過(guò)民營(yíng)化和市場(chǎng)檢驗(yàn)、簽訂合同等方式減少政府職能的趨勢(shì)。在某種情況下,這是根本性的。一旦發(fā)生了從過(guò)程向結(jié)果轉(zhuǎn)化的重要變革,所有與此相連的連續(xù)性步驟就都是必要的。</p><p>　　霍姆斯(Holmes)和尚德(Shand)對(duì)這次改革的特點(diǎn)作了一個(gè)特別有用的概括。他們把新公共管理視作范式,這種好的管理方法具有以下特點(diǎn):(1)這

61、是一種更加富有戰(zhàn)略性或結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)向型的決策方法(強(qiáng)調(diào)效率、結(jié)果和服務(wù)質(zhì)量)。(2)分權(quán)式管理環(huán)境取代了高度集中的等級(jí)組織結(jié)構(gòu)。這使資源分配和服務(wù)派送更加接近供應(yīng)本身,由此可以得到更多相關(guān)的信息和來(lái)自客戶(hù)及其他利益團(tuán)體的反饋。(3)可以更為靈活地探索代替直接供應(yīng)公共產(chǎn)品的方法,從而提供成本節(jié)約的政策結(jié)果。(4)關(guān)注權(quán)威與責(zé)任的對(duì)應(yīng),以此作為提高績(jī)效的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),這包括強(qiáng)調(diào)明確的績(jī)效合同的機(jī)制。(5)在公共部門(mén)之間和內(nèi)部創(chuàng)造一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的環(huán)境。(6

62、)加強(qiáng)中央戰(zhàn)略決策能力,使其能夠迅速、靈活和低成本地駕馭政府對(duì)外部變化和多元利益做出反應(yīng)。(7)通過(guò)要求提供有關(guān)結(jié)果和全面成本的報(bào)告來(lái)提高責(zé)任度和透明度。(8)寬泛的服務(wù)預(yù)算和管理制度支持和鼓勵(lì)著這些變化的發(fā)生。</p><p>　　新公共管理并沒(méi)有認(rèn)為實(shí)現(xiàn)某結(jié)果有一條最好的途徑。管理者在被賦予責(zé)任之前并沒(méi)有被告知如何獲得結(jié)果。決定工作方式是管理者的一個(gè)職責(zé),如果沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)定的目標(biāo),管理者對(duì)此應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)責(zé)任。<

63、;/p><p><b>　　四、結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　政府管理在過(guò)去的一百五十年里經(jīng)歷了三種模式。首先是人格化或前現(xiàn)代行政模式,當(dāng)該模式日益暴露其缺陷以及出于提高效率的目的,它就被第二種模式即傳統(tǒng)的官僚行政模式所取代。同樣,當(dāng)傳統(tǒng)行政模式問(wèn)題重重時(shí),它就為第三種模式即新公共管理取代,從政府轉(zhuǎn)向替代性市場(chǎng)。20世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái),市場(chǎng)的主導(dǎo)地位就如同20世紀(jì)20年

64、代到60年代官僚制度居主導(dǎo)地位一樣。在任何一種政府制度中,官僚和市場(chǎng)都是共存的,只是在某個(gè)階段一種形式占主導(dǎo)地位,而在另一階段,另一種形式占主導(dǎo)地位。新公共管理時(shí)代是官僚制日益削弱而市場(chǎng)在公共行政領(lǐng)域占據(jù)統(tǒng)治地位的時(shí)期。</p><p>　　在現(xiàn)實(shí)中,市場(chǎng)和官僚體制相互需要,相互補(bǔ)充。新公共管理不可能完全代替官僚制,正如1989年以前的東歐,官僚制不可能代替市場(chǎng)一樣。但新公共管理運(yùn)動(dòng)表明的是,早期傳統(tǒng)官僚制的許多

65、功能都可以而且現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常由市場(chǎng)來(lái)執(zhí)行。在一個(gè)官僚制作為組織原則日益削弱的環(huán)境下,市場(chǎng)解決方案就會(huì)被推出。當(dāng)然不是所有的市場(chǎng)藥方都能成功,但這不是問(wèn)題的核心。政府將從新公共管理這一工具箱中探尋到解決方案。如果這些方案行之無(wú)效,政府就會(huì)從同一來(lái)源中尋找其他方案。政府管理背后的理論基礎(chǔ)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變革,我們完全可以用“范式”這一術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)描述它。在公共行政學(xué)術(shù)界,有許多對(duì)新公共管理持否定態(tài)度的批評(píng)家。但是他們的批評(píng)對(duì)迅速開(kāi)展的政府改革影響很小。在新公