裝載機外文原文及翻譯

1、<p><b>　　Loaders</b></p><p><b>　　Overview</b></p><p>　　Basic Concept .</p><p>　　A loader is a type of construction equipment (engineering vehicle) machi

2、nery that is primarily used to "load" material into another type of machinery (dump truck, conveyor belt, rail-car, etc.).Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubbl

3、e, and digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging as it cannot dig very deep below the level of its wheels, like a backhoe can. Their deep bucket can usually store about 3-6 cubic meters of earth. &l

4、t;/p><p>　　Unlike most bulldozers, most loaders are wheeled and not tracked, although track loaders are common. They are successful where sharp edged materials in construction debris would damage rubber wheels,

5、 or where the ground is soft and muddy. Wheels provide better mobility and speed and do not damage paved roads as much as tracks but provide less traction.</p><p>　　Unlike standard tractors fitted with a fro

6、nt bucket, many large loaders do not use automotive steering mechanisms. Instead, they steer by a hydraulically actuated pivot point set exactly between the front and rear axles. This is referred to as "articulated

7、steering" and allows the front axle to be solid, allowing it to carry greater weight. Articulated steering provides better maneuverability for a given wheelbase. Since the front wheels and attachment rotate on the s

8、ameaxis, the operator is abl</p><p>　　The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools--for example, many can mount forks

9、 to lift heavy pallets or shipping containers, and a hydraulically-opening "clamshell" bucket allows a loader to act as a light dozer or scraper.</p><p>　　In construction areas loaders are also use

10、d to transport building materials - such as bricks, pipe, metal bars, and digging tools - over short distances. Loaders are also used for snow removal, using their bucket or a snow basket, but usually using a snowplow at

11、tachment. They clear snow from streets, highways and parking lots. They sometimes load snow into dump trucks for transport.</p><p>　　Front loaders gained popularity during the last two decades, especially in

12、 urban engineering projects and small earthmoving works. Many engineering vehicle manufacturers offer a wide range of loaders, the most notable are those of John Deere, Caterpillar, Case, Volvo, Komatsu and Liebherr.<

13、/p><p>　　Hydro mechanical Transmission System</p><p>　　1.engine；2. torque converter；3. power shifting transmission box；4. front axle；5. Caliper disc brake；6. wheel；7. parking brake；8. rear axle；9.

14、gear shift pump；10. steering pump；11. operational pump；12. wheel redactor</p><p>　　Transmission System Arrangement</p><p>　　1. engine；2. torque converter；3. power shift transmission box；4. rear

15、frame；5. front frame；6. front axle；7. transmission shaft；8. rear axle</p><p>　　Torque Converter</p><p>　　1. flywheel；2、4、7、11、17、19. bearing；3. torque converter rotation housing；5. elastic plate

16、；6. first turbine； 8. second turbine；9. stator；10. pump impeller；12. gear；13. stator shaft；14. second turbine shaft；15. first turbine shaft；16. spacer ring；18. one-way clutch gear；20. one-way clutch roller</p><

17、;p>　　Performance Characteristic</p><p>　　Hydro-mechanical Series Drive</p><p>　　1. engine；2. piston pump；3. low speed piston motor；4.high peed piston motor；5. transfer case</p><p&g

18、t;　　Hastate Power Train System</p><p>　　1. Neutral-start parking brake lever；2. Track motors；3. Hastate pumps hoses；4. Hydraulic oil cooler；5. Service brakes；6. hoses；7. Wet, multi-disc parking brakes；8. Dou

19、ble reduction planetary final drives；9. hydraulic filters</p><p>　　Standard Equipment Specifications</p><p>　　4. Brakes：Service brakes: Hydraulically-actuated, wet disc brakes actuate</p>

20、<p>　　on four wheels：Parking brake: Wet, multi-disc brake on transmission output shaft</p><p>　　5. Steering System：Type：Articulated type, full-hydraulic power steering；Steering angle：40° each dire

21、ction;Minimum turning radius at the center of outside tire 。</p><p>　　7. Bucket Controls：</p><p>　　The use of a PPC hydraulic control valve offers lighter operating effort for the work equipment

22、 control levers. </p><p>　　The reduction in the lever force and travel makes it easy to operate in the work envy- ornament.</p><p>　　Control positions：Boom：Raise, hold, lower, and float；Bucket ：

23、Roll back, hold, and dump</p><p>　　8. Hydraulic System：Capacity (discharge flow) engine-rated rpm：Loader pump；Steering pump；Pilot pump(Gear-type pumps)；Relief valve setting；Control valve：2-spool open center

24、type；Hydraulic cylinders：Double-acting, piston；Hydraulic cycle time (rated load in bucket)：Raise，Dump，Lower (empty)，Total cycle time</p><p>　　1. The round-back bucket design is stronger with no angled corner

25、s. This configuration makes it easier to fill and dump — improving productivity.</p><p>　　2. The ROPS/FOPS structure protects and shields the operator.</p><p>　　4. A safety system locks lift, ti

26、lt and drive systems when the operator leaves the seat, raises the seat bar, or turns off the ignition switch. The brakes are wet-type multiple discs that require no maintenance.</p><p>　　6. The rugged all-w

27、elded unitized frame is constructed of .375-inch gauge steel for years of productivity. Step bushings are placed in all key pivot areas to increase strength and reduce stress.</p><p>　　7. A wider wheelbase p

28、rovides for a smooth ride and more balance for stability with heavier loads. A 9-inch ground clearance allows easy maneuverability through mud and other terrain.</p><p>　　8. Hydraulic lines are protected wit

29、hin the loader arm.</p><p>　　10. The advanced hydraulic system affords longer service intervals and comes with a sight glass for quick and easy fluid level inspections.</p><p>　　New Technology o

30、f Wheel Loader</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　Komatsu-integrated design offers the best value, reliability, and versatility. Hydraulics, power train, frame, and all other major components are en

31、gineered by Komatsu. You get a machine whose components are designed to work together for higher production, greater reliability, and more versatility. Komatsu’s highly productive, innovative technology, environmentally

32、friendly machines built for the 21st century.</p><p>　　.Dual-Speed Hydraulic System</p><p>　　Komatsu’s automatic dual-speed hydraulic system increases operational efficiency and productivity by

33、matching the hydraulic demands to the work conditions.</p><p>　　Digging Operations</p><p>　　Engine power used to operate the switch pump is transferred to the transmission to provide increased r

34、im pull when digging.</p><p>　　Lifting Operations </p><p>　　The switch pump assists the loader pump to provide increased lifting speed and power when lifting and loading.</p><p>　　I

35、ncreased Reliability </p><p>　　1. Komatsu Components </p><p>　　Komatsu manufactures the engine, torque converter, transmission, hydraulic units, and electrical parts on this wheel loader. Komats

36、u loaders are manufactured with an integrated production system under a strict quality control system.</p><p>　　2. Flat Face-to-Face O-Ring Seals </p><p>　　Flat face-to-face O-ring seals are use

37、d to securely seal all hydraulic hose connections and prevent oil leakage.</p><p>　　3.Cylinder Buffer Rings </p><p>　　Buffer rings are installed to the head-side of the all-hydraulic cylinders t

38、o lower the load on the rod seals, prolong cylinder life by 30% and maximize overall reliability.</p><p>　　4. Wet multi-disc brakes and fully hydraulic braking system </p><p>　　The wet disc serv

39、ice and parking brakes are fully sealed and adjustment-free to reduce contamination, wear and maintenance. Added reliability is designed into the braking system by the use of two independent hydraulic circuits providing

40、hydraulic backup should one of the circuits fail. If the brake oil pressure drops, a warning lamp flashes and an alarm sounds intermittently. If the brake pressure continues to drop, the parking brake is automatically ap

41、plied providing a double safety system.</p><p>　　5. High-Rigidity Frames </p><p>　　The front and rear frames along with the loader linkage have high rigidity to withstand repeated twisting and b

42、ending loads to the loader body and linkage. Both the upper and lower center pivot bearings use tapered roller bearings for increased durability.</p><p>　　1.Kim G W, Wang K W. Enhanced control performance of

43、 a piezo- electric-hydraulic pump actuator for automotive transmission shift control. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part D-J Automob Eng, 2010, 224(2): 161-174 </p><p>　　2Yang H Y, Zhang B, Xu B. Development of axial p

44、iston pump/motor technology. Chin J Mech Eng, 2008, 44(10): 1-8 </p><p>　　3.Liu Y S, Wu D F, Long L, et al. Research on the port valve of a water hydraulic axial pump. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part E-J Process Mec

45、h Eng, 2009, 223(3): 155-166 </p><p>　　4. Kim J H, Ahn H J, Kim K Y. High-efficiency design of a mixed-flow pump. Sci China Tech Sci, 2010, 53(1): 24-27 </p><p>　　5.Lei T J. New Compilation of H

46、ydraulic Engineering Manual. Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology Press, 1998. 313-318 </p><p>　　6.Lu Y X. Technical Handbook for Hydraulics and Pneumatics. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2002. 470-572 &l

47、t;/p><p>　　7.Wen D S, Gao J, Wang Z L, et al. Output torque of double-acting multi-pump and multi-motor. China Mech Eng, 2010, 21(23): 2836-2838 </p><p><b>　　裝載機</b></p><p>

48、;<b>　　概述</b></p><p><b>　　基本概念</b></p><p>　　裝載機是一種主要用于向另一種機械（自卸車、輸送皮帶、鐵路運輸車輛等）“裝載”物料的建設機械（工程車輛）設備。裝載機主要用于向卡車裝載物料，以及鋪設管道、清理碎石和挖土等工作。作為挖土作業(yè)裝載機不是最有效的機械，與挖掘機不同，裝載機不適用于輪胎支承面以下較

49、深處的挖掘作業(yè)。裝載機的深底鏟斗一般可裝載3～6立方米的土壤。鏟斗前置裝載機的斗容量遠大于挖掘裝載機的斗容量。裝載機不屬于鏟土運輸機械，因其主要用途并非土方運輸。</p><p>　　盡管履帶式裝載機是普遍的，但與大多數(shù)推土機不同，大多數(shù)裝載機是輪式的而并非履帶式。履帶式裝載機適用于棱角銳利的建筑材料會破壞橡膠輪胎的場合，或者在松軟泥濘道路上的作業(yè)。輪式裝載機具有良好的機動性和較高的工作速度，并且不像履帶那樣破壞

50、鋪裝路面，但其所能提供的牽引力較小。</p><p>　　與安裝前置鏟斗的標準拖拉機不同，許多大型裝載機不使用汽車轉向機構。取而代之，它們通過液壓驅動的安裝于前、后橋之間的轉向鉸接裝置轉向。這種轉向稱為“鉸接轉向”，它可使前橋固定，并使其承受更大的重量。對于一定的軸距鉸接轉向提供了較好的機動性。由于前輪與工作裝置繞同一車軸旋轉，駕駛員在使機械定位后可使鏟斗沿弧線“轉向”，這一點是實用的。</p>&

51、lt;p>　　裝載機的工作裝置可以是更換式的或者是固定安裝。鏟斗常?？捎闷渌b置或工具更換，例如，許多裝載機可以安裝叉車工裝提升重型貨物或者裝運集裝箱，裝備液壓開啟式“蛤殼”型鏟斗可以使裝載機像推土機或鏟運機一樣作業(yè)。</p><p>　　在各種建筑工地上裝載機也經常用來近距離轉運建筑材料，例如磚塊、管材、鋼筋、各種挖掘工具等。借助鏟斗或除雪鏟，裝載機也用于除雪作業(yè)，但通常使用除雪裝置。它們用來清除街道、公

52、路和停車場上的積雪。有時用裝載機將積雪裝載到自卸車上進行運輸。</p><p>　　近20年來，特別是在城市建設工程和小型土方運輸工程中，裝載機獲得了普遍的應用。許多工程車輛制造商可生產多種類型的裝載機，其中最知名的有約翰迪爾、卡特彼勒、凱斯、沃爾沃、小松和利勃海爾等品牌。</p><p><b>　　液力機械傳動系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>

53、　　1.發(fā)動機；2.液力變矩器；3.動力換檔變速箱；4. 前橋；5. 鉗盤式制動器；6. 車輪；7.駐車制動器；8.后橋；9. 變速油泵；10. 轉向油泵；11. 工作油泵；12.輪邊減速器</p><p><b>　　傳動系統(tǒng)布置</b></p><p>　　1.發(fā)動機；2.液力變矩器；3. 動力換檔變速箱；4.后機架；5.前機架；6.前橋；7.傳動軸；8. 后橋&

54、lt;/p><p><b>　　液力變矩器</b></p><p>　　1.飛輪；2、4、7、11、17、19.軸承；3. 變矩器旋轉殼體；5. 彈性板；6. 第一渦輪； 8. 第二渦輪；9.導輪；10. 泵輪；12. 齒輪；13. 導輪軸；14. 第二渦輪軸；15.s第一渦輪軸；16. 隔離環(huán)；18. 單向離合器齒輪；20. 單向離合器滾柱</p><

55、;p><b>　　工作特性</b></p><p><b>　　液壓機械組合傳動</b></p><p>　　1.發(fā)動機；2. 柱塞液壓泵；3.低速柱塞馬達；4.高速柱塞馬達；5.分動箱</p><p><b>　　靜液傳動系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　1.空檔啟動停

56、車制動手柄；2.履帶驅動馬達；3. 液壓泵；4. 液壓油冷卻器；5.行車制動器；6. 液壓軟管；7. 濕式、多片停車制動器；8. 雙級行星減速最終驅動裝置；9.液壓濾清器</p><p>　　標準裝置規(guī)格類型與性能參數(shù)</p><p><b>　　1.制動器：</b></p><p>　　行車制動器：液壓驅動，四車輪濕式盤式制動；</p&

57、gt;<p>　　駐車制動器：變速箱輸出軸濕式多片制動</p><p>　　2.轉向系:鉸接式，全液壓動力轉向；</p><p><b>　　3. 鏟斗控制：</b></p><p>　　應用液壓程序控制閥使工作裝置操縱桿操作輕便。</p><p>　　操縱桿作用力和行程的減小使工作裝置的操作變得容易。&l

58、t;/p><p>　　4.液壓系統(tǒng)：發(fā)動機額定轉速容量（流量）：裝載機液壓泵；轉向泵； 引導泵（齒輪泵）；安全閥設定壓力；控制閥：雙閥芯開式中心型；液壓缸：雙作用，活塞；液壓循環(huán)時間：提升時間，傾卸時間，下降時間，總循環(huán)時間</p><p><b>　　尺寸規(guī)格</b></p><p>　　1. 圓弧底鏟斗設計更加堅固，沒有死角。這種結構使鏟斗更加

59、容易裝載和傾卸物料，從而提高了生產率。</p><p>　　2. 防傾翻/防落物駕駛室結構保護了駕駛員的安全。</p><p>　　3. 當駕駛員離開座椅、提起座椅橫桿或者關閉啟動開關時，安全系統(tǒng)將鎖定提升、傾翻和驅動系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　4. 全焊接整體車架由0.375英寸工具鋼建造，堅固耐用，滿足長期生產能力要求。重要樞軸均采用階梯襯套，以便增加強度和減小

60、應力。</p><p>　　5.較寬的軸距保證了平穩(wěn)行駛，重載作業(yè)更加穩(wěn)定。</p><p>　　6.液壓管路設置于裝載機動臂內部受到保護。</p><p>　　7.先進的液壓系統(tǒng)可提供較長的工作時間，并配置了玻璃液面計，以便于檢查液壓油面高度。</p><p><b>　　輪式裝載機新技術</b></p>

61、<p><b>　　簡介</b></p><p>　　小松集成設計可獲得最大的價值、最高的可靠性與多功能性。液壓系統(tǒng)、傳動裝置、機架等主要部件均由小松制造。機械部件通過設計使其共同協(xié)調工作，以獲得更大的生產能力、更高的可靠性和更多的功能。小松的高生產率、技術創(chuàng)新與環(huán)境友好型機械產品為21世紀而制造。</p><p><b>　　雙速液壓系統(tǒng)<

62、;/b></p><p>　　小松自動雙速液壓系統(tǒng)通過使液壓需求與工況相匹配提高了作業(yè)效率和生產率。</p><p><b>　　鏟裝作業(yè)</b></p><p>　　鏟裝作業(yè)時，用來驅動轉換泵的發(fā)動機功率輸入變速箱以增加鏟掘力。</p><p><b>　　提升作業(yè)</b></p>

63、;<p>　　提升裝載作業(yè)時，轉換泵輔助裝載機主泵以增加提升速度和功率。</p><p><b>　　提高可靠性</b></p><p><b>　　1. 小松部件</b></p><p>　　該輪式裝載機上小松制造了發(fā)動機、變矩器、液壓裝置和電器元件。小松裝載機制造采用了嚴格質量控制下的集成生產系統(tǒng)。<

64、;/p><p>　　2. 扁平面對面O型圈密封</p><p>　　對所有液壓軟管連接采用扁平面對面O型圈進行安全密封，以防液壓油泄露。</p><p>　　3. 液壓缸緩沖密封圈</p><p>　　緩沖密封圈安裝在全液壓油缸的頭部以降低推桿密封載荷，可延長液壓缸壽命30%并使總可靠性最大。</p><p>　　4. 濕

65、式多片制動器與全液壓制動系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　行車與停車濕式盤式制動器完全密封并無需調節(jié)，從而減少了污染、磨損和維護。在制動系統(tǒng)中采用兩個獨立液壓回路，作為當某一液壓回路發(fā)生故障時的貯備，從而增加了系統(tǒng)的可靠性。當制動壓力降低時，報警燈閃爍，報警器間歇鳴叫。如果制動壓力持續(xù)降低，停車制動器將自動啟動，形成雙安全系統(tǒng)。</p><p><b>　　5. 大剛度車架</b

66、></p><p>　　前、后車架及裝載機鉸接機構具有較大的剛度，以抵抗重復扭轉與彎曲載荷對裝載機機身和鉸接機構的作用。上、下中心樞軸軸承均采用圓錐滾子軸承以提高壽命。</p><p>　　1。 金姆G W,王建民K·W·加強控制性能的壓電式電液泵致動器的自動變速器換擋控制。 Proc瞬時D-J Automob Mech Eng部分Eng,2010(2):161

67、- 174</p><p>　　2楊H Y,張B,徐B .發(fā)展軸向柱塞泵/電機技術。 下巴J Mech Eng,2008,26(10):1 - 8</p><p>　　3。 劉Y年代,吳D F,長L,王佛松。研究在該端口閥門的水液壓軸泵。 Proc瞬時E-J Mech Eng部分過程Mech Eng,2009(3):155 - 166</p><p>　　4。 金姆

68、J H,Ahn H J,金K y高效混流泵的設計。 Sci中國科技Sci,2010年,53(1):24 - 27日</p><p>　　5。 Lei T j .新編譯的液壓工程手冊。 北京:北京理工大學出版社,1998年。 313 - 318</p><p>　　6。 Lu Y x為液壓與氣動技術手冊。 北京:中國機器出版社,2002年。 470 - 572</p><