漢字的發(fā)展及其演變

1、1,中國的文字,Chinese writing,2,一.漢字的特點The feature of Chinese Character二.漢字的構(gòu)造方式The construction of Characters三.漢字的發(fā)展演變The development of Characters,,,,3,Pictogram / Hieroglyphs,? ? ? ? 魚 fish,

2、4,? ? 人 man,5,? ?山 mountain,6,? ?鳥?鳥 bird,7,? ? 休 rest,In Egyptian hieroglyphics, the determinative is a glyph that carries no phonetic value

3、 but instead is added at the end of a word to clarify the meaning of the word. This is due to the fact that the writing system does not record vowels, and therefore different words with the same set of consonants (but di

4、fferent vowels) can be written by the same sequence of glyphs. Therefore the determinative became necessary to disambiguate the meaning of a sequence of glyphs,8,9,Pictograph and ideographhieroglyphs。The basic unit of

5、Chinese is strokes, 如：ノ＋丨＝亻；一＋丨＋丿＋乀＝木；亻＋木＝休,10,Formation of words,“六書”the six categories of characters: 象形、指事、會意、形聲、轉(zhuǎn)注、假借. But there are only four ways to form a word, the other two ways are simply how to use words; 象形

6、 pictogram 指事 indicative 會意 combined ideogram形聲 pictophonetic,11,“象形”pictograph ? ?日 sun,12,? ?月 moon,13,? ? 水 water,14,? ?

7、門 ? 門 door,15,? ? 鹿 deer,16,? 雨 rain,17,? ? 宮 palace,18,? ? 木 tree,19,? ? 子 child,20,? ?身 body,21,“指事” indicatives or ideogram ?丄? ?上,22

8、,?丅? ?下,23,? 本Original meaning: rootExtended meaning: basic; fundamental; original,24,? 刃Meaning: the edge of a knife, sword, etc,25,“會意” Combined ideogram: putting together several pictographs to construct

9、an abstract idea;森：Chinese often use “three” to indicate “many”. So three “木” means there are a lot of trees. The woods, in Chinese , we call it “森林”眾：three “people” 人 means crowd or mob明: Using the sun and the moo

10、n, to indicate bright or brilliant. 明亮、光明,26,寇：“宀” sinifies a house，“元” is a person，“攴”means stick in somebody’s hands. So from this character we know that someone breaks into one’s house and robs. The meani

11、ng of “寇” is robber。,27,寒：ha?n,the two dots at the bottom represent ice, indicating it’s cold inside the house, and straws used to keep people warm. Together the word 寒冷”means cold,28,家: jia?, in an agricultural society,

12、 it was important to have domesticated pigs; they were a status symbol. Therefore, the Chinese word for family consists of a roof on top and a pig at bottom.,29,集：ji?, birds perk on a tree denote the idea of gathering; c

13、ollecting, and by extension:集市：ji? shi?: country fair集團：ji? tua?n: group詩集：shi? ji?: a collection of poems,30,In modern Chinese, there are many words coined or formed by putting together ideographs; for example: 歪：wa

14、i?, (not upright) inclined淚：lei?, (water in the eyes) tears眾：zho?ng, (many people) crowd, mob尖：jia?n, (small over big) tip 滅：mie?, (dirt over fire) extinguish塵：che?n, (small dirt) dust,31,形聲：picto-phonetic formation

15、 combines the pictographic symbol with the phonetic one to signify both the meaning and pronunciation of a word. For example,“山旁必言山，水旁必言水”the mountain radical connotes relations to mountains while the water radical wate

16、r. e.g：,32,? ?它=蛇,33,? ?莫?暮 莫 (mo?): It’s original meaning is dusk. Since its pronunciation is similar to “nobody”, and it’s too hard to make a character for “nobody”. So we use “莫” to indicate “nob

17、ody”, and make an other character “暮”(mu?) for dusk.,34,1.Radical“犭”stems from（犬, qua?n）meaning dog，and appears in such animal related words as: 狗 (go?u, dog)、貓 (ma?o, cat)、狼 (la?ng, wolf)、狐貍 (hu? li, fox)、豬 (zhu?, pig)、

18、獅 (shi?, lion)、狡猾 (jia?o hua?, conniving)、狠 (he?n, cruel)；2.Ridical“饣”originates from the word 食 (shi?, eat) and appears in such food related words as 飯 (fa?n, food)、餓 (e? hungry)、飽 (ba?o, full)、餅 (bi?ng, pancake)、飼 (s

19、i?, feed)、餃 (jia?o, dumpling)、饅 (ma?n, steamed buns)、餐館 (ca?n gua?n, restaurant)；3.Radical“宀”(ba?o gai?) appears in such words related to houses and dwelling spaces as: 家 (jia?, family)、宅 (zhai?, house)、安 (a?n, peace)、客

20、 (ke?, guest)、室 (shi?, room)、賓 (bi?ng, guest)、宮 (go?ng, palace)、宿 (shu?, dorm)、富 (fu?, prosper)、公寓 (go?ng yu?, hotel/apartment)、寬 (kua?n, wide)；,35,4.Radical“扌”(ti? sho?u) is always present in action-related words such a

21、s: 打 (da?, hit)、扔 (re?ng, toss)、扶 (fu?, support)、掃 (sa?o, sweep)、摸 (mo?, touch)、抖 (do?u, handle)、折 (chai?, dismantle)、搶 (qia?ng, seize)、護 (hu?, protect)、擁抱 (yo?ngba?o, embrace)；5.Radical“心、忄”appears in all words having

22、to do with moods, feelings and human psyche, such as 思想 (si?xia?ng, think)、懷念 (huai? nia?n, memorize fondly)、忍 (re?n, endure)、憤怒 (fe?nnu?, anger)、恨 (he?n, hate)、怕 (pa?, afraid)、急 (ji?, in a hurry)；6.Radical“疒” signifies

23、 sickness and appears in such words as 疾病 (ji? bi?ng, ailments)、癌癥 (ai? zhe?ng, cancer)、疼痛 (te?ng to?ng, pain)、癢 (ya?ng, itch)、瘦 (sho?u, under-nourished)、痕 (he?n, bruise)、痘 (dou?, mole)；,36,7.Radical“月”signifies flesh an

24、d appears in such words related to physical parts of the human body as:胳膊 (ge? bo, arms)、腿 (tui?, leg)、腳 (jia?o, foot)、肌肉 (ji? rou?, muscle)、肚 (tu?, stomach)、腸 (cha?ng, intestines)、膚 (fu?, skin)、臉 (lia?n, face)、肩膀 (jia?n

25、ba?ng, shoulders)、肥 (fei?, fat)、肺 (fei?, lungs)、背 (bei?, back)、胖 (pa?ng, obese)、胸 (xio?ng, chest)；8.Radicals“讠”（言字旁）and “口”signify speech and mouth，often appear in such words as 說 (shuo?, speak)、話 (hua?, langauge)、讀 (du

26、?, read)、記 (ji?, record)、討論 (tao?lu?n, discuss)、議 (yi?, talk)、講 (jia?ng, conversation)、許 (xu?, permit)、謎語 (mi?yu?, riddle)、吹 (chui?, blow)、吵 (cha?o, quarrow)、喊 (ha?, yell)、叫 (jia?o, shout)、嚇 (xia?,threaten)、吸 (xi?, inhal

27、e)、吞 (tu?n, swallow)、聽 (ti?ng, listen)、吻 (we?n, kiss)；,37,9. Radicals“钅” and “金”indicate metals and appear to such words as 針 (zhe?n, needle)、釘 (di?ng, nail)、釣 (go?u, hook)、鋼 (ga?ng, steel)、鐵 (tie?, iron)、錢 (qia?n, money

28、);10.Radical“衤、衣”is clothe radical and often present in such related words as: 襯衣 (che?n yi?, under harments)、褲 (ku?, pants)、袋 (dai?, pockets)、袖 (xiu?, sleeves)、被 (bei?, blankets)、裙 (qu?n, skirt)；11.“氵”is a water radic

29、al and appears in such water-related words as 河 (he?, river)、流 (liu?, flow)、江 (jia?ng, river)、湖 (hu?, lake)、海 (hai?, ocean)、汽 (qi?, steam)、淚 (lei?, tears)、沉 (che?n, sink)、游泳 (yo?u yo?ng, swim)、湯 (ta?ng, soup)；12. “貝”is

30、seashell, which was often used in ancient times as currency, and present in such words as: 貴 (gui?, expensive)、賠 (pei?, compensate)、費 (fei?, fees)、財 (cai?, wealth)、貢 (go?ng, tribute)、賞 (sha?ng, gifts/awards)、賭 (du?, gamb

31、le)、購 (gou?, purchase)、債 (zhai?, debt)、貨 (huo?, goods)、賊 (zei?, thief)、賺 (zhua?n, profit)、,38,三.Three periods of Development,1. Seal Script（篆體 zhua?n）Greater and lesser seal2. Official or clerkly script（隸體 li?）3. Regu

32、lar Script（楷體 kai?）4. Running Script （行書 xing)5. Cursive or grass script (草書 cai),39,篆 體 zhua?n style,The period lasted about 1200 years, from 1400 B.C.to 206 B.C.when Qin Dynasty came to an end; The period includ

33、ed the Yin dynasty, Zhou dynasty and Warring States in which writing appeared on turtle bones (for oracle divination) and bronze vessels (for records and rituals or affairs of the State).,40,甲骨文,41,金文,42,戰(zhàn)國鳥蟲書,43,小篆,44,小

34、篆：small seal was the official script after the unification of China (B.C. 221); prior to that, there had been various writing styles, systems of measurement and standards of currency. To better rule the country, the empe

35、ror decided to“書同文、車同軌、統(tǒng)一度量衡”(“write the same language, standardize vehicle axles, and make uniform benchmarks of measurement). Small or lesser seal script became the standard.隸體/隸書: official script originated in the wa

36、rring states period prior to the unification and was a popular writing style until the period of the Three Kingdoms, lasting about 500 years (221 B.C. ~ 300 A.D.),,45,隸書,46,隸書：At the time of unification, there were stri

37、ct laws and criminal offenses that generated massive paper work for prison wardens. To speed up the processing time, the wardens had to develop the small seal script into what was later to be recognized as “official scr

38、ipt”. This was nothing less than a revolution in the history of Chinese writing, referred to as the “reform of li scrpt” (隸，slaves). 秦始皇統(tǒng)一時期，國家的法律非常嚴格，許多人被關(guān)到了監(jiān)獄里，獄吏每天要處理大量的案件。為了能節(jié)省時間，更快速地記錄下每個案件的審理過程，獄吏們慢慢開始使用一套不同于小篆的寫法

39、。這種寫法簡單方便，對小篆做了很大程度的改變，這就是隸書。隸書在漢字的發(fā)展史上有著非常重要的作用，是漢字的一次革命。從小篆變?yōu)殡`書，俗稱“隸變”。隸變使?jié)h字進一步脫離了圖畫的性質(zhì)，變?yōu)榱思兎柕奈淖帧?,47,楷 體,Regular script, known as “kai”style, began in Eastern Han (200 A.D.)and became widely adopted during the Sui,