2023年全國碩士研究生考試考研英語一試題真題（含答案詳解+作文范文）_第1頁
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1、原文：原文：CostRecoveryPricingofPaymentServices:TheyMethodsExperience1.IntroductionAmodernpaymentsystemisanecessaryprerequisitefpromotingdomesticinternationaltradeexchangeaswellasdevelopingfinancialmarkets.Anefficientpayments

2、ystemonewhichminimizestheexpenseofmakingpaymentsrelativetobenefitsreceivedlowerstheresourcecostofachievingthesegoals.Paymentuserswillbedirectedtowardthemostefficientpaymentmethodswhentheunderlyingcostsofproducingtheseser

3、vicesarereflectedinthepricespaid.Efficiencyconsiderationsareincreasinglyimptantsincetheintroductionofcomputerbasednationalpaymentssystemsrequiressignificantinvestmentduringthedesigndevelopmenttestingoperationalphases.Ats

4、omepointduringthedesigndevelopmentprocessdecisionsmustbemadeastothefeestobegedtoinitialfutureusersofthenewsystems.?Outlinethecostrecoveryprinciplesobjectivesshowingwhycostsneedtoberecoveredthroughusertransactionfees?Note

5、thelevelsourcesofpaymentcosts?IndicatehowsensitiveusersaretochangesinpaymentpricesDiscussthevariousmethodsusedtodetermineprices?Illustratehowsomecountrieshavechosentopricetheirpaymentservices?Notethedataneededfpricingpay

6、mentservicesinemergingmarketeconomiesPartIIofthisdocumentcontainsadiscussionofthepracticalissuesofsettingpricesfthepaymentsystemsprovidedfromtheperspectiveofallpaymentsystemsparticipantsincludingthecentralbankasaservicep

7、rovidercommercialbanksasusersofthecentralbankprovidedservicesthecustomersofthecommercialbanks.Thediscussionalsocoverstheessentialsfdevelopingatwopartpricingeconomieshavebeenachievedunitcostshavebeensufficientlyreduced.3.

8、ThecostofmakingapaymentPaymentexpensesareincurredbyallpartiestoapaymenttransaction.Thisincludespayers(individualsbusinesses)whoinitiatepaymentspayeeswhoreceivethem.Fnoncashpaymentsitalsoincludesthefinancialinstitutions(h

9、ereafterbanks)actingasagentsfpayerspayeeswhoprocessthepaymentinfmationactuallytransferthefunds.Ifmethanonebankisinvolvedaswhenthepayerpayeedonothavethesamepaymentagenttheninterbanksettlementofthepaymentisrequired.Thisusu

10、allyinvolvesthecentralbank.Changesinpaymentcosts:economiesofscalescope.Thelargeristheshareoffixedexpensesintotalpaymentcostthegreaterwillbetheeconomiesofscale.Paymentscaleeconomiesarisebecausefixedexpensescanbespreadover

11、alargervolumeofpaymentsloweringtheaverageunitcostofapayment.Uptosomepointthelargerispaymentvolumetheloweristheaveragecostofprocessingeachpayment.4.DemfpaymentservicesThedemfapaymentinstrumentisinfluencedbyeconomicvariabl

12、essuchasownpricethepriceavailabilityofsubstitutesuserincome.Itisalsoinfluencedbysuchdifficulttoquantifyinfluencesasuserconvenienceacceptabilitybypayeessafetyinuse.Fthisotherreasonstheeffectofpriceonthedemfpaymentinstrume

13、ntshasbeendifficulttomeasurealthoughinferencescanbemade.Substitutionamongpaymentinstruments.Duetoalackofextendedtimeseriesdatawithinanyonecountryithasbeennecessarytoinferthedemfsubstitutionamongnoncashpaymentinstrumentsf

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