英國(guó)房屋政策的廢黜【外文翻譯】

1、本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯原文：原文：TheunravellingofhousingpolicyinBritain.ABSTRACTThispaperreviewsdevelopmentsinBritishhousingpolicyinthelast17yearsarguingthatpolicieswhichwereputinplaceintheearly1980shaveunravelledinthe1990s.Theanalys

2、isconcentratesonthreemainthemesincontemparyBritishhousingpolicy:thepromotionofindividualhomeownershipthederegulationofprivaterentingtheshiftfrombricksmtarsubsidytomeanstestedfmsofassistancewithhousingcosts.Theconclusionp

3、ointstothetensionsbetweenhousingpolicysocialsecuritypolicythedifficultiesfbothhomeownershiprentedhousingstrategiesarisingfromprofoundchangesinthelabourmarket.INTRODUCTIONHousingprovisioninBritaincontinuestobedistinctfrom

4、othercountriesinEuropetheUSmostobviouslyintherelativelyhighlevelofrentedhousingprovidedbylocalauthitiestherelativelysmallprivaterentedsect.HoweverinrecentyearsBritainsexperienceofhousingmarketrecessionanincreasinglyresid

5、ualisedproblematisedsocialrentedsecthasbeensharedbyanumberofothercountriestoagreaterlesserextentdespitethedistinctivefeaturesofBritishhousingpolicytherearecertaincommonthemesinthepolicyresponsesthathavebeengenerated.THEH

6、OUSINGMARKETThissectionoutlinesthecycleofslumpboomslumpwhichhasaffectedtheBritishhousingmarketsince1980highlightsthedifferencesbetweenthemeinterventionistpoliciesoftheperioduptotheearly1990sthelessinterventionistpolicyst

7、anceofthe1990s.Itallbegantogowrongfthegovernmentinthesummerof1988followingtheChancellsbudgetannouncementoftheimpendingendofmultipletaxrelief(thiswasananomalyunderwhichunmarriedcoupleshadeachbeenabletoclaiminterestreliefo

8、nupto￡30000ofmtgagedebt).Advancenoticeofthewithdrawalofthisarrangementencouragedmepurchasersintothemarketinwhichactivitybecamefrenziedasbuyerscompetedtobeatthedeadlinefdoubletaxrelief.Mtgageinterestrateshaddippedbelow10p

9、ercentduringthespringof1988thefirsttimefadecadethattheyhadbeensolowthisnaturallyaddedtotheactivityinthehousingmarket.Themefrenziedthemarketbecamethehigherthatpricesweredrivendraggingthepricetoincomeratiotoitshighestlevel

10、since1973therebytakinghousepurchasebeyondthereachofgrowingnumbersofwouldbehomeowners.Lookingbackonthelast10yearsofboomslumpintheBritishhousingemphasistotheneedtoenhanceprovisionofrentedhousingintermsofstimulatingthepriva

11、tesecthousingassociationstacklingsomeoftheproblemsinthecouncilsect.Whatemergedinthelate1980sthenwasarentedhousingstrategyconsistingoffourmainelements:provisionsfcounciltenantstohavenewlldsstrategytoreviveinvestmentinpriv

12、aterentinganewfinancialregimefhousingassociationsanewfinancialregimeflocalauthityhousing.Spacedoesnotpermitadetaileddiscussionofeachoftheseelements(Malpass&Means1993)butbrieflytheproposalsfchangeoflldwereHousingActionTru

13、sts(HATS)tenantschoice(aschemeallowingapprovedlldstobidtotakeoverpartsofthelocalauthitystock).HATswerebitterlyopposedbytenantsinthefirstareastobedesignatedalthoughsixwereeventuallysetuptheywereontermsverydifferentfromtho

14、seinitiallyenvisaged.Tenantschoicemadeverylittleimpactfewerthan1000dwellingsweretransferredoutoflocalauthityownershipbythetimetheschemewasabonedin1995.Howevertherehasbeenasubstantialstocktransferprogrammesince1989butitha

15、sbeeninresponsetoaninitiativebylocalauthitiesthemselves.Bythedleof199541localauthitieshadtransferrednearly185000dwellingsintotheownershipofotherlldsinnearlyeverycaseahousingassociationwassetupfthepurpose.TheWhitePaperof1

16、995saysthatthegovernment“...wouldliketoseeallauthitiesconsidertransferasoneoftheoptionsfdealingwithhousingproblems“(DoE1995p.29).TherevivalofprivaterentinginvolvedtwoelementslegislationintheHousingAct1988toderegulaterent

17、stoaltersecurityoftenuretheintroductionofafinancialinducementtoinvestsinthefmoftaxbreaksfinvestsincompaniessetupspecificallytoinvestinnewrentedhousing(thiswasanextensionoftheBusinessExpansionScheme(BES)).Deregulationofth

18、eprivaterentedsecttookthefmofphasingoutfairrentsregulatedtenanciesreplacingthembymarketrentsassuredtenanciesgivinglldsgreateraccesstovacantpossessionoftheirproperties.Implicitinthederegulationofrentswasacceptanceofadditi

19、onalhousingbenefitcoststobebnebytheTreasury.Thenewfinancialregimesfhousingassociationslocalauthitiesweredistinctintheirfmdetailbuttheywereunitedbytheobjectiveofshiftingfrombricksmtarsubsidytomeanstestedhousingbenefitassi

20、stance.Inthecaseofhousingassociationsthenewsystemwhichoperatedfrom1989wasthatcapitalsubsidyinthefmofhousingassociationgrantsshouldbegraduallyreplacedbyprivatefinancebroweddirectlybythehousingassociationsfromtheprivatecap

21、italmarkets.Indertoattractprivatefinanceitwasnecessarytointroducelegislationtochangethenatureofhousingassociationtenanciessince1989newhousingassociationtenantshavebeengivenassuredtenancieswithnoRighttoBuy.Howeverlegislat