李秀清讀書報告

1、報告人：李秀清 學(xué)號：201510160,Macrosystems ecology: big data,big ecology,巨系統(tǒng)生態(tài)學(xué)：大數(shù)據(jù)、大生態(tài),1.通過生態(tài)學(xué)家面臨的問題，引入“巨系統(tǒng)生態(tài)學(xué)”的概念2.簡單介紹生態(tài)學(xué)家的研究歷程3.提出獲取生態(tài)大數(shù)據(jù)的四種策略4.講述“大科學(xué)”在生態(tài)學(xué)上的探究之路5.討論大科學(xué)研究模式與單一研究模式6.得出結(jié)論：生態(tài)學(xué)家需要“大數(shù)據(jù)”和“大生態(tài)”,1.通過生態(tài)學(xué)家面臨的問題，

2、引入“巨系統(tǒng)生態(tài)學(xué)”的概念,ecologists are increasingly confronted by questions that, one way or another, involve analysis prediction across vast geographic areas or time periods. There is little way or doubt many of the problems faci

3、ng environmental systems have broad-scale components.生態(tài)學(xué)家以這樣或那樣的方式面臨越來越多的問題，包括通過廣闊的地理區(qū)域或時間段進行分析預(yù)測。毫無疑問，環(huán)境系統(tǒng)所面臨的諸多問題，有著廣泛的構(gòu)成。,1.通過生態(tài)學(xué)家面臨的問題，引入“巨系統(tǒng)生態(tài)學(xué)”的概念,These problems range from understanding the spatial distributions o

4、f invasive species to discerning how the local ecology of forests interacts with regional fire patterns to influence continental fluxes of carbon. 從了解外來物種的分布到辨別森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)如何與區(qū)域火災(zāi)模式相互作用而影響碳通量。（碳通量carbon flux：是碳循環(huán)研究中的一個基本概念，表述生

5、態(tài)系統(tǒng)通過某一生態(tài)斷面的碳元素的總量。例如，某河流的碳通量，就是流過河流斷面的有機碳和無機碳的總量；某森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳通量，就是該生態(tài)系統(tǒng)單位時間和單位面積上的碳循環(huán)總量；海洋的碳通量，也就是單位時間和單位面積內(nèi)碳增減的數(shù)量）,1.通過生態(tài)學(xué)家面臨的問題，引入“巨系統(tǒng)生態(tài)學(xué)”的概念,Although ecologists have been successful at answering research questions and de

6、veloping theory at fine scales, they are now rapidly adding new techniques to their toolkit that facilitate the study of broad-scaled regional processes, and interactions with fine-scaled and global processes. 雖然生態(tài)學(xué)家成功的解

7、決了研究問題、發(fā)展了精細(xì)尺度理論，但是他們正在迅速地增加新的技術(shù)工具，以便于大尺度區(qū)域過程以及精細(xì)尺度全球化過程相互作用的研究。This is where “macrosystems ecology” (MSE) fits in.“巨系統(tǒng)生態(tài)學(xué)”（ systems ecology系統(tǒng)生態(tài)學(xué)，即把種群、群落、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)等看成是完整的統(tǒng)一體，并對其動態(tài)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)分析systems analysis的方法論，采用數(shù)量的生態(tài)學(xué)的一種觀點）,2

8、.簡單介紹生態(tài)學(xué)家的研究歷程,The papers in this Special Issue were prepared by participants in the US National Science Foundation’s MacroSystems Biology program.巨系統(tǒng)生態(tài)學(xué)這個特殊的議題論文是由美國國家基金會的巨系統(tǒng)生物學(xué)計劃參與者提出的。A common theme throughout most of

9、 these articles is a seemingly simple but challenging topic – data! 這是一個在大多數(shù)文章里看似簡單但具有挑戰(zhàn)性的共同話題。 Specifically, it’s the data required to study large, complicated, and highly variable objects typical of macrosystems resear

10、ch.具體來說，典型的巨系統(tǒng)研究需要大量、復(fù)雜、高變量的數(shù)據(jù)。 The amount of data involved in MSE research is far beyond that which a single research lab can collect and process. 參與巨系統(tǒng)生態(tài)學(xué)研究的數(shù)據(jù)量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了一個單一的實驗室可以收集和處理的能力。,,What then are the options availa

11、ble to ecologists for conducting data-intensive research if they clearly cannot collect, process, or analyze it all on their own?生態(tài)學(xué)家對于進行數(shù)據(jù)密集型的研究，如果他們清楚地知道自己不能收集、處理或分析它，那么什么是可用的選擇？At least some ecologists will have to d

12、evelop the concepts and methodology for studying ecological systems at broad scales; revitalize the culture in which they work to be even more collaborative, open, and interdisciplinary than it already is; and embrace th

13、e era of “big data”. 至少一些生態(tài)學(xué)家將尋找概念和方法研究大尺度生態(tài)系統(tǒng)；比現(xiàn)在更加振興文化，使他們更加協(xié)作、開放和跨學(xué)科的工作就是擁抱“大數(shù)據(jù)”時代。,3.提出獲取生態(tài)大數(shù)據(jù)的四種策略,To date, ecologists have used any of four strategies for acquiring ecological big data（生態(tài)大數(shù)據(jù)）: (1) Collate exi

14、sting small but information-rich datasets to create spatially, temporally, and thematically extensive datasets. 收集現(xiàn)有小但信息豐富的數(shù)據(jù)集來創(chuàng)建跨越空間、時間的廣泛數(shù)據(jù)集。This strategy is extremely difficult, is unexpectedly expensive, and can resu

15、lt in datasets with geographic or temporal gaps.,,(2) Compile data from remote-sensing platforms that are spatially and often temporally extensive. 從空間和時間上具有廣泛性的遙感平臺上編譯數(shù)據(jù)。This approach is limited by the fact that the va

16、riable(s) measured must be drawn from a narrow set of features that can be observed remotely, and which are frequently proxies for the actual quantity ofinterest.,,(3) Link spatially distributed sensor-based observatori

17、es or experiments that use common methods. 利用普通方法基于傳感器進行鏈接空間分布的觀測和實驗。Such efforts often require complex and expensive instrumentation, and can also have geographic or temporal gaps.這種努力往往需要復(fù)雜和昂貴的儀器，而且還存在空間和時間上的差異。,,(4)

18、Launch “big science” programs that span continental scales, use standardized methods, and are designed from the outset to address broad-scaled ecological research questions.使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的方法，推出跨越洲際尺度的“大科學(xué)”計劃，并設(shè)計從一開始就解決大尺度生態(tài)問題。Th

19、ese strategies can be costly; require management, computing, and systems engineering skills unfamiliar to most ecologists; and may be subject to spatiotemporal gaps.這些策略消耗大；需要對大多數(shù)生態(tài)學(xué)家來說比較陌生的管理、計算和系統(tǒng)工程技能；而且客觀存在著時空差異。,4.講述

20、大科學(xué)在生態(tài)學(xué)上的探究之路,So, which strategy should ecologists focus their efforts on to boldly venture into data-intensive research?哪項策略值得生態(tài)學(xué)家集中精力大膽冒險進行數(shù)據(jù)米字型研究The answer is all of them.The various approaches for collecting big dat

21、a have different strengths and weaknesses, and data-intensive science of ecological systems (ie “big ecology”) will best progress when all strategies are harnessed to their full potential. 收集大數(shù)據(jù)的各種方法有不同的優(yōu)缺點，當(dāng)生態(tài)學(xué)家利用權(quán)力去完成所

22、有策略，數(shù)據(jù)密集型的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)（即“大生態(tài)”）將獲得最好進展。,Some scientists have dismissed big science approaches in ecology because the International Biology Program (IBP) of the 1960s and 1970s is today frequently portrayed as a failure. However

23、, its legacy may be due for a reassessment: the IBP provided lasting foundational science and datasets used to this day. It can also provide valuable lessons, bothpositive and negative. Ecologists have made progress ove

24、r the past 40 years in developing and applying novel methods to address problems across a wide range of scales.因為60到70年代的IBP在今天常被認(rèn)為是一個失敗的例子，一些科學(xué)家已經(jīng)把大科學(xué)方法在生態(tài)學(xué)上排除了。然而，其遺產(chǎn)或許是由于重估， IBP提供提供持久的基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)集到今天，還提供正、負(fù)面的寶貴經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)。過去40年里，

25、生態(tài)學(xué)家跨越大尺度開發(fā)和應(yīng)用新的方法解決問題。,5.討論大科學(xué)研究模式與單一研究模式,The experiences of the emerging MSE community, some of which are discussed in this Special Issue, demonstrate that ecology needs to integrate the single-investigator model of sc

26、ience（統(tǒng)一的科學(xué)研究模型） with a collaborative, open, and interdisciplinary （跨學(xué)科的）one. 生態(tài)學(xué)家需求具有協(xié)同性、開放性和跨學(xué)科的統(tǒng)一科學(xué)研究模型,5.討論大科學(xué)研究模式與單一研究模式,Between the extremes of big science and single-investigator scienceis a wide range of res

27、earch conducted by groups of varying size, as small or large teams, working groups,networks, and networks of networks. This Special Issue highlights the growing emphasis on collaboration and a culture shaped by focused,

28、broad-scale scientific questions. Although individual investigator driven research is still the dominant mode of ecological research, the current successes of MSE research suggest that it is only one of several different

29、 possible approaches.,6.得出結(jié)論：生態(tài)學(xué)家需要“大數(shù)據(jù)”和“大生態(tài)”,To understand and solve many of today’s problems, ecologists need “big data” and “big ecology”. This Special Issue of Frontiers provides a wealth of new perspectives on this

30、 necessity. Hampton et al. (Front Ecol Environ 2013; 11[3]: 156–62) asked whether the leaders of big ecology will even be ecologists: this issue suggests the answer is an emphatic “yes”.big ecology 為了理解、解決目前的眾多問題，生態(tài)

31、學(xué)家需要“大數(shù)據(jù)”和“大生態(tài)”,大生態(tài),"大生態(tài)學(xué)"也可以稱為"大生態(tài)"，與"深生態(tài)學(xué)"和"淺生態(tài)學(xué)"同樣是當(dāng)今世界生態(tài)倫理學(xué)中的基礎(chǔ)和核心理論，是"人類可持續(xù)發(fā)展"這一最高意識下探索人與自然關(guān)系新的科學(xué)思維方式。大生態(tài)理論從生態(tài)學(xué)的角度詮釋了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的全部內(nèi)容，是一種多維思維方式和將正確意識付諸戰(zhàn)略行為的動態(tài)概念。而在此基礎(chǔ)上提出的

32、“大生態(tài)戰(zhàn)略”則是全面實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的最理想的戰(zhàn)略行為，它可以從發(fā)展的初始、從根本的環(huán)節(jié)上、在最大范圍內(nèi)解決環(huán)境生態(tài)問題。大生態(tài)理論，我國安徽太和人趙國振上世紀(jì)末在中國經(jīng)濟增長最快生態(tài)破壞最嚴(yán)重，生態(tài)危機趨于轉(zhuǎn)化的轉(zhuǎn)折時期發(fā)現(xiàn)并倡導(dǎo)。該理論的提出對于我國在全球"可持續(xù)發(fā)展"理論和生態(tài)理論方面彌補了一項空白。他的首篇論文《實施大生態(tài)戰(zhàn)略是21世紀(jì)中國的偉大使命》2001年6月編入《中國生態(tài)環(huán)境保護工作指導(dǎo)》，書刊號L

33、SBN.7-439-X.2；《樹立大生態(tài)理念，實施大生態(tài)戰(zhàn)略，實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展》發(fā)表在《中國環(huán)境管理》2003年12月總第128期,并獲2003年《中國環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)會》與《中國環(huán)境管理》雜志社舉辦論文大賽一等獎。,,“深生態(tài)學(xué)”（Deep Ecology）是由挪威著名哲學(xué)家阿恩·納斯（Arne Naess）創(chuàng)立的現(xiàn)代環(huán)境倫理學(xué)新理論，它是當(dāng)代西方環(huán)境主義思潮中最具革命性和挑戰(zhàn)性的生態(tài)哲學(xué)。深生態(tài)學(xué)是要突破淺生態(tài)學(xué)（Shallow

34、Ecology）的認(rèn)識局限，對所面臨的環(huán)境事務(wù)提出深層的問題并尋求深層的答案。今天．深生態(tài)學(xué)不僅是西方眾多環(huán)境倫理學(xué)思潮中一種最令人矚目的新思想，而且已成為當(dāng)代西方環(huán)境運動中起先導(dǎo)作用的環(huán)境價值理念。按照納斯的敘述，淺生態(tài)學(xué)是人類中心主義的，只關(guān)心人類的利益；深生態(tài)學(xué)是非人類中心主義和整體主義的，關(guān)心的是整個自然界的福祉。淺生態(tài)學(xué)專注于環(huán)境退化的癥候，如污染、資源耗竭等等；深生態(tài)學(xué)要更進一步地追問環(huán)境危機的根源，包括社會的、文化的和人