英國(guó)文學(xué)史考試要點(diǎn)

1、1、itis“Beowulf”thenationalepicoftheEnglishpeople.《貝奧武夫》（Beowulf），又譯貝奧武甫，完成于西元八世紀(jì)，約750年左右的英雄敘事長(zhǎng)詩(shī)，長(zhǎng)達(dá)3000行。故事的舞臺(tái)位于北歐的斯堪的納維亞半島。是以古英語(yǔ)記載的傳說(shuō)中最古老的一篇，在語(yǔ)言學(xué)方面也是相當(dāng)珍貴的文獻(xiàn)。貝奧武夫（Beowulf）乃現(xiàn)存古英文文學(xué)中最偉大之作，也是歐洲最早的方言史詩(shī)。該詩(shī)中并未提及英國(guó)，但學(xué)者相信該詩(shī)約於西元七二

2、五年左右在英國(guó)完成。全詩(shī)凡三千一百八十二行，以斯堪地那維亞的英雄貝奧武夫的英勇事跡構(gòu)成主要內(nèi)容。雖然歷史上并未證實(shí)確有貝奧武夫其人，但詩(shī)中所提及的許多其他人物與事跡卻得到印證。Featuresof“Beowulf”:Themoststrikingfeatureinitspoeticalfmistheuseofalliteration.Otherfeaturesof“Beowulf”aretheuseofmetaphsofundersta

3、tements.本詩(shī)原以西撒克遜方言寫(xiě)成，押頭韻而不押尾韻，用雙字隱喻而不用明喻。全詩(shī)內(nèi)容分為兩部分：第一部分描敘丹麥霍格國(guó)王（KingHrothgurs）宏偉的宮殿，在前后十二年中，半人半魔的妖怪格蘭戴（Grendel）每晚出沒(méi)捉食霍格的戰(zhàn)士。此時(shí)恰巧瑞典南部濟(jì)茲（Geats）王子貝奧武夫率家臣來(lái)訪，協(xié)助除害。國(guó)王當(dāng)晚設(shè)宴款待，熟料妖怪格蘭戴又復(fù)出現(xiàn)，捉食一名濟(jì)茲戰(zhàn)士，貝奧武夫與之格斗，貝氏扭斷其臂，妖怪落荒而逃，因受重傷致死。第二天

4、晚上，格蘭戴的母親前來(lái)為其子復(fù)仇，其后貝氏把她在一湖泊的洞穴中殺死。第二部分描敘貝奧武夫返國(guó)，被擁為王，前后五十年，舉國(guó)大治。最后貝奧武夫以垂老之年，殺一噴火巨龍，但其個(gè)人亦因而身受重創(chuàng)，終於身死。詩(shī)末敘其葬禮，并有挽歌。2、ThemostprevailingkindofliteratureinfeudalEnglwastheromancechivalry.Thethemeofloyaltytokingldwasrepeatedlyem

5、phasizedinromances.英國(guó)封建主義時(shí)期最主要的文學(xué)是傳奇故事(騎士文學(xué)).是最充分地表現(xiàn)了封建貴族階級(jí)精神特征的文學(xué)，也是世俗的貴族階級(jí)文學(xué)的主要成就.3、TheBallads:Aballedisastytoldinsong.usuallyin4linestanzaswiththesecondfourthlinesrhymed.Theyaremainlytheliteratureofthepeasantsinthemon

6、eisabletoundersttheoutlookoftheEnglishcommonpeopleinfeudalsociety.民謠敘事詩(shī)(押韻).4、GeoffreyChaucerthefounderofEnglishpoetry.TroilusCriseyde特羅伊拉斯和克萊希德.TheCanterburyTales坎特伯雷故事集以一伙來(lái)自社會(huì)各個(gè)階層的香客在宗教朝圣的路上講述故事為線索，向我們清楚地展示了那個(gè)時(shí)代人們的生活。在

7、所有的23個(gè)故事中，除了兩篇之外，其余都是詩(shī)歌體裁的作品。ThePrologue序言:AllclassesoftheEnglishfeudalsociety.excepttheroyaltythepoestpeasant.Chaucer’scontributiontoEnglishpoetrychieflyinthefactthatheintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypeses

8、peciallytherhymedcoupletof5accentsiniambicmeter(the“heroiccouplet”)喬叟(13431400)英國(guó)詩(shī)歌之父.首創(chuàng)英雄雙韻體.5、TheRenaissanceHumanism:HumanismisthekeynoteoftheRenaissance.文藝復(fù)興提倡理性人文主義.6、ThomasMe:Utopia托馬斯摩爾:烏托邦(空想社會(huì)主義).Bookonepictureof

9、contemparyEnglishexposethepovertyoflabouringclass.Booktwoidealcomminwealth.Meunderstoodthattheprinciple“Fromeveryoneaccdingtohiscapacitiestoeveryoneaccdingtohisneeds”istheonlypracticalbasisfacommunistsociety.representati

10、veoftheEnglishbourgeoesieattheearliersatagesofitsdevelopmentHeismostpracticalexactgalwaysreligiousatsametimemindfulofhisownprofit.20、SamuelRidson:PamelaFirstitdiscardedthe“improbablemarvelous”accomplishmentsofthefmerhero

11、icromancespucturedthelifeloveofdinarypeople.SecondlyitsintentionwastoaffdnotmerelyentertainmentbutalsomalinstructionThirdlyitdescribesnotonlythesayingdoingsoftheactersbutalsotheirsecretthoughtsfeeling.Itwasinfactthefirst

12、Enhlishpsychoanalyticalnovel.書(shū)信體寫(xiě)作方法是心理分析小說(shuō)的鼻祖21、Fielding菲爾丁thenovelwasatthesametimecriticizedfitsexcessivesentimentalityitsutilitarianmality.FieldingastheFounderoftheEnglishRealisticNovel英國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)奠基人SomeFeaturesoffieldin

13、g’sNovel:1)Fielding’sMethodofRelatingaStyTherearethreewaysintellingthestyofanovel.Itmaybetoldinaseriesofletters.22、Sheridan雪爾頓戲劇家造謠學(xué)校.23、Johnson’sDictionary約翰遜24、OliverGoldsmith:Peoms:五步一揚(yáng)格25、SentimetalisminEnglishPoetry

14、.Theappearancedevelopmentofsentimentalistpoetrymarksthewayinthetransitionfromclassicismtoitsopposite.RomanticisminEnglishPoetry.感傷主義古典和浪漫轉(zhuǎn)換ThomasGraya牧園哀歌26、Williamblake:27、Burns:thewksoftheScottishpoetsRamsayFergusson.蘇

15、格蘭莊嚴(yán)形式AResRedRose.Sothegeneralfeatureofthewksoftheromanticistsisadissatisfactionwiththebourgeoisxiciety.消極28、Wdswththerepresentarivepoetoftheearlyromaneicism.markedthebreakwiththeconventionalpoeticaltraditionofthe18thcen

16、tury.標(biāo)志著浪漫主義的開(kāi)始”allgoodpoetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeeling.WdswthColeridgeSoutheyhaveoftenbeenmentionedsathe“LakePoet”消極的湖畔詩(shī)人.29、ColeridgeHismostimptantprosewkis“BioftaphiaLiterariaSketchesofMyLiteraryLifeOpi

17、nions”alitertyautobiographywhichaffdedthenewRomanticpoetryanewprincipleofcriticismwhosetaskwasnottojudgebuttoappreciateinterpret.ColeridgewasthefirstcriticoftheRomanticschool.詩(shī)人評(píng)論家.30、Byron:cantos拜倫:詩(shī)篇31、Shelley:雪萊32、Joh

18、nKeats:”Beautyintruthtruthinbeauty.”hesharedaclosesympathyinpoliticalsentiment.YetwhilebyronShelleyattemptedtoremouldthecontemparysocietywithbothpoetrypoliticalactionKeatsrestrictedhisapplicationoftheprincipleoflibertyto

19、thesphereofArt.33、LambfromMontaigne’s“Essais”:.伊利亞散文集34、EnglishCriticalRealism:lesDickensMakepeaceThackeraylotteEmilyBronteElizabethGaskellGegeEliot.英國(guó)批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義諷刺Humousscenesmayattendtheactionsofthepositiveactersbutthishumo