debate英語辯論,非常實用喲

1、English For Debate,What is a Debate?,A debate is a form of argument. It contains two teams arguing opposite sides of a “proposition” in an orderly manner, following the agreed upon rules. The team that agrees with the t

2、opic is called the affirmative and the team that disagrees with the topic is called the negative. Teams argue their proposition using reasoning and evidence.,The Benefits of a Debate,develop positive attitudes toward th

3、e intellectual exchange of ideas develop an interest in the investigation of issues and problems become more adept at developing and putting forward ideas learn to think quickly learn to work as a team develop leade

4、rship skills develop speaking and listening skills.,To be a good debater, you need…,the confidence to speak in public.the ability to present an argument persuasively.the vision to understand that there are two sides t

5、o most arguments.the respect for others, to let them have their say.the sense of timing, to prioritize your material and speak in a given time period.,,the structure to order your thoughts, to introduce, develop and su

6、mmarize your points.the general and specific knowledge of many current affairs topics, learnt through research and debate.the flexibility to react quickly to new ideas, and to remain unflustered in crises.,Preparing fo

7、r a debate, you should learn …,to use a library, and to find the exact information you need in the shortest possible time. to be thorough and accurate. to analyze, to distinguish between the vital and the unimportant.

8、to learn the need of proving your statements; of supporting every statement with valid evidence and sound reasoning,to demand the same sort of proof for the statements of others. to present ideas in a clear and effecti

9、ve manner, and in a way, which wins others to your way of thinking. to think under pressure, to “use his head” in a time of need, to make decisions quickly and accurately.,How to Construct E

10、ffective Arguments,,Language,Accurate pronunciation Articulation Diverse pace and pitchVocabulary. Avoid speaking too quickly.Try to avoid being too nervous,Content,Content can be divided into arguments and supporti

11、ng materials.,An argument is a statement “The topic is true or false( depending on which side you are on) because of x”, where the argument fills in for the x. For example in the topic “That the zoos should be closed” a

12、n argument may be: “the zoos should be closed because they confine the animals in an unnatural environment”.,The most important aspect of debating is that assertions must be justified. No one can be convinced or persuade

13、d of anything if they are given no reason for doing so. That is to say you should use materials to support your arguments.,Supporting materials can be examples. Your arguments can also be backed up with other supporting

14、materials, like reasons, statistics, and even with anecdotes, idioms, proverbs, quotations and analogies.,Delivery,Cue cards Do not write out all your speech on cue cards. Debating is an exercise in lively interactio

15、n between two teams and between the audiences, not in reading a speech. The audience can tell when you are reading. Use cue cards the same way you would use a prompt(提示詞） in a play. They are there for reference if you lo

16、se your spot.,Eye contactVoice Body language,Remember…,Confidence is vital in debate. Your presentation, speech, and appearance matter almost as much as your delivery and your content.,So…,Dress appropriatelyHave

17、 notes prepared.  You do not want your debate to be an oral presentation of a written essay.Practice speaking aloud in front of a mirror and then in front of other people.,Refute arguments,Refutation is the process

18、 of proving that an argument or a series of arguments, or the conclusions drawn from that argument or arguments, is false, erroneous, or at least doubtful. In a debate, effective refutations are key to success. Refutatio

19、n should be handled systematically.,Guidelines to follow,Anticipate what your opponent will say.Take careful notes of what your opponent says and note your reactions to what is said.Find your opponents' fallacies i

20、n arguments and attack on that basisOrganize your arguments effectively.,Avoid fallacies in arguments,Making effective and logical arguments is the most effective key to success in a debate. To make your arguments soun

21、d, you have to be careful about fallacies in reasoning.,Typical fallacies,Emotional argument Emotional arguments are based on feelings, not logic. For example, "Listen ! I love New Zealand. I love the All Bla

22、cks, the Tall Ferns. We should get down on our knees and thank the sporting gods for them…”,Doubtful authority An argument supported by a person who is not accepted as an expert is considered ineffective. Here is on

23、e example: Let us consider the questions of sport. My Dad told me that the America’s Cup is organized for millionaires, and funded by the money the Australians pay us to lose to them in all sports.,Circular argume

24、nt You should avoid arguments that go round and round but never get to the point. For example: Segregation should be prohibited for it is morally wrong; we know it is morally wrong because it is a practice that shoul

25、d be prohibited.,Irrelevant conclusion Another typical type of fallacy is forming an argument that can not be proved by the ideas put forward. For instance: All these points go to show that on this planet we

26、are the greatest sporting nation ever!,Limited example You should avoid an argument which only applies in a few situations. Here is one example: And what about Peter Hillary climbing Everest? That is proof that w

27、e are the world's top climbing nation...,Personal attack Personal attack means criticizing the speaker instead of what they have said, Do not criticize the individual speakers, criticize what they say.

28、,Oral Functions Bank,How to agree strongly with an opinion,I couldn't agree more!That's absolutely trueAbsolutely /Sure/Good idea.Definitely/Exactly.I agree completely/entirely with this idea.I totally agree

29、 with you.I take your pointI'd go along with youI'm with you on that.,I’m for you/on your side.I think so too.You can say that again.I don’t think so either.That’s just what I want to say/what I mean/ what

30、 I was thinking.That's exactly what I think.,That's a good point.That's just how I see it.That's exactly my opinion.That sounds perfect/a good idea.Sounds good to me.I have no objection to it.,How t

31、o disagree strongly with an opinion,Are you crazy ?What ?You must be joking. That’s absurd/ridiculous!,Nonsense/Rubbish!No way. Just on the contrary /Just the other way round.I disagreeI'm afraid I don't a

32、gree.I'm afraid you are wrong.,I think you are absolutely wrong!I really can't agree.I wouldn't accept that for one minute.You can't really mean that.I wouldn't go along with you there.You can&#

33、39;t be serious.That’s your opinion, but not mine.,To tell you the truth, I have different opinions.You must be joking.I think this idea is impossible /impractical /bad.I think this idea cannot be implemented.I don&

34、#39;t agree with this idea.I think it is a bad idea.,Half agree with an opinion,Yes, perhaps.Well, yes.Yes, in a way.Mmm, possibly.Yes, I agree up to a point.Well, you've got a point there.There's somethin

35、g in that, I suppose.,I guess you could be right.Yes, I suppose so.I agree partially with this idea.This idea is partially right.I sort of agree.That's worth thinking about.Maybe.,How to disagree politely with

36、an opinion,I am not so sure really.Do you think so?Well, it depends.I'm not so certain.Well, I don't know.Well, l'm not so sure about that.Mmm, I'm not really sure you're right.,I'm not sure

37、 that I agree with this idea.I'm inclined to disagree with that.No, I don't think so really.I think this idea is possible, but……The project is feasible, but…….As a matter of fact, I would say…,How to present

38、 both sides of an argument,On the one hand.., on the other hand...Although it's true to say that.., it's also true to say that...,Assignment,Get ready to take part in a debate on the topic you are going to choos

39、e. Your debate should cover:distribution of the rolesclear statement of your argumentsvalid evidence and sound reasoningbrief and to the point summary Time limit: First debater: 1 mins

40、 Second & third debater: 30 seconds Last debater: 1 mins Free debate: 10 mins,Topics for further debate,1. Can we live without our mobile phone?2. Should college students

41、be allowed to rent a house off-campus?3. Does EQ outweigh IQ for a successful career? 4. Children: to have or not to have?5. Is the College Entrance Examination the best way for universities to enroll students in Chi

42、na? 6. Does the pursuit of money contradict with the pursuit of morality?,Responsibilities,You are now a member of your selected team. Your team will be graded as a whole. Be sure that you work together so that all memb

43、ers of your team have an adequate background of the positions and arguments that you will be proposing. -1. There will be an opening statement made by your team. This should be 1 minute long and should state your team

44、's position and the arguments/solutions you will be proposing. Responsible Members: _____,Useful Expressions,主席評委一辯二辯對方辯友正方反方,chairmanjudgefirst debatersecond debatermy fellow debatersthe positi