藥學(xué)英語(yǔ)課文翻譯-課后翻譯節(jié)選-中英雙語(yǔ)對(duì)照-第四版

1、本篇包括人衛(wèi)第四版本篇包括人衛(wèi)第四版Unit3B，Unit4A，5A，8A，10A，12AB，13A等七篇課文等七篇課文Unit3TextBTheOtherSideofAntibiotics抗生素的另一面抗生素的另一面Antibioticshaveeliminatedcontrolledsomanyinfectiousdiseasesthatvirtuallyeveryonehasbenefitedfromtheiruseatoneti

2、meanother.Evenwithoutsuchpersonalexperiencehoweveronewouldhavetobeisolatedindeedtobeunawareofthevirtuesrealspeculativeofthese“miracle”drugs1.TheAmericanpressradiotelevisionhavedoneagoodjobofreptingthetrulyremarkablestyof

3、successesinthechemicalwarongerms.What′smeanyshtcomingsontheirparthavebeenmethanmadeupfbytheaggressivepublicrelationsactivityofthepharmaceuticalcompanieswhichmanufacturesellantibiotics.抗生素可以消除或控制很多種感染疾病，以致幾乎每人生病時(shí)都習(xí)慣于使用它而受

4、益，但是如果一個(gè)人沒(méi)有這樣的親身經(jīng)歷，他必定是離群索居才會(huì)不知道這些“特效藥物”或真實(shí)或推測(cè)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。美國(guó)的出版物、電臺(tái)或電視臺(tái)用大量的篇幅報(bào)道了有關(guān)對(duì)細(xì)菌的化學(xué)戰(zhàn)中獲得的這些顯著功績(jī)。而它的缺點(diǎn)卻被生產(chǎn)和銷售抗生素的制藥公司通過(guò)公關(guān)活動(dòng)掩藏了。Incomparisontheinadequaciespotentialdangersoftheseremarkabledrugsaremuchlesswidelyknown.thelackofs

5、uchknowledgecanbebadespeciallyifitleadspatientstopressuretheirdoctsintoprescribingantibioticswhensuchmedicationisn’treallyneededleadsthemtoswitchdoctsuntiltheyfindonewhoissotospeakantibioticsminded2.相比而言，使用這些藥物的危險(xiǎn)性并不廣為人知

6、。對(duì)這種知識(shí)的缺乏將更糟糕，特別是當(dāng)患者要求醫(yī)生開處方用抗生素而事實(shí)并不需要，或患者頻繁地更換醫(yī)生直至找到一個(gè)同意開抗生素處方的醫(yī)生。Becausethegoodsideoftheantibioticsstyissoverywellknownthereseemsmepointheretoareviewofsomeoftheimmediatelongrangeproblemsthatcancomefromtoday’scasualuseo

7、fthesedrugs.Itshouldbemadeclearinadvancethatcalamitiesfromtheuseofantibioticsarerareinrelationtotheenmousamountsofthedrugsadministered.Butthepotentialhazardssolittletouchedongenerallydoneedaclearstatement.因?yàn)榭股氐暮玫囊幻嬉褟V為人知

8、，今天抗生素的濫用導(dǎo)致短期或長(zhǎng)期問(wèn)題。我們預(yù)先應(yīng)該知道與抗生素的巨大的使用量相比它產(chǎn)生危害的例子是少見(jiàn)的。但是，盡管十分少見(jiàn)，需要對(duì)這種潛在的危險(xiǎn)作一個(gè)清楚的說(shuō)明。Theantibioticsarenotstrictlyspeakingexclusivelypreiondrugs.Anumberofthemarepermittedinsuchoverthecounterproductsasnasalsprayslozengestroch

9、escreamsointments.Eveniftheseproductsdonoharmthereisnopointwhatsoeverinusingthem.Ifyouhaveaninfectionseriousenoughtowarrantthelaunchingofchemicalwarfareyouneedmuchbiggerdosesoftheantibioticsthananyofthenonpreionproductsa

10、reallowedtocontain.嚴(yán)格來(lái)講，抗生素并不全是處方藥。許多抗生素被允許作為非處方藥(如鼻噴霧劑、鍵劑、片劑、軟膏和乳膏)盡管它們沒(méi)有危害，也不能隨意地使用。如果你患了嚴(yán)重的感染，你就得需要比非處方藥所允許最大劑量更大劑量的抗生素了。Overthecounterproductshoweveraccountfonlyasmallpercentageoftotalantibioticsproduction.Itisthepre

11、iondosagesthatgivepeopletrouble.用足夠的治療量，即使在藥物吃完以前癥狀似乎已經(jīng)消失。少數(shù)情況下聯(lián)合用藥可以推遲或降低耐藥性的產(chǎn)生。用鏈霉素單獨(dú)治療結(jié)核病會(huì)導(dǎo)致高度的耐藥，但如果鏈霉素聯(lián)用對(duì)氨基水楊酸或異煙肼將大大降低耐藥性。Inhospitaltreatmentofsevereinfectionsthesensitivityoftheinfectingganismtoappropriateantibiot

12、icsisdeterminedinthelabatybefetreatmentisstarted.Thisenablesthedocttothemosteffectivedrugdrugsitdetermineswhethertheantibioticisbactericidalbacteriostaticfthegermsathitsuggeststheamountneededtodestroythegrowthofthebacter

13、iacompletely.Ineitherhospitalhomeasepticmeasurescanhelptoreducetheprevalenceofresistantstrainsofgermsbypreventingcrossinfectiontheresultantspreadingofganisms.在醫(yī)院治療嚴(yán)重感染時(shí)，感染菌對(duì)抗生素的敏感性在治療前已在實(shí)驗(yàn)室確定，這樣可以使醫(yī)生選擇最有效的藥物，可以決定使用抑菌還是殺菌

14、的抗生素，并可對(duì)能完全破壞細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)所需的用量給出建議。無(wú)論在醫(yī)院或是在家里，無(wú)菌措施由于避免了交叉感染以及由此造成的生物體傳播，從而可以降低細(xì)菌耐藥菌株的廣泛流行。Everyoneoftheantibioticsispotentiallydangerousfsomepeople.Severalseriousreactionsmayresultfromtheiruse.Oneisaseveresometimesfatalshocklike

15、anaphylacticactionwhichmaystrikepeoplewhohavebecomesensitizedtopenicillin.Anaphylacticreactionhappenslessfrequentlyislessseverewhentheantibioticisgivenbymouth.Itismostapttooccurinpeoplewithahistyofallergyarecdofsensitivi

16、tytopenicillin.Verysmallamountsofpenicillineventhetraceswhichgetintothemilkofcowsfafewdaysaftertheyaretreatedwiththeantibioticfmastitismaybesufficienttosensitizehencethestrongcampaignbyfooddrugofficialstokeepsuchmilkofft

17、hemarket.對(duì)有些人來(lái)說(shuō)任何一種抗生素都可能有潛在的危險(xiǎn)。一些嚴(yán)重的反應(yīng)可能是由于它們的應(yīng)用產(chǎn)生的，其中之一就是嚴(yán)重的有時(shí)甚至是致死性的過(guò)敏性休克，對(duì)青霉素過(guò)敏的人使用青霉素將很危險(xiǎn)?？诜股貙⑹惯^(guò)敏頻率降低或降低嚴(yán)重性。青霉素過(guò)敏或有過(guò)敏史者更容易發(fā)生。奶牛使用抗生素治療乳腺炎幾天后，其牛奶中帶入的極其少量甚至痕量的青霉素也可能足以引起過(guò)敏。所以食品藥品監(jiān)督官員采取強(qiáng)有力的措施防止這種牛奶進(jìn)人市場(chǎng)。Tominimizether

18、iskofanaphylacticshockinillnesseswhereinjectionsofpenicillinarethepreferredtreatmentacarefuldoctwillquestionthepatientcarefullyaboutallergiespreviousreactions.Incaseofdoubtanotherantibioticwillbesubstitutediffeasibleothe

19、rprecautionarymeasureswillbetakenbefetheinjectionisgiven.當(dāng)注射青霉素是首選治療方案時(shí)，為降低這種過(guò)敏性休克，謹(jǐn)慎的醫(yī)生會(huì)仔細(xì)詢問(wèn)病人的過(guò)敏史及其反應(yīng)。如過(guò)敏史不清楚，醫(yī)生會(huì)用其他抗生素代替或注射前用其他方法檢查其是否過(guò)敏。Otheruntowardreactionstoantibioticsaregastrointestinaldisders—suchassemouthcramp

20、sdiarrheaanalitch—whichoccurmostfrequentlyafteruseofthetetracyclinegroupbuthavealsobeenencounteredafteruseofpenicillinstreptomycin.Thesereactionsmayresultfromsuppressionbytheantibioticofbacterianmallyfoundinthegastrointe

21、stinaltract.Withtheircompetitionremovedantibioticresistantstaphylococcifungiwhichalsoarenmallypresentarefreetoflourishcausewhatiscalledasuperinfection.Suchinfectionscanbeextremelydifficulttocure.其他抗生素不良反應(yīng)包括胃腸道不適，如口腔疼痛、痙攣