醫(yī)學(xué)詞匯構(gòu)詞法

1、By Wang Lanying Foreign Language Department,The Formation of Medial Vocabulary,A Course of Learning English for Medical Purposes,I. Target,,1.Mastering medical language: vocabulary and discourse level learning,2.

2、Practical application of medical communication: speaking and writing with ML,I. Target,,3. Nurture the sense of stylistic research,II. Methodology,,1. Acquire the knowledge of word formation,,2.Understand the medical l

3、anguage traits through reading,,3. Observe and summarize the stylistic features,4. Active and energetic learning under the teacher’s guide,III. Course Arrangement,,1.72 Teaching periods,4/week,,2.Eight Units this ter

4、m,3.Required course and exam,4.Term achievements: based on assignments, quiz, class response, and final exam dynamically,Davi-Ellen Chamber says: Studying medical words is very similar to learning a new language. The wor

5、ds at first sound strange and complicated although they may stand for commonly known English terms. The words gastralgia, meaning “stomach ache”, and ophthalmologist, meaning ‘eye doctor’,are examples. The medical l

6、anguage is fascinatingly logical in that each term, complex or simple, can be broken down into its basic component parts and then understood.,What is medical language?,Basic elements of medical words,Most medical words

7、are made from a combination of the following elements: the part of the word that we shall call the base (root /stem) because it contains the most fundamental meaning of that word, prefixes and suffixes, and vowels (o/a)

8、that join all these parts.,Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis (45 letters),Pneumono-ultra-microscopic-silico-volcano-coniosis,,粉塵病,,火山,,,硅/矽,,超顯微的,,肺的,It develops only after years of exposure to low levels of

9、 silica dust. [醫(yī)]硅酸鹽沉著病,矽肺病Symptoms include hyperventilation, coughing, dysphonia (發(fā)聲困難), anorexia (厭食), chest pain and increased susceptibility to tuberculosis,Three major objectives to keep in mind as you study medic

10、al terminology.To analyze words structurally. Learn to divide words into basic elements such as roots, suffixes, prefixes, combining vowels, and combining forms.,gastr /o/ enter /o/ logy,,root,,root,,suffix,Combining

11、form,,Electr /o/ cardi /o/ gram,root,root,root,,,,,combining vowel,combining vowel,,心電圖,2. To correlate an understanding of word elements with the basic anatomy, physiology, and disease processes of the human body. Such

12、 as hemat /o/ logy means the study of the blood.,3. To be continually aware of spelling and pronunciation problems. Hepatoma: tumor of the liver 肝細(xì)胞瘤Hematoma: blood tumor 血腫,,OncologyNephrologyNeurologyGa

13、stroenterologyNephritisHepatitisBronchitisCarcinomaHematomahepatoma,anatomy: process of cutting upgastrectomy: removal of the stomacharthrotomy: incision of a jointleukemia anemia erythremia Leukocytosis

14、白細(xì)胞增多Necrosis 壞死Erythrocytosis 紅細(xì)胞增多,The Roles of Pronunciation,,Medical TerminologySystemsOrgansTissuesCells,Endocrine syst.,Reproductive syst.,Mastery of Medical Words,OrgansTissuesCells,Distribution of vo

15、cabulary in medical literature,Essential voc.,Popular science voc.,Medical terms,,,,,The 2nd category (15%) : hepatitis, appendicitis, encephalopathy, immunodeficiency syndrome,The 3rd category (15%) : distill, dil

16、ute , dissolve, filtration, magnetization, dynamics, meteorology, pigmentation,The 1st category 70%: comment, investigate, study,Distribution of vocabulary,,Combining forms,prefixes,suffixes,cyt/o : cellderm/o :

17、skinbi/o : lifeaden/o :glandarthr/o : jointnephr/o :kidneyhepat/o : liverleuk/o :whiteoste/o : bone,epi- :abovemulti-: manypoly-: manyex- : outendo- :insidetrans- : acrosshyper-: excessivehypo-

18、:deficient,-emia :blood condition-ectomy: excision-gram: record-cyte: cell-scope: instrument fro visually exam-itis: inflammation-ist : person specialized in-logy: process of study-oma: tumor-o

19、sis: abnormal condition-tomy: cutting,,,,How to improve your word power,I. ConversionII. derivativeIII. Compounding,opportunist 條件致病菌physiology/-ist/ -gicasymptomaticantivirusradioimmunoelectrophoresis 放射免

20、疫電泳,（后綴） 透入,I.Conversionhost 大批、許多、東道主、主持人、 宿主sympathetic block交感神經(jīng)阻滯術(shù)sympathetic nerve交感神經(jīng)cell 隱士的小屋，巢室， 電池，小修道院 capsule 小盒子，航天艙，膠囊藥,被膜,reservoir 貯主(zhu)to protect trachea from collapsing the uncompr

21、omised host space –occupying lesionopportunistic infection Target therapy,II. Derivative,Atypical AsymptomaticAntivirusAntigenAntibodyIntercostalIntercellulartricuspid,MuscularPhysiological/physiologicallyMi

22、croscopic/ microscopicallyImmunoreactivityImmunoreactantImmunologic toleranceimmunomodulation,Prefix: ir- il- im-mis-,irregularity irresistableillegal, illiterateimmature immobileimmodestimmoralitymisbeh

23、aviormisleadmisfortunemisunderstand,PrefixDis/dys- dishonest dysphonia disorder dyspnea diseasein-

24、 inexperienced insufficiency inadequate inactivated,none-nonsmokernonelectrolytenonstress testnonulcer dyspepsianonspecific immunity

25、nonsense mutationnonself,非抽煙者非電解質(zhì)無(wú)應(yīng)激實(shí)驗(yàn)非潰瘍性消化不良非特異性免疫無(wú)義突變非自我的,un- unconditioned reflex 非條件反射undifferentiated cell leukemia 未分化細(xì)胞白血病 unresolved pneumonia 未吸收肺炎u(yù)nsaturated fatty acid 不飽和

26、脂肪酸unstable angina 不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛,Suffix: n. reliance resistance existence coldness consciousness decision collision inclusiontreatmentencouragement,Adj. generous continuous miscellaneous congenita

27、l conspicuous scrupulous simultaneously apparently substantially,ex-exclusionexcretion exhaleex- presidentex-wifeexclude,排斥排泄呼氣前總統(tǒng)前妻排除在外,V.-en.(a.+ en)whitenwidenfasten(tie)length

28、enshortenworsenweakenbrightenlighten,-al n.survivalrefusalarrivalproposalwithdrawalremoval(but not: compose, compromise),III. Compounding,Immunostimulant 免疫興奮藥Polyneuropathy 多神經(jīng)病Polyomavirus 多瘤病毒 synge

29、nesiotransplantation同血統(tǒng)移植術(shù)Traumatic encephalopathy外傷性腦病,Cerebrospinal 腦脊髓的Cerebrotomy 腦切開(kāi)術(shù)Cerebrovascular 腦血管的Cardiomyopathy 心肌病Cardiohepatic 心肝的Cardioinhibitor 心動(dòng)抑制藥Postnasal drip 后鼻滴注Postmenopausal 絕經(jīng)后,Organ

30、 root combining wordsliver → hepato/a- hepatocarcinomalung → pulmono- pulmonoaortic kidney → reno-/nephro- nephro

31、toxin heart → cardio- cardiovalvularnerve → neuro- neurocytomaspleen → splen(o) splenemia 脾充血,brain → cerebro-

32、 cerebrovascularhead → cephal(o) cephalosporin P 頭孢菌素Peye → ophthalm/ ophthalmoscope 檢眼鏡skin → dermo- dermopathy 皮膚病ear → oto-

33、 otologychest → thorac/o- thoracolumbar,nose→ naso- nasoantritis 鼻上頜竇炎 throat → laryngo laryngitis 喉炎Pharynx → Pharyng pharyngectomy 咽

34、切除arteri/o → artery arteriostenosis 動(dòng)脈狹窄vaso → vessel vasodilation,描述人體器官方位：Anterior → anterior band of colon 結(jié)腸前帶posterior → posterior teeth 后牙superior → superior vena cava

35、 上腔靜脈inferior → inferior thyroid artery 甲狀腺下動(dòng)脈,inter between interatrial 房間的 Intra inside intracellularEndo intra- endo

36、carditisPoly many, much polyarthritisMulti many, much multicuspid 多尖的Hyper high, extra hypertension,hypo- low, less hypotension h

37、omo- same homolateral同側(cè)的 homograft hetero- different heteroantigen 異種抗原dys- abnormal dysplasia 發(fā)育不良

38、 dyspnea 呼吸困難 dysphonia 發(fā)聲困難,counter- against countercurrent 逆流

39、 countertransport 反向轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn) psycho- mental psychology psychiatryelectro- electricity electrosynthesis staphyl/o- 葡萄、懸雍垂

40、 staphylotoxin 葡萄球菌毒素 staphyloplasty懸雍垂成形術(shù),,thrombo-血栓 thrombolymphangitis 血栓性淋巴管炎

41、 thromboendocarditis 血栓性心內(nèi)膜炎meningo- 腦膜，腦脊膜 meningoencephalomyelitis 腦脊膜腦脊髓炎

42、 meningoencephalitis 腦膜腦炎,radio- radiation radionuclideangiocardiography 放射性核素心血管造影術(shù)immuno- immunity immunosuppressi

43、onlympho- lymphoatic lymphocytopenia 淋巴細(xì)胞減少 Strepto 鏈球菌的 streptococcus streptomycin,Osteo → bone osteocyst

44、oma 骨囊瘤Lumb/o →lumbar lumbodynia 腰痛 lumbocostal 腰肋的Syn- combining /together synchromism 同步現(xiàn)象

45、 synchronized sleep 同步睡眠Tri-three tricuspid triphosphate 三磷酸鹽De- removal dehydration 脫水 deceleration

46、減速,,Suffix:-itis inflammation hepatitis bronchitis nephritis colitis

47、 gastritis appendicitis otitis endocarditis panarthritis 多發(fā)性關(guān)節(jié)炎,-tomy (removal) splene

48、ctomy appendectomy pharyngectomy-graphy（照像術(shù)） cephalography 測(cè)顱術(shù) cardiography 心動(dòng)描記法,- gram imaging cardiogram 心動(dòng)圖

49、 -scope (glass) ophthalmoscope stethoscope microscope

50、 telescope microscope telescope,-cyte( cell) leukocyte myocyte-coccus 球菌

51、 staphylococci 葡萄球菌 meningococci pneumococci streptococci,

52、-logy (science Psychology Pathology Pharmacology dermology -ist scientist Physiol

53、ogist -cian specialist physician pediatrician technician clinician,-oma (neoplasm) hepatoarci

54、noma adenoma 腺瘤-emia disease leukemia lipidemia 脂血癥 erythroblaste 成紅細(xì)胞血癥,-pathy (disease)

55、 pathophysiology myopathy 肌病-osis 異常，增多 leukocytosis

56、 erythroblastosis 成紅細(xì)胞增多 -ia → ( abnormal condition) otitis media

57、 otoneuralgia 耳神經(jīng)痛,hypogammaglobulinemiacytomegalovirusmononuclear leukocytosisosteomyelitisencephalitismeningitis,低丙種球蛋白血癥細(xì)胞巨化病毒單核細(xì)胞增多骨髓炎腦炎腦膜炎,Test Yourselves,PoliomyelitisImmunocytochemistryImmuno