句子成分和五種句子類型(全)

1、Good morning,everyone!,句子成分和簡單句的基本句型,什么是句子？,句子是由詞按照一定的語法結(jié)構(gòu)組成的，是能表達一個完整概念的語言單位．句子的第一個字母必須大寫，結(jié)尾要有．？ ！,I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is !,現(xiàn)代漢語里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。英語的基本成分有七種：主語（subject）

2、、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial) 和補語（complement）。按句子結(jié)構(gòu)，句子可以分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。只有一個主語（并列主語）和一個謂語（并列謂語），句子成分都是由單詞和短語表示，這樣的句子稱為簡單句。簡單句最基本的類型有五種，其他各種句型都是由這五種句型變化而來的。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。,

3、句子包括哪些成分？,句子成分的構(gòu)成,句子的主要成分：,主語、謂語、賓語、表語,句子的次要成分：,定語、狀語、補足語（同位語、插入語),,1.主語(subject),1. 主語是句子所要說明的動作或狀態(tài)的主體. 2.一般在句首。3. 一般由名詞，代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語(不定式，動名詞或從句)充當(dāng)。 1. We study in LianPing Middle School. 2.Our classroom is very

4、clean. 3.To teach you English is my job. 4.Surfing, diving and swimming are all water sports. 5.Four plus four is eight. 6.What you said made me sad. 7.The young should respect the old. 8.It made me excited th

5、at dad bought me a computer.,代詞,名詞,不定式,動名詞,數(shù)詞,從句,the+adj.,,,,,,,,,it作形式主語,,2.謂語(verb),1. 表示主語的行為動作或所處的狀態(tài)。2. 必須由動詞充當(dāng)。3.一般在主語后面，和主語在人稱和數(shù)方面必須一致。謂語有簡單謂語、復(fù)合謂語之分。(1) 簡單謂語： 是由動詞或動詞詞組組成的。 She always studies hard.He often l

6、istens to music.(2) 復(fù)合謂語：是由“情態(tài)動詞或助動詞 + 動詞”構(gòu)成.He can speak English.We have finished reading the book.I did see her yesterday.,,,,,,,3.表語(predicative),1. 說明主語的身份或特征、屬性、狀態(tài)等。2. 位于在系動詞后面。3.充當(dāng)短語的可以使單詞、短語或從句。1.You look you

7、nger than before.2.I am a teacher.3.Jim is out.4.Now they are at home.5.I’m not quite myself today.6.He got lost in the forest.7.His hobby is swimming.8.My job is to teach you English.9.The book is what I need.,形

8、容詞,名詞,副詞,介詞短語,反身代詞,過去分詞,動名詞,,,,,,,,,不定式,從句,,,4.賓語(object),1. 一個動作的承受者，表示動作的對象或結(jié)果。2.用在及物動詞或介詞后面.She is playing the piano. He often helps me. He likes to sleep in the open air. He is addicted to smoking. We

9、 enjoy living in China. 3.賓語包括直接賓語和間接賓語。 Please pass me the book.= Please pass the book to me.He bought her some flowers.=He bought some flowers for her.,I had bread and milk for breakfast this morning.Where did y

10、ou buy that?(名詞）I need twenty works.（數(shù)詞）He always does the unexpected.（名詞化的形容詞Remember to tell him to come to the lecture.（不定式I enjoy reading foreign stories, especially American ones.（V-ing形式）We all believe that y

11、ou are suitable for this work.（從句,,5.賓語補足語(object complement),放在賓語后面,對賓語進行補充說明,與賓語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。I made my room beautiful.I can see her dancing there.He made himself known to them.She asked me to lend her my bike.Please m

12、ake yourself at home.Please keep the dog out.We call her Miss Zhang.,形容詞,,現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞,不定式,介詞短語,副詞,名詞,,,,,,,,,6.主語補足語(subject complement),對主語進行補充說明。把下列句子改為被動語態(tài):1.We saw Tom dancing in his room.Tom was seen dancing in h

13、is room.2.They elected Jim monitor of their class.Jim was elected monitor of their class.3.We will make our country strong.Our country will be made strong.,,,,,,,,定語(attribute),用來修飾名詞或代詞,起類似于形容詞的修飾作用.1.You are a cle

14、ver boy.2.I want to tell you something important. 3.His father works in a shoe factory.4.There are 66 students in our class.5.Do you know betty’s sister?6.There is a sleeping baby in bed.7.The girl standing under t

15、he tree is his daughter.8.We have nothing to do. 9.His spoken English is good.10.The girl in red is his sister.11.Do you know the man who stands there?,形容詞,物主代詞,數(shù)詞,名詞所有格,現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞,介詞短語,形容詞,現(xiàn)在分詞短語,從句,不定式,,名詞,,,,,,,,,,

16、,,,狀語(adverbial),1. 修飾動詞，形容詞或副詞, 起類似于副詞的作用 。2. 一般表示行為發(fā)生的時間，地點，目的，方式，程度，結(jié)果，條件，讓步和伴隨等意義。1.He did it carefully.2.She is very enthusiastic about it.3.He works extremely hard.4.He comes to see us every day.5.He is at th

17、e library looking up some information.6.I’ll be back in a while.7.Without his help, we couldn’t work it out. 8.He was late because of the heavy rain.9.Please call me up if it is necessary.10.She was beautiful when s

18、he was a girl.,,,,,,,,,,,,同位語apposition,對前面的名詞或代詞做進一步解釋,說明它們的性質(zhì)和情況。1. Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. 2. I myself will do the experiment.3. She is the oldest among them six.4. The news that he is ill worries us.

19、,,,,,名詞,反身代詞,數(shù)詞,從句,,插入語(parentheses),對一句話進行附加說明或解釋，通常由一個詞、一個短語或一個句子構(gòu)成，常置于句首、句中或句末，一般用逗號或破折號與句子隔開。1.Generally speaking, the more hard-working you are, the more likely you will succeed. 2.Two middle-aged passengers fell

20、into the sea. Unfortunately，neither of them could swim. 3.Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard，in other words, you failed. 4.It is so nice to hear from her. Believe it or not ，we last

21、 met more than thirty years ago. 5. Strange to say, he should have done such a thing.,,,,,,Choose the right answer,He made another wonderful discovery， _____ of great importance to science. A.which I think is B.which

22、I think it is C.which I think it D.I think which is,A,,分析下列句子成分,1. Everyone laughed.2. The books pleased the girl.3. I am astonished.4. I heard him shouting.5. He bought his son some books.6.The young girl with lo

23、ng black hair is Kate.7.Stephen apologized at once.8.I have no idea when they will go. 9. I saw my friend Tom standing at the station.,I saw my friend Tom standing at the station.,↓主語,,↓謂語,↓定語,↓賓語,↓同位語,↓狀語,

24、↓賓語補足語,有哪幾種常見的句型結(jié)構(gòu)？,基本句型 一： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）Ｓ │Ｖ（是系動詞）│ Ｐ 1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 這是本英漢辭典。2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的氣味很好。3. He │fell │in love. 他墮入了情網(wǎng)。 4. Every

25、thing │looks │different. 一切看來都不同了。5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他長得又高又壯6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 麻煩的是他們?nèi)鄙馘X。7. Our well │has gone │dry. 我們井干枯了。 8. His face

26、 │turned │red. 他的臉紅了。,基本句型 二：Ｓ Ｖ （主＋謂）主語：可以作主語的成分有名詞（如boy），主格代詞（如you），動詞不定式，動名詞等。主語一般在句首。注意名詞單數(shù)形式常和冠詞不分家！ 謂語：謂語由動詞構(gòu)成，是英語時態(tài)、語態(tài)變化的主角，一般在主語之后。不及物動詞（vi.）沒有賓語，形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一個共同特點，即句子的謂語動詞都能表達完

27、整的意思。這類動詞叫做不及物動詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。,Ｓ │ Ｖ （不及物動詞） 1. The sun │was shining. 太陽在照耀著。2. The universe │remains. 宇宙長存。3. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我們大家都呼吸、吃和喝。4. Who │cares? 管它呢？

28、5. What he said │does not matter. 他所講的沒有什么關(guān)系。 6. The pen │writes smoothly 這支筆書寫流利。,鞏固練習(xí)：,6．這個重五公斤。 7．五年前我住在北京。8．秋天有些鳥飛到南方去。 9．我的爺爺早晨起得很早。 10. 每天下午有許多學(xué)生到圖書館來借書。,6. This box weighs five kilos.,7.I lived i

29、n Beijing five years ago.,8.In autumn, some birds fly to the south.,9. My grandfather gets up early in the morning.,10.Every afternoon a lot of students come to the library to borrow books.,鞏固練習(xí)：,1．昨晚我寫了一封信。 2．今天下午我想同你

30、談?wù)劇?3．這本書他讀過多次了。 4．他們成功地完成了計劃。 5．那位先生能流利地說三種語言。,I wrote a letter last night.,I want to talk with you this afternoon.,He has read this book many times.,They have carried out the plan successfully.,That gentleman can

31、 speak three languages fluently.,鞏固練習(xí)：,6．我收到了筆友從澳大利亞寄來的信。 7．Jim 還不會自己穿衣服。 8．我們大家都相信Jack 是一個誠實男孩。 9. 他不知道說什麼好。 10. 我開窗戶你在意嗎？,I received a letter from my penfriend in Australia.,Jim cannot dress himself.,Al

32、l of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.,He did not know what to say.,Do you mind my opening the window?,基本句型 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物） 1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她給自己定了一套新衣裳。2. Sh

33、e │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她給丈夫煮了一頓美餐。3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他給你帶來了一本字典。4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他對她什么都不拒絕。5. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告訴他汽車晚點了。6. He │showed │me │how to ru

34、n the machine. 他教我開機器。,但若要先說出直接賓語（事物），后說間接賓語（人），則要借助于介詞to或for。如： He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me.,用to側(cè)重指動作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對著某人。用for 側(cè)重指動作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。

35、常跟雙賓語的動詞有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。,鞏固練習(xí)：1．Johnson 先

36、生去年教我們德語。 2．奶奶昨晚給我們講了一個有趣的故事。 3．請把那本字典遞給我好嗎？ 4．他把車票給列車員看。,Mr Johnson taught us German last year.,Grandma told me an interesting story last night.,Would you please pass me the dictionary?,He showed the ticket to the

37、 conductor.,鞏固練習(xí)： 5．我替你叫輛出租汽車好嗎？6．新式機器將會為你節(jié)省許多勞動。7．他用他的第一個月工資給他媽媽買了一件毛衣。,Shall I call you a taxi?,The new machine will save you a lot of labour.,7.He bought a new coat for his mother with his first month’s salary.,說

38、明: 此結(jié)構(gòu)由“主語+及物的謂語動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”構(gòu)成。賓語與賓語補足語之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或主表關(guān)系，若無賓語補足語，則句意不夠完整。The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing.You must get your hair cut.,基本句型 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋謂＋賓＋賓補）,Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（賓語） │ Ｃ（賓補）名詞/代詞賓格 + 名詞The

39、war| made| him |a soldier./戰(zhàn)爭使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士.名詞/代詞賓格 + 形容詞New methods |make |the job| easy./新方法使這項工作變得輕松. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 介詞短語I |often find| him |at work./我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他在工作. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 動詞不定式The teacher| ask |the students |to close the

40、 windows./老師讓學(xué)生們關(guān)上窗戶. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 分詞I |saw |a cat |running across the road./我看見一只貓跑過了馬路.,用 it 做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補足語的后面，以使句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，是英語常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)方式。即：主語+謂語+it+賓補+真正賓語。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.,鞏固練習(xí)：1．

41、我們叫她Alice. 2．我們大家都認(rèn)為他是誠實的。 3．他們把小偷釋放了。 4．我要你把真相告訴我。 5 .衛(wèi)兵命令我們立即離開。 6. 每天早晨我們都聽到他大聲朗讀英語。 7．他每個月理一次發(fā)8．我們不會讓她在晚上外出的。,,We call her Alice.,All of us considered him honest.,,They have set the thief free.,I w

42、ant you to tell me the truth.,The guards ordered us to leave at once.,Every morning we hear him read English aloud.,He has his hair cut every month.,We won’t let her go out at night.,9．那可怕的聲音把孩子們嚇壞了 10．她正在聽人家講故事。11．我從來

43、沒看見這個字這樣用過。 12．他感到很難跟你交談。 13．我認(rèn)為有可能用另一種方法解題。 14．學(xué)校定了一條規(guī)則，開始上課時學(xué)生要起立。,The terrible sound made the children frightened.,She is listening to someone telling stories.,I have never seen the word used that way before.

44、,He felt it very difficult to talk with you.,I consider it possible to work out the problemin another way.,The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.,英語基本句型6 There be 句型

45、 說明： 此句型是由“there+be+主語+狀語”構(gòu)成，用以表達存在關(guān)系可以稱“……有……”。 它其實是倒裝的一種情況，主語位于謂語動詞 be 之后，there 僅為引導(dǎo)詞，并無實際語意。 此句型有時不用be動詞，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。如： There stands a hill in the middle of the par

46、k. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.,Be 與其后的主語在人稱和數(shù)量上一致，有時態(tài)和情態(tài)變化。如： 現(xiàn)在有 there is/are … 過去有 there was/were… 將來有 there will be…；there is /are going to be... 現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有 the

47、re has/have been… 可能有 there might be... 肯定有 there must be …/there must have been... 過去曾經(jīng)有 there used to be … 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be … 碰巧有 there happen/happens/ha

48、ppened to be …,鞏固練習(xí)：1．這個村子過去只有一口井。 2．客人當(dāng)中有兩名美國人和兩名法國人。 3．天氣預(yù)報說下午有大風(fēng)。 4．燈亮著，辦公室里肯定有人。 5．戰(zhàn)前這兒一直有家電影院的.,There was only a well in the village.,Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.,The weat

49、herman says there’ll be a strong wind in the afternoon.,The light is on. There must be someone in the office.,There used to be a cinema here before the war.,鞏固練習(xí)：6．恰好那時房里沒人。 7．從前，在海邊的一個村子里住著一位老漁夫。 8．公共汽車來了。 9．就只剩

50、下二十八美元了。 10．鈴響了。,There happened to be nobody in the room.,Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.,There comes the bus.,There remained only twenty –eight dollars.,There goes the bell.,簡單句的五種句型,1）SV

51、主語＋謂語,eg. His father might have died.,2) SVP 主語＋謂語＋表語,eg. The plan sounds perfect.,3) SVO 主語＋謂語＋賓語,eg. My sister enjoyed the play.,4）SVOiOd 主語＋謂語+間接賓語＋直接賓語,eg. My father bought me a bicycle.,5) SVOC 主語＋謂語＋賓語＋補語,eg. T

52、hey called him a fool.,,Translate the following sentences.,1.在過去的十年里,我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。 2.你們必須在兩周內(nèi)看完這些書。 3.冬季白天短，夜晚長。4.李老師去年教我們德語。  5.我要你把真相告訴我。,,Translate the following sentences.,1. 在過去的十年里,我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。 Great

53、 changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years. 2.你們必須在兩周內(nèi)看完這些書。 You must finish reading these books in two weeks.  3. 冬季白天短，夜晚長。In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. 4. 李老師去年教我

54、們德語。 Mr. Li taught us German last year.5.我要你把真相告訴我。 I want you to tell me the truth.,1.I’m living in LianPing, a small town in Guangdong and teaching English to senior high school students.2.But our friendship

55、was based on the idea in each of us that we would feel sorry later if we did not explore this great city because we had felt bad at the time. 3.I was pleased to recognize, in little notes on the desks of his staff, the

56、same handwriting I would see at home in the notes he would leave on the fridge—except that those notes were signed “dad” instead of “RFW”4.Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that k

57、ids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on a standard test of attention.,找出下列句子的主要成分,,,,,,,,,,,Homework,Finish the exercises on the paper from Page 2 to Pag