英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教學(xué)方法的思考

1、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教學(xué)方法的思考,,一、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的基本概念,二、語(yǔ)法與語(yǔ)言的關(guān)系,三、語(yǔ)法與母語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí),四、語(yǔ)法與外語(yǔ)教學(xué),五、語(yǔ)法教學(xué)與語(yǔ)言能力的培養(yǎng),六、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的檢測(cè)與語(yǔ)言能力 的測(cè)試,一、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的基本概念,Oxford Advanced Learner’s dictionaryOf Current English says: Grammar is the study of science of or rules f

2、or the combination of words into sentences (syntax), and the forms of words (morphology),Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English says: Grammar is the study or use of the rules by which words change their forms an

3、d are combined into sentences.,The Random House College Dictionarysays: the study of the formal features of a language, as the sounds, words, or sentences,現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)詞典：語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)方式，包括詞的構(gòu)成和變化、詞組和句子的組織。詞海：語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律，包括詞法和句法。語(yǔ)法是

4、人類思維長(zhǎng)期抽象化的工作成果，是思維的巨大成就的標(biāo)志。,二、語(yǔ)法與語(yǔ)言的關(guān)系,1、語(yǔ)法是研究語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)的規(guī)律。研究詞形變化的部分叫做詞法(morphology)，名詞的性、數(shù)、格和動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣等；研究句子結(jié)構(gòu)的部分叫做句法(syntax)，如句子的成分、語(yǔ)序以及句子的種類等。,2、語(yǔ)法是具體語(yǔ)言事實(shí)的概括。語(yǔ)法家認(rèn)為，語(yǔ)法最重要的性質(zhì)就是概括性，所有的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則都是從大量的具體語(yǔ)言事實(shí)中抽象地概括而來(lái)的。,三、

5、語(yǔ)法與母語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí),就母語(yǔ)而言，語(yǔ)法規(guī)則是在語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用中習(xí)得而成的。即使不懂語(yǔ)法，也不學(xué)語(yǔ)法，英美人都能說(shuō)出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的英語(yǔ)句子來(lái), 而不犯語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤；我們中國(guó)人也是如此。（這里說(shuō)的不懂語(yǔ)法, 指的是不會(huì)用語(yǔ)法術(shù)語(yǔ)去解釋語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象。）,1、習(xí)得(acquisition)與學(xué)得(learning) 習(xí)得是指幼兒在非教學(xué)條件下主動(dòng)地獲得母語(yǔ)的過(guò)程。學(xué)得是人習(xí)得母語(yǔ)之后有意識(shí)、通常是在教學(xué)環(huán)境里學(xué)得的第二外語(yǔ)的過(guò)程。,2、母語(yǔ)的習(xí)

6、得不需要語(yǔ)法的支撐。,1）有研究資料料表明，在美國(guó)出生的 幼兒到了五歲習(xí)得了全部的英語(yǔ)發(fā) 音，掌握了基本的語(yǔ)法，用于交際 的詞匯量也多達(dá)2200多個(gè)；還能分 辨常用詞語(yǔ)的歧義并能進(jìn)行得體地 交際。到了5-10歲，他們的語(yǔ)音和 語(yǔ)法已無(wú)多大進(jìn)展。,不斷地觀察、試探、修正，接近完整，最終說(shuō)出正確的表達(dá)。,No want some food.,I no want som

7、e food.,I don’t want no food.,I don’t want any food.,Child: Nobody don’t like me.Mother: No, say “Nobody likes me.” Child: Nobody don’t like me.Mother: Now listen carefully, say “Nobody likes me.”

8、 Child: Oh, nobody don’t likes me.,幼兒會(huì)按照自己的認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程來(lái)習(xí)得語(yǔ)言的正確表達(dá)，表層的糾錯(cuò)是不起作用的。,2） 19世紀(jì)末，一位法國(guó)語(yǔ)言教師F·Guoin 到德國(guó)漢堡學(xué)德語(yǔ)。他以為學(xué)習(xí)德語(yǔ)的 捷徑無(wú)過(guò)于掌握語(yǔ)法。于是，他花了10 天的時(shí)間，強(qiáng)記了大量的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則和不 規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，然后到學(xué)校去聽(tīng)課，結(jié)果一 句話也聽(tīng)不懂。,Practice makes per

9、fect.,Helen Keller and her teacher Ann Sullivan,Helen Keller: (1880~1968),The Story of My Life,Ann Sullivan: (1886~1936),,3）海倫·凱勒（Helen Keller）的奇跡,1. She was born healthy.,2. When she was only 19 months

10、 old, she became blind and deaf.,3. She lived in a world of darkness and silence.,4. She was like a wild animal when Ann Sullivan came.,7. She began a new life---she was able to communicate with other

11、 people by writing into her hand,8. She was able to finish her college education with her teacher.,9. She even learnt to speak English and gave speeches to college students.,1) What were the first words you

12、 learned to say?,2) What were the first sentences you learned to say?,3) How old were you when you wrote your first composition?,4）我們學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)的基本過(guò)程,4) How many Chinese textbooks have you ever read/learned?,new

13、spapers,,magazines,,novels,,poems,5) How many Chinese films/TV plays have you ever seen?,6) When did you first learn Chinese grammar?,7) Do you often think of grammar when you speak Chinese and write in

14、 Chinese?,8) Do you often pay attention to your grammar when you communicate with other people?,9) Will you be understood when you make a grammar mistake?,10) What do you think of grammar very import

15、ant or not so important?,Conclusion: English grammar is not always very important.,,四、語(yǔ)法與外語(yǔ)教學(xué),英語(yǔ)作為一門外語(yǔ)是一種交際工具，為了交際而掌握運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的能力才是我們英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的最基本的目的。,1、習(xí)得與學(xué)得的比較：,習(xí)得:潛意識(shí)無(wú)正規(guī)講授無(wú)計(jì)劃無(wú)教材自然環(huán)境,學(xué)得:有意識(shí)有講

16、授有計(jì)劃有教材無(wú)自然環(huán)境,2）學(xué)得與否決定于學(xué)生的需要和動(dòng)機(jī)。 幼兒習(xí)得母語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)性和積極性來(lái)自 說(shuō)話的需要，這是一種本能的需要。 學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)的中學(xué)生卻難于具有同等的 主動(dòng)性和積極性，即使有較高的學(xué)習(xí) 英語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)性和積極性也不容易持久。 所以在教英語(yǔ)課時(shí)，特別是在講授英 語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的時(shí)候，我們應(yīng)該多種不同的 教學(xué)方法來(lái)激發(fā)、培養(yǎng)和保護(hù)學(xué)生學(xué)

17、 習(xí)英語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)性和積極性。,3）學(xué)得與否取定于是由教學(xué)決定的。 幼兒的母語(yǔ)習(xí)得是直接的認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò) 程，它來(lái)自生活的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境。而 我們學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)學(xué)得來(lái)自于英語(yǔ) 的教學(xué)過(guò)程，其中包括教材的質(zhì) 量、教學(xué)思想、教師的教學(xué)水平、 教學(xué)方式、教學(xué)手段等因素，當(dāng) 然，語(yǔ)法教學(xué)也包含在內(nèi)。,,4）學(xué)得的質(zhì)量取決于語(yǔ)言環(huán)境。 幼兒習(xí)得母語(yǔ)有著理想的語(yǔ)言

18、 環(huán)境，而外語(yǔ)的學(xué)得則是在非 目的的語(yǔ)言環(huán)中進(jìn)行的。,2、“習(xí)得+學(xué)得”是英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的關(guān)鍵所在。,1）有計(jì)劃地學(xué)得與無(wú)計(jì)劃的習(xí)得相結(jié)合。,2）使英語(yǔ)的課堂教學(xué)交際化,3）重視感情投入，建立師生之間的平等合 作關(guān)系，提高學(xué)生的主體意識(shí)，寓樂(lè)于 學(xué)，以增強(qiáng)他們學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的目的性和主 動(dòng)性。,3、在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中，一些值得 我們思考的現(xiàn)象：,①把英語(yǔ)當(dāng)作一門知識(shí)學(xué)科來(lái)講授。,②在教

19、學(xué)研討中回避英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法。,③學(xué)生把語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)作學(xué)習(xí) 英語(yǔ)的最重要的環(huán)節(jié),④交替使用漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行英語(yǔ)教學(xué),五、語(yǔ)法教學(xué)與語(yǔ)言能力的培養(yǎng),語(yǔ)法教學(xué)應(yīng)與英語(yǔ)的實(shí)際運(yùn)用相結(jié)合。在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教學(xué)中我們應(yīng)該盡可能地營(yíng)造比較真實(shí)而又生動(dòng)的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境和情景，讓學(xué)生在語(yǔ)言的交際活動(dòng)中來(lái)提高語(yǔ)言能力，從而更好地理解和掌握語(yǔ)法規(guī)則。孤立地給學(xué)生講授繁雜多變的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則，只能提高他們解題的能力，而不能提高他們學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的興趣和積極性，也達(dá)不

20、到提高他們語(yǔ)言能力的目的。,1、關(guān)于特殊疑問(wèn)句,What’s this/that?,Whose pen is this?,Get your students to think and say.,2、關(guān)于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),This morning after waking up at6:30,,my clothes were put on.,In the washroom, my teeth were brushed,and my face

21、 was washed.,At 7:00, my breakfast was eaten.,This morning after waking up at6:30,,I put on my clothes. In thewashroom I brushed my teeth,and washed my face.,At 7:00, I ate my breakfast.,3、關(guān)于虛擬語(yǔ)氣,I wish I were a bird.

22、,I would certainly go if I had the time.,Do I have time now?,Can I go now?,I would very much to go but I don’t have the time.,He’d have caught the train if hehad left home a bit earlier.,Did he catch the train?,Why did

23、n’t he catch the train?,He missed the train because he lefthome too late.,If it had not been for Peter, we would have lost the game.,Did we win the game? Why?,What does this sentence mean?,Peter played a very importan

24、t role in the match.,Peter played very well in the match.,,4、關(guān)于定語(yǔ)從句,Who is the boy that is the tallest in our class?,Who is the student that has a twinsister?,Who is the teacher that wears thickglasses?,What is a tea

25、cher?A teacher is a person that/who teaches.,What is a math/physics teacher?,What is a driver?,A driver is a person that/who drives.,What is a bus-driver/taxi?,A bus-driver is a person that/whodrives a bus/taxi.,What i

26、s a school?A school is a place where students study.,What is a library?,A library is a building where peoplecan borrow or read books.,What is a super-market?,A super-market is a place/shop wherepeople can buy all kind

27、s or things.,5、關(guān)于詞語(yǔ)和短語(yǔ),1）no+比較級(jí),Tom is a very tall boy and his brotheris no shorter.,Some people think Mr. Bush is a bad guy, but Sadam is no better.,“My English is no better than yours.”,2）used to do sth.,Lin Fen used

28、 to be a good boy.,Mr. Huang used to be very thin.,Did you use to get up early last year?,I didn’t use to get up early last year.,Mrs. Jones used to be very beautiful.,3）Eating grass, I saw some cows.,Do you eat grass, a

29、nyway?,How can you make the sentence correct?,Being a good girl, her father sent herto school.,Being a good girl, she was sent to schoolby her father.,She being a good girl, her father sent herto school.,4）send ...doi

30、ng,One blow would send you flying.,Do you know Mike Tyson?He is one most powerful boxers in theUSA.,What would happen if he had a matchwith Mike Tyson?,Who is the strongest in your class?,One blow would send you to ho

31、spital.,六、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的檢測(cè)與語(yǔ)言能力的測(cè)試,1、關(guān)于單項(xiàng)填空,2、關(guān)于完形填空,3、關(guān)于口語(yǔ)能力與高考寫作能力,1、關(guān)于單項(xiàng)填空,高考中多數(shù)的單項(xiàng)填空題都是考察學(xué)生運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的能力，而不是單獨(dú)考察學(xué)生的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則。,例一：--I’m taking my driving test tomorrow.--______! (2002NMET)A. Cheers B. Good luckC.

32、Come on D. Congratulations,B,例二：John shut everybody out of the kitchen____ he could prepare his grand surprisefor the party. (2002NMET)A. which B. when C. so that

33、 C. as if,Why did John shut everybody out of the kitchen?,He wanted to give people a big surprise.,C,例三：The taxi driver often reminds passengersto ____ their belongings when they leavethe car. (2002NMET)A. keep

34、 B. catch C. hold D. take,You are leaving for work and find it’s raining. What will you do ?,Do you think you’ll take some moneywith you if you go shopping?,D,七、結(jié)論,語(yǔ)法規(guī)則來(lái)自語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用和交流，語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的獲得也是來(lái)自語(yǔ)言的實(shí)踐。我們英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的教學(xué)必須與