[雙語翻譯]養(yǎng)老金外文翻譯--養(yǎng)老金的未來和老年人對社會的貢獻

1、2200 英文單詞， 英文單詞，11500 英文字符，中文 英文字符，中文 3450 字文獻出處： 文獻出處：Orte C, March M X, Vives M. The Future Of Pensions And The Contributions Of The Elderly To Society[J]. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2015, 191: 2387-2390.

2、The Future Of Pensions And The Contributions Of The Elderly To SocietyCarmen Orte, Martí X. March , Margarita VivesAbstractThe main objective of this paper is to analyse, in the context of an aging population, the c

3、hanges in the roles and contributions of older people to the society to the economy and to the future of pensions. Methods: We make an analysis of the expert report in Spain on the sustainability of the pension system, n

4、ot only through social security contributions, but also of contributions “in kind“ by the group of older people to economic prosperity and social and family cohesion. Findings and results: In this regard several elements

5、 are proposed for the construction of an indicator to analyse these social and economic contributions of the elderly to the society in its various dimensions.Keywords: Pension system, retirement, older people, aging popu

6、lation;1. The cultural paradigm shift and agingIn the European context it is a contrasted and confirmed fact that demographic tendencies are drawing a clear line towards the aging of population. The demographic changes i

7、n Europe – consequence of many factors being the economic, social, cultural and familiar ones – will have and are presenting a significant impact on all levels of social structure, politics, intergenerational relations,

8、social policy, pensions, the job market and age and retirement conditions, among others. However, raising this issue of this demographic aging only from the perspective of pensions is not only wrong, but it also implies

9、ignoring other important variables: the family policy, active and passive work policies, and educational, economic or fiscal policies. This demographic tendency, in the case of Spain, concretizes in the fact of being one

10、 of the countries with the highest life expectancy rates in Europe. One variable to analyse because of its significance, in this context, is what the active aging and the contributions to society by the retired citizens

11、imply. These contributions and functions characterize this change from a situation of passivity to one of activity, of activism, of prosocial behaviour, etc. The profile and characteristics of the elderly will no longer

12、be equal to what we have known so far. We are witnessing a cultural change, a paradigm shift, one of conception, a profound change on society, economy, leisure, social services, social welfare policies, etc. IMSERSO(2009

13、), in an interesting work, Nuevas miradas sobre el envejecimiento?, raises the current consequences of aging and also the need to dismantle myths, stereotypes and false perceptions that exist nowadays in relation to the

14、old age and the process of aging. The new perspectives on aging are principally the impact of everything that has happened and what is currently happening in relation to the elderly. The reality of the senior citizens is

15、 changing, becoming from time to time another one, a different one and a more diverse one.2. The reform of pensions: an interesting but partial reportOne of the consequences not only of the process of aging, but also of

16、political, ideological and economic decisions, is the debate on the reform of pensions that is being considered stronger than ever. Indeed, this debate on pensions arises mainly in Spain, although it is being considered

17、in other European countries as well, as a result of two realities: the demographic aging of society and the economic crisis, especially in Europe. In this context of the aging of the Spanish retirement schemes and privat

18、e pensions.d. The sustainability of pensions should introduce the issue of the global funding of these, i.e. pensions have to sustain themselves only in relation to the contributions to the National Insurance, or there s

19、hould be other financial formulas by the State through specific inputs.e. The sustainability of pensions requires, in any case, the political ratification, in this sense, the experts refer it to the Pacto de Toledo. This

20、 means that there is a need for political decisions which make the concretion of this sustainability possible.f. The sustainability of pensions has to do also with demographic evolution and aging. This implies, therefore

21、, the need to discuss family policies that are being carried out, as well as the delimitation of the age of retiring and its conditions.g. The sustainability of pensions has to do as well, with the evolution of the econo

22、my in general terms, and, at the same time, with the economic model, the type of contract, the quality of employment, the level of labour qualifications, the politics of contributions, etc.h. Another element in relation

23、to pensions to be further developed is its distribution, its level of equity, the differences between the maximum and minimum pensions.i. The policy of pensions needs to be correlated to the policy executed in relation t

24、o dependency or other policies related to aging and active aging.j. The pension policy needs, as proposed in the report by the committee of experts, transparency and control, two fundamental conditioning factors to gener

25、ate the necessary trust and confidence among the citizenry.k. It is clear that everything that has been raised in relation to the sustainability of pensions needs the participation of the affected sectors, the citizens,

26、political groups and trade union and business organizations.Therefore, a deeper analysis and study should be undertaken with the basis of the mentioned report. This report should present an opportunity for further reflec

27、tion on the present and the future of pensions. However, more studies, reports, reflections, discussions, ideas and participation are needed. Pensions are essential to enable a cohesive society and a community that can l

28、ive a decent life, with dignity and respect towards the human rights and the achievement of a good quality of life.3. Pensions and an analysis of a new factor: the factor of the contributions of the elderly to society (F

29、APS**)The question that can be formulated in relation to pensions and their financing is whether these actually need an economic input that goes further than the contributions to the National Insurance made by the employ

30、ers and employees. It is a necessary reflection which supposes a previous contemplation of a series of topics: defining the type of welfare state we want and need, considering the model of its financing, recognizing the

31、level of contributions by each citizen, reflecting on the level of participation of the civil society in the process of consolidation of the welfare state, etc.This is a topic to consider and to make decisions about from

32、 the point of departure of rationality, rigor, sustainability, maintenance of this welfare state, etc. Therefore, a number of important facts applied to Spain should be taken into account:1) Pensions are proving to be an

33、 essential part in relation to the fact that many families can lead a dignified life due to their parents’ and grandparents’ pensions. It is an important situation that was never given in Spain and which highlights that