[雙語翻譯]施工安全外文翻譯--施工安全人員對安全培訓實踐的看法（英文）

1、Construction safety personnel's perceptions of safety training practicesSevilay Demirkesen a,1, David Arditi b,?a Department of Civil Engineering, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey b Department of Ci

2、vil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, United StatesReceived 1 September 2014; received in revised form 13 December 2014; accepted 12 January 2015 Available

3、 online 26 January 2015AbstractThe effectiveness of safety training practices is an important part of safety management on a construction site. Safety professionals’ perceptions of the effectiveness of training practices

4、 in safety training sessions were sought in a survey administered to the top 400 contractors in the U.S. The study shows that contractors are sensitive to organizational, feedback, content, process, and worker issues. Wh

5、enever they encounter language problems, they use visual aids, and provide translators and safety guidelines written in workers’ own language. Very few statistically significant differences are observed when the findings

6、 are analyzed from the point of view of the demographic characteristics of the respondents. The contribution of this study is that it conveys the views of safety personnel about how safety learning can be achieved, susta

7、ined and improved by addressing organizational, feedback, content, process, and worker issues in training sessions. It provides project managers with best practices in safety training sessions. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.

8、APM and IPMA. All rights reserved.Keywords: Safety performance; Safety training; Learning; Training language1. IntroductionConstruction is considered to be a risky endeavor because of the high frequency of work-related f

9、atalities and serious injuries. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) (2013a), the number of fatal work injuries in the U.S. was reported as 4628 in 2012, and 806 of these were recorded in the construction in

10、dustry, while the total number of non-fatal cases was 905,690 in the same year with 71,730 of those recorded in the construction industry. Given the high proportion of fatal and non-fatal accidents occurring in the const

11、ruction industry, construction companies constantly seek different and novel strategies to reduce the number of work-related accidents.The construction safety literature shows that researchers mostly focus on safety perf

12、ormance on construction sites and on ways to minimize the number and severity of accidents. For example, Huang and Hinze (2003) investigated construction worker falls and found that falls represent a high proportion of c

13、onstruction accidents that result in fatalities. Esmaeil et al. (2012) developed a framework to investigate the effectiveness of fall protection systems in roofing projects. In another study conducted by Janicak (2008),

14、the number of fatalities caused by electrocutions was found to be higher for workers in the age group 16–19, and that 125 fatalities could be prevented through effective lockout–tagout programs and verification of energy

15、 isolation. As evidenced by these few examples and many others, in general, the literature highlights the importance of the development of effective strategies in preventing work accidents in the construction industry. O

16、ne such strategy that is mentioned often in the literature is formal, well organized and effective safety training. Effective safety training may lower accident rates, but there are several challenges? Corresponding auth

17、or. Tel.: +1 312 567 5751. E-mail addresses: sevilay.demirkesen@boun.edu.tr (S. Demirkesen),arditi@iit.edu (D. Arditi). 1 Tel.: +90 212 359 44 73.www.elsevier.com/locate/ijpromanhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.

18、01.007 0263-7863/00/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. APM and IPMA. All rights reserved.Available online at www.sciencedirect.comScienceDirectInternational Journal of Project Management 33 (2015) 1160–1169Issues related to the c

19、ontent of training sessions consist of goal setting before conducting safety training and developing the safety training content with respect to worker needs and interests. A well-designed content that addresses worker n

20、eeds and interests results in higher efficiency during training sessions as workers start with different levels of knowledge (Tam and Fung, 2012). Therefore, designing safety training content requires an in-depth analysi

21、s of the materials, methods and processes that are perceived by workers to be of importance to safety. Issues related to the training process may have significant impact on the effectiveness of safety training. The use o

22、f visual aids in the training session deserves special attention. Miller et al. (2012) emphasize that the use of 4D and 5D visualization tools helps to increase the knowledge gained in training sessions. Also, observing

23、worker practices after training sessions could indicate how much workers learned in the training session. Worker-related issues include encouraging worker aware- ness about safety issues, promoting pride in work complete

24、d without accidents, and motivating workers through frequent and effective training meetings. Workers who are part of an effectively trained team take pride in their firm if projects are completed with a great safety rec

25、ord (Bontis et al., 2002). Han et al. (2008) studied critical factors and possible solutions to motivate foreign construction workers and found that one of the measures to be taken to motivate foreign construction worker

26、s was training for better communication. Wanberg et al.'s (2013) study revealed that the promotion of safety and quality can be achieved through strategies such as assigning resources to preplanning, motivating leade

27、rship at workplace, and motivat- ing workers to take pride in their work. The literature appears to support the idea that a good safety record can be achieved if workers are motivated through effective training. There ar

28、e several methods that can be used to train workers in construction safety. Kraiger (2003) highlighted four methods, namely computer-based training which is flexible, cheap and allows easy-access; team training which aim

29、s to practice with other teammates' tasks, roles and responsibilities in order to increase understanding; cross-cultural training which helps with enhancing sensitivity and flexibility towards cultural differences; a

30、nd corporate training which consists of distance learning and specialized courses. McMahan et al. (2010) encourage the use virtual environments as a strategy in worker training because they found that virtual environment

31、 applications improve worker training in pre-inspections of haul trucks and operational procedures of conveyer systems. In another study, Chen et al. (2013) proposed a virtual system that consists of a BIM/2D model devel

32、oped to enhance safety awareness by the careful consideration of hazard types and safety issues along with the testing of users' ability to resolve problems, hence offering a “l(fā)earning by doing” technique to better r

33、ecognize site hazards and gain awareness about the severity of accidents.2.2. Learning by non-English speakersMany foreign-born workers are currently employed on construction sites. According to the Bureau of Labor Stati

34、stics(BLS) (2013b), there were 25 million foreign-born persons in the U.S. labor force in 2012, comprising 16.1% of the total workforce. Foreign-born workers in occupations related to construction, maintenance, installat

35、ion, repair, and natural resource extraction constituted 11% of the total foreign-born workers in 2012. While some of these workers understand rudimentary English, others do not speak the language at all, creating a comm

36、unication problem that may become a grave issue in safety training sessions. Dai and Goodrum (2011) state that the many Hispanic workers employed in the U.S. construc- tion industry have problems in understanding their s

37、upervisors' safety instructions because their primary language is Spanish. In addition, Hispanic construction workers experience a larger number of accidents presumably because of their lack of English language skill

38、s (Dai and Goodrum, 2011). Indeed, according to the findings of a survey conducted by the Center to Protect Workers' Rights to investigate the effect of language barriers, many Spanish-speaking workers experience lan

39、guage problems and have trouble in understanding safe work procedures (Ruttenberg and Lazo, 2004). Even though training consisted of small-group activities conducted by Spanish-speaking peer trainers who used Spanish-lan

40、guage guides, handouts and power-point slides in the companies surveyed by the Center to Protect Workers' Rights, one of the most frequent requests made by the trainees was for more videos, graphics, and statistics i

41、n Spanish.Canales et al. (2009) investigated the training needs of American supervisors and Hispanic workers and found that the ability to communicate improved when American supervisors and Hispanic workers took courses

42、in Spanish and English as a second language, respectively. Han et al. (2008) found that the low performance of foreign construction workers was caused by ineffective safety training programs and lack of evaluation in saf

43、ety training sessions. Evia (2011) proposed the use of computer-based training materials in improving the training of Hispanic workers more than the localization of existing training products in English. Another study co

44、nducted by Lin et al. (2012) focused on developing 3D safety training materials on fall-related hazards for construction workers who have limited English proficiency or low literacy. The study revealed that 3D simulated

45、virtual job sites are effective in enhancing learning in training sessions by construction workers who have limited English proficiency.3. Research methodologyA questionnaire was developed to investigate safety personnel

46、's perceptions of training strategies in the top 400 contractors in the U.S. The recipients of the questionnaire survey were obtained from the top 400 contractors list of Engineering News-Record (The Top 400 Contract

47、ors, 2011). The e-mail list was developed by using information collected from websites such as http://www.jigsaw. com/ and http://cmaanet.org/search-a-cmpm. The questionnaire was administered through a service called Sur

48、veyMonkey (http:// www.surveymonkey.com). Out of the 400 companies approached, 58 responses were received by the cut-off date of October 11th, 2011, amounting to a rate of response of 15%. The actual rate of1162 S. Demir