[雙語翻譯]食品安全外文翻譯--加納城市快餐消費(fèi)者的食品安全問題

1、4500 英文單詞， 英文單詞，2.4 萬英文字符，中文 萬英文字符，中文 7500 字文獻(xiàn)出處 文獻(xiàn)出處; Omari R , Frempong G . Food safety concerns of fast food consumers in urban Ghana.[J]. Appetite, 2016, 98:49-54.Food safety concerns of fast food consumers in urban

2、GhanaRose Omari, Godfred FrempongAbstractIn Ghana, out-of-home ready-to-eat foods including fast food generally have been associated with food safety problems. Notwithstanding, fast food production and consumption are in

3、creasing in Ghana and therefore this study sought to determine the food safety issues of importance to consumers and the extent to which they worry about them. First, through three focus group discussions on consumers

4、9; personal opinions about food safety issues, some emergent themes were obtained, which were used to construct an open-ended questionnaire administered face-to-face to 425 respondents systematically sampled from 20 fast

5、 food restaurants in Accra. Findings showed that most fast food consumers were concerned about food hazards such as pesticide residue in vegetables, excessive use of artificial flavour enhancers and colouring substances,

6、 bacterial contamination, migrated harmful substances from plastic packages, and general unhygienic conditions under which food is prepared and sold. Consumers also raised concerns about foodborne diseases such as choler

7、a, typhoid, food poisoning, diarrhoea, bird flu and swine flu. The logistic regression model showed that being male increased the likelihood of worrying about general food safety issues and excessive use of flavour enhan

8、cers than in females while being youthful increased the likelihood of being worried about typhoid fever than in older consumers. These findings imply that consumers in urban Ghana are aware and concerned about current tr

9、ends of food safety and foodborne disease challenges in the country. Therefore, efforts targeted at improving food safety and reducing incidences of foodborne diseases should not only focus on public awareness creation b

10、ut should also design more comprehensive programmes to ensure the making of food safety rules and guidelines and enforcing compliance to facilitate availability and consumers' choice of safe foods.Keywords: Food safe

11、ty, Food safety concerns, Consumer concerns, Fast food, Foodborne diseases, Food hazards , Ghana1. IntroductionFood safety is an essential component of sustainable development and contributes to improved public health, i

12、ncreased food security and environmental protection. Ghana currently faces numerous food safety challenges such as microbial contamination; aflatoxin contamination; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in smoked fish a

13、nd meats; mercury in fish; pesticide residues in grains, legumes, vegetable, and fruits; food adulteration; and misuse of food additives all of which impact public health (Ministry of Health, 2013; RASFF, 2004e2007). The

14、 annual out-patient re- ported cases of foodborne illnesses such as diarrhoea, typhoid, and cholera in Ghana is about 420,000 with annual death rate not less than 65,000 (Food and Drug Authority, 2006). In 2006 alone, a

15、total of 90,692 people died from food- and personal hygiene-related illnesses in the country (Food and Drug Authority, 2006). Food- borne illnesses are in fact one of the most important underlying factors for malnutritio

16、n with a serious impact on the growth and immune systems of infants in developing countries (FAO, 2005).In Ghana, many street foods have been found not to conform to food safety standards and A mixed-method approach was

17、adopted (i.e. qualitative and quantitative) to achieve an in-depth insight into consumer perceptions of the safety of fast food (Bryman, 2004). The qualitative stage facilitated the development of a survey questionnaire

18、while the use of quantitative method made it easier to do the study on larger sample and make generalizable conclusions or to compare findings across different groups.Three focus groups (one each with male and female con

19、sumers who were students and the third one with persons in employment; n ¼ 12 for each) were held to explore and collate broad views and consumers' personal opinions about food safety issues and how these are li

20、nked with fast food consumption. Data from the focus group discussions was analysed to identify emergent themes (Huberman & Miles, 1994). The themes and some specific issues identified were then used to construct a q

21、uestionnaire, which had open-ended questions but in most cases, respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which they were worried about food safety issues, some of which have been associated with fast food. The re

22、sponses were rated on a five-point Likert scale where 1 represented ‘very worried’, 4 represented ‘not at all worried’, and 5 represented ‘don't know’.Using the semi-structured questionnaire, a cross-sectional consum

23、er survey was conducted in 20 fast food restaurants, which were systematically sampled from the four zones of Accra (Accra East, West, Central and North). The sampling frame was a list of 61 fast food restaurants that we

24、re of good standing (that is, restaurants that had obtained or renewed their licences with the Ghana Tourism Authority, an institution that issues licenses to restaurants) in the Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA) by December

25、 2012. The sample size of respondents used for the consumer survey was based on the AMA population of approximately 2 million. Using a 5% margin of error and 95% confidence level, the Qualtrics Online Sample Size Calcula

26、tor (2011) gave a sample size of 385. However, in total, 425 respondents, 15 years and older, selected by convenience sampling technique participated in the survey. This sampling technique was chosen because of the expec

27、tation that participation would be based on a self-selection of individuals willing to participate in the survey (Castillo, 2009).The questionnaires were administered face-to-face so field assistants were available to he

28、lp explain the questions and write out responses (in a language agreed by both parties) as accurately as possible. Self-administration of the questionnaire was allowed, at the request of respondents, who filled them out

29、independently to reduce potential interviewer bias. The study was part of a lager research that assessed the prevalence, characteristics and relevance of fast food in urban Ghana. Therefore, the respondents were fast foo

30、d consumers drawn from 20 fast food restaurants in Accra with the purpose of achieving a more homogenous sample (Krauss, 1995), thus resulting in less “extraneous variation” (Peterson, 2001). To ensure that respondents h

31、ad a common understanding of what fast food is and were indeed fast food consumers, they were asked to state whether they had ever eaten any of the foods generally recognized as fast food such as French fries, burgers, f

32、ried chicken, fried rice, and pizza from a fast-food restaurant. Only respondents who indicated having eaten at least one of these foods were allowed to complete the questionnaire.The data was collected over a period of

33、six weeks and on all the days of the week and at different times of the day including the nights to ensure the inclusion of various categories of fast food consumers. The pre-test and pilot questionnaire was distributed

34、to two percent of the final sample size but the respondents who participated were not included in the final sample. This number was not pre-determined, but continued until respondents did not require further clarificatio