簡(jiǎn)介：THEROLEOFTRANSPORTATIONINLOGISTICSCHAINYUNGYUTSENGPHDCANDIDATETRANSPORTSYSTEMSCENTREUNIVERSITYOFSOUTHAUSTRALIAGPOBOX2471ADELAIDE,SOUTHAUSTRALIA5001AUSTRALIAFAX61883021880EMAILYUNGYUTSENGUNISAEDUAUWENLONGYUEPROGRAMDIRECTORTRANSPORTSYSTEMSCENTREUNIVERSITYOFSOUTHAUSTRALIAGPOBOX2471ADELAIDE,SOUTHAUSTRALIA5001AUSTRALIAFAX61883021880EMAILWENYUEUNISAEDUAUMICHAELAPTAYLORDIRECTORTRANSPORTSYSTEMSCENTREUNIVERSITYOFSOUTHAUSTRALIAGPOBOX2471ADELAIDE,SOUTHAUSTRALIA5001AUSTRALIAFAX61883021880EMAILMICHAELTAYLORUNISAEDUAUABSTRACTTHEOPERATIONOFTRANSPORTATIONDETERMINESTHEEFFICIENCYOFMOVINGPRODUCTSTHEPROGRESSINTECHNIQUESANDMANAGEMENTPRINCIPLESIMPROVESTHEMOVINGLOAD,DELIVERYSPEED,SERVICEQUALITY,OPERATIONCOSTS,THEUSAGEOFFACILITIESANDENERGYSAVINGTRANSPORTATIONTAKESACRUCIALPARTINTHEMANIPULATIONOFLOGISTICREVIEWINGTHECURRENTCONDITION,ASTRONGSYSTEMNEEDSACLEARFRAMEOFLOGISTICSANDAPROPERTRANSPORTIMPLEMENTSANDTECHNIQUESTOLINKTHEPRODUCINGPROCEDURESTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHEPAPERISTODEFINETHEROLEOFTRANSPORTATIONINLOGISTICSFORTHEREFERENCEOFFURTHERIMPROVEMENTTHERESEARCHWASUNDERTAKENTOASSISTLOGISTICSMANAGERS,RESEARCHERSANDTRANSPORTATIONPLANNERSTODEFINEANDCOMPREHENDTHEBASICVIEWSOFLOGISTICSANDITSVARIOUSAPPLICATIONSANDTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENLOGISTICSANDTRANSPORTATIONKEYWORDSLOGISTICS,TRANSPORTATION,CITYLOGISTICS1INTRODUCTIONSINCELOGISTICSADVANCEDFROM1950S,THEREWERENUMEROUSRESEARCHESFOCUSEDONTHISAREAINDIFFERENTAPPLICATIONSDUETOTHETRENDOFNATIONALISATIONANDGLOBALISATIONINRECENTDECADES,THEIMPORTANCEOFLOGISTICSMANAGEMENTHASBEENGROWINGINVARIOUSAREASFORINDUSTRIES,LOGISTICSHELPSTOOPTIMISETHEEXISTINGPRODUCTIONANDDISTRIBUTIONPROCESSESBASEDONTHESAMERESOURCESTHROUGHMANAGEMENTTECHNIQUESFORPROMOTINGTHEEFFICIENCYANDCOMPETITIVENESSOFENTERPRISESTHEKEYELEMENTINALOGISTICSCHAINISTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEM,WHICHJOINTSTHESEPARATEDACTIVITIESTRANSPORTATIONOCCUPIESONETHIRDOFTHEAMOUNTINTHELOGISTICSCOSTSANDTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMSINFLUENCETHEPERFORMANCEOFLOGISTICSSYSTEMHUGELYTRANSPORTINGISREQUIREDINTHEWHOLEPRODUCTIONPROCEDURES,FROMMANUFACTURINGTODELIVERYTOTHEFINALCONSUMERSANDRETURNSONLYAGOODCOORDINATIONBETWEENEACHCOMPONENTWOULDBRINGTHEBENEFITSTOAMAXIMUMTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTORECLARIFYANDREDEFINETHEPOSITIONRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTRANSPORTATIONANDLOGISTICSSYSTEMSTHROUGHCOLLECTINGANDANALYSINGVARIOUSAPPLICATIONPROCEEDINGSOFTHEEASTERNASIASOCIETYFORTRANSPORTATIONSTUDIES,VOL5,PP16571672,20051657LOGISTICSSERVICESCOMPRISEPHYSICALACTIVITIESEGTRANSPORT,STORAGEASWELLASNONPHYSICALACTIVITIESEGSUPPLYCHAINDESIGN,SELECTIONOFCONTRACTORS,FREIGHTAGENEGOTIATIONSMOSTACTIVITIESOFLOGISTICSSERVICESAREBIDIRECTIONINFORMATIONSYSTEMSINCLUDEMODELLINGANDMANAGEMENTOFDECISIONMAKING,ANDMOREIMPORTANTISSUESARETRACKINGANDTRACINGITPROVIDESESSENTIALDATAANDCONSULTATIONINEACHSTEPOFTHEINTERACTIONAMONGLOGISTICSSERVICESANDTHETARGETSTATIONSINFRASTRUCTURECOMPRISESHUMANRESOURCES,FINANCIALRESOURCES,PACKAGINGMATERIALS,WAREHOUSES,TRANSPORTANDCOMMUNICATIONSMOSTFIXEDCAPITALISFORBUILDINGTHOSEINFRASTRUCTURESTHEYARECONCRETEFOUNDATIONSANDBASEMENTSWITHINLOGISTICSSYSTEMSFIGURE1OVERVIEWOFLOGISTICSSYSTEMSOURCEBTRE,200123HISTORYANDADVANCEMENTOFLOGISTICSLOGISTICSWASINITIALLYAMILITARYACTIVITYCONCERNEDWITHGETTINGSOLDIERSANDMUNITIONSTOTHEBATTLEFRONTINTIMEFORFLIGHT,BUTITISNOWSEENASANINTEGRALPARTOFTHEMODERNPRODUCTIONPROCESSTHEMAINBACKGROUNDOFITSDEVELOPMENTISTHATTHERECESSIONOFAMERICAINTHE1950SCAUSEDTHEINDUSTRIALTOPLACEIMPORTANCEONGOODSCIRCULATIONSTHETERM,LOGISTICS,WASINITIALLYDEVELOPEDINTHECONTEXTOFMILITARYACTIVITIESINTHELATE18THANDEARLY19THCENTURIESANDITLAUNCHEDFROMTHEMILITARYLOGISTICSOFWORLDWARIITHEPROBABLEORIGINOFTHETERMISTHEGREEKLOGISTIKOS,MEANING‘SKILLEDINCALCULATING’BTRE,2001MILITARYDEFINITIONSTYPICALLYINCORPORATETHESUPPLY,MOVEMENTANDQUARTERINGOFTROOPSINASETANDNOW,ANUMBEROFRESEARCHESWERETAKENANDMADELOGISTICSAPPLICATIONSFROMMILITARYPROCEEDINGSOFTHEEASTERNASIASOCIETYFORTRANSPORTATIONSTUDIES,VOL5,PP16571672,20051659

簡(jiǎn)介：中南大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）附錄一外文文獻(xiàn)附錄一外文文獻(xiàn)VIEWPOINTIMPROVEMENTSANDINTEGRATIONOFAPUBLICTRANSPORTSYSTEMTHECASEOFSINGAPOREMUHAMMADFAISHALIBRAHIMTHISPAPERILLUSTRATESTHEINITIATIVESUNDERTAKENINSINGAPORETOIMPROVEANDENHANCETHEPUBLICTRANSPORTSYSTEMBEINGASMALLCITYSTATE,WITHLIMITEDLANDSUPPLY,ENCOURAGINGTHEUSEOFPUBLICTRANSPORTANDRESTRAININGCAROWNERSHIPANDUSAGESEEMSTOBEANOBVIOUSCHOICEINMANAGINGTHECITY一STATESTRANSPORTPROBLEMSPOLICYCOVERSNOTONLYIMPROVEMENTSOFTHEPUBLICMODESBUTALSOENHANCEMENTOFALLINTERMEDIATEANDENDPOINTFACILITIES,SUCHASLINKWAYS,CUSTOMERSERVICEANDSERVICEINFORMATIONINADDITION,POLICYMAKERSAREALSOMOVINGTOWARDSVARIOUSASPECTSOFINTEGRATIONINTHEPURSUITOFACHIEVINGSEAMLESSTRAVELVIATHEPUBLICTRANSPORTSYSTEMKEYWORDSPUBLICPOLICY,INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY,PLANNINGINTRODUCTIONTHEREHASBEENADRAMATICGROWTHINTRAVELOVERTHEPASTTWODECADESFORINSTANCE,INGREATBRITAIN,THEAGGREGATEDISTANCETRAVELLEDHASINCREASEDBY450L0OVERAPERIODOFABOUT25YEARSDEPARTMENTOFTRANSPORT,LOCALGOVERNMENTANDTHEREGIONS,2001MACKETT1994SUGGESTSTHREEMAINREASONSFORTHIS,INCLUDINGINCREASINGCARUSE,CHANGINGTRIPPATTERNSANDDISPERSALOFURBANACTIVITIESHOWEVER,THETRENDOFINCREASINGTRAVELDEMAND,PARTICULARLYBYMOTORVEHICLEUSE,ISINCREASINGLYBECOMINGANALARMINGTHREATTOTHEGLOBALENVIRONMENTROSEANDAMPT,2001,ANDGARDINER1991MENTIONSTHATTRANSPORTISTHECAUSEOFMANYOFTHEWORSTSUSTAINABILITYTHREATSAWARENESSOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTHASBECOMESIGNIFICANTSINCETHEREPORTOFCLUBOFROMETHISAWARENESSSURGEDINTHELATE1980SAND1990S,WITHMOREPUBLICATIONSRELATINGTOENVIRONMENTALPOLICY,SUCHASTHEBRUNDTLANDREPORTIN1987,THERIODECLARATIONONENVIRONMENTANDDEVELOPMENTIN1992ANDTHEUNITEDNATIONSFRAMEWORKCONVENTIONONCLIMATECHANGEIN1994BUTTONETAL1996ANDTHEKYOTOMEETINGIN1997INRECENTYEARS,SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTHASBEENAMONGSTTHETOPAGENDAITEMSOFGOVERNMENTS,ASWELLASRESEARCHERS,ACROSSTHEGLOBEFOREXAMPLE,MACKETT,1994QUINN,1994BARREN,1995JORGENSEN,1995CHEUNGANDHOEN,1996NEWMAN,1996SPAETHLING,1996GURNEYETAL,1998THEHEIGHTENINGOFAWARENESSOFSUSTAMABLEDEVELOPMENTANDENVIRONMENTAL中南大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）附錄一外文文獻(xiàn)TRAFFICCONGESTION5IMPROVINGTHEPUBLICTRANSPORTSYSTEMTHELANDTRANSPORTAUTHORITYLTA,ASTATUTORYBOARDUNDERTHEMINISTRYOFTRANSPORT,SPEARHEADSALLLANDTRANSPORTDEVELOPMENTSINSINGAPOREITISRESPONSIBLEFORTHEPLANNING,DEVELOPMENTANDMANAGEMENTOFTHELANDTRANSPORTSYSTEMINATTEMPTINGTOACHIEVEA“WORLDCLASSLANDTRANSPORTSYSTEM“,ITBROADLYAIMSTO“PROVIDEAQUALITY,INTEGRATEDANDEFFICIENTLANDTRANSPORTSYSTEMWHICHMEETSTHENEEDSANDEXPECTATIONSOFSINGAPOREANS,SUPPORTSECONOMICANDENVIRONMENTALGOALS,ANDPROVIDESVALUEFORMONEY“LTA,1998INWORKINGTOWARDSTHESEGOALS,THELTAWORKSCLOSELYWITHOTHERGOVERNMENTAGENCIESTOENSURETHATTHETRANSPORTSYSTEMSAREWELLPLANNEDANDPROPERLYINTEGRATEDWITHURBANDEVELOPMENTSSINGAPOREHASBEENACTIVELYIMPROVINGITSINTEGRATEDTRANSPORTATIONPOLICYALLDEVELOPMENTS,BEITAMAJORNEWTOWNORASHOPPINGCENTRE,HAVEELEMENTSOFTRANSPORTANDLANDUSEINTEGRATIONASEARLYASATITSPLANNINGSTAGEHOWEVER,THEISSUESOFMOTORVEHICLEUSAGE,OWNERSHIPANDPUBLICTRANSPORTHAVEALWAYSBEENATTHECENTRESTAGEOFEVERYRESIDENTSCONCERNSSINGAPORESSMALLSIZENEGATESTHETHOUGHTOFINDEFINITEEXPANSIONOFTHEROADNETWORKANDUNCONTROLLEDUSAGEOFTHEMOTORVEHICLE,THUSJUSTIFYINGFARMOREUTILISATIONOFPUBLICTRANSPORTHENCE,WHILEDEVELOPINGASYSTEMTOCONTROLTHEUSEANDOWNERSHIPOFMOTORVEHICLES,THEGOVERNMENTHASALSOALWAYSBEENATTEMPTINGTOIMPROVETHEPUBLICTRANSPORTSYSTEMSTOMAKETHEMAMOREATTRACTIVEALTERNATIVETOTHEPRIVATECARTHEGOVERNMENTAIMSTOPROVIDERESIDENTSWITHA“WIDESPECTRUM“OFINTEGRATEDTRANSPORTCHOICESANDATRANSPORTSYSTEMTHATOFFERS“HIGHQUALITYSERVICES,ISCONVENIENT,ACCESSIBLE,COMFORTABLE,SAFE,SPEEDYANDAFFORDABLETOTHEMAJORITYOFSINGAPOREANS“LTA,1996ACCORDINGTOTHEMINISTRYOFTRANSPORT,THESINGAPOREGOVERNMENTTAKES“TRANSPORTPLANNINGSERIOUSLYANDTAKESPREVENTIVESTEPSASFARASPOSSIBLEBEFORETHEPROBLEMSBECOMEUNMANAGEABLE“THERESULTOFTHETRANSPORTPOLICYISNOTPERFECT,“BUTRELATIVETOOTHERCITIES,WEHAVEMORESUCCESSFULLYACHIEVEDEFFECTIVEANDEFFICIENTMOBILITYFOROURPEOPLE“KHAW,2002ASARESULTOFFORCESMANIFESTEDASGLOBALIZATION,PEOPLENOWHAVEDIFFERENTTIMEDISTANCEPERCEPTIONS,ANDNEWPATTERNSOFRECREATIONANDLEISUREHAVEEMERGEDTHEIMPLICATIONFORLTAISTHATITNOWHASTOCONTENDWITHAHIGHLYSOPHISTICATEDPOPULATIONWITHGREATERDEMANDSTHANBEFOREASPROPOSEDINCONCEPTPLAN2001,LTAWILLBEDEVELOPINGTHEROADANDRAPIDTRANSITSYSTEMMASTERPLANSTOCATERTOTHETRANSPORTNEEDSOFTHEINCREASEDPOPULATIONOF2045LTSOBJECTIVEISTODEVELOPANINTEGRATEDLANDANDTRANSPORTINFRASTRUCTURE,WHEREPEOPLECANCOMMUTESEAMLESSLYFROMONEPLACETOANOTHERTHEREFORE,THISPAPERATTEMPTSTODISCUSSTHERELENTLESSEFFORTOFTHESINGAPOREGOVERNMENTINIMPROVINGANDINTEGRATINGITSPUBLICTRANSPORTSYSTEM,ASWELLASITSREGULATIONOFTHEUSEOFTHECAR

簡(jiǎn)介：DOI101007/S0017000423279ORIGINALARTICLEINTJADVMANUFTECHNOL20062853–60HUAMINZHOUDEQUNLIINTEGRATEDSIMULATIONOFTHEINJECTIONMOLDINGPROCESSWITHSTEREOLITHOGRAPHYMOLDSRECEIVED5MARCH2004/ACCEPTED5JULY2004/PUBLISHEDONLINE6APRIL2005?SPRINGERVERLAGLONDONLIMITED2005ABSTRACTFUNCTIONALPARTSARENEEDEDFORDESIGNVERIFICATIONTESTING,FIELDTRIALS,CUSTOMEREVALUATION,ANDPRODUCTIONPLANNINGBYELIMINATINGMULTIPLESTEPS,THECREATIONOFTHEINJECTIONMOLDDIRECTLYBYARAPIDPROTOTYPINGRPPROCESSHOLDSTHEBESTPROMISEOFREDUCINGTHETIMEANDCOSTNEEDEDTOMOLDLOWVOLUMEQUANTITIESOFPARTSTHEPOTENTIALOFTHISINTEGRATIONOFINJECTIONMOLDINGWITHRPHASBEENDEMONSTRATEDMANYTIMESWHATISMISSINGISTHEFUNDAMENTALUNDERSTANDINGOFHOWTHEMODIFICATIONSTOTHEMOLDMATERIALANDRPMANUFACTURINGPROCESSIMPACTBOTHTHEMOLDDESIGNANDTHEINJECTIONMOLDINGPROCESSINADDITION,NUMERICALSIMULATIONTECHNIQUESHAVENOWBECOMEHELPFULTOOLSOFMOLDDESIGNERSANDPROCESSENGINEERSFORTRADITIONALINJECTIONMOLDINGBUTALLCURRENTSIMULATIONPACKAGESFORCONVENTIONALINJECTIONMOLDINGARENOLONGERAPPLICABLETOTHISNEWTYPEOFINJECTIONMOLDS,MAINLYBECAUSETHEPROPERTYOFTHEMOLDMATERIALCHANGESGREATLYINTHISPAPER,ANINTEGRATEDAPPROACHTOACCOMPLISHANUMERICALSIMULATIONOFINJECTIONMOLDINGINTORAPIDPROTOTYPEDMOLDSISESTABLISHEDANDACORRESPONDINGSIMULATIONSYSTEMISDEVELOPEDCOMPARISONSWITHEXPERIMENTALRESULTSAREEMPLOYEDFORVERIFICATION,WHICHSHOWTHATTHEPRESENTSCHEMEISWELLSUITEDTOHANDLERPFABRICATEDSTEREOLITHOGRAPHYSLMOLDSKEYWORDSINJECTIONMOLDINGNUMERICALSIMULATIONRAPIDPROTOTYPING1INTRODUCTIONININJECTIONMOLDING,THEPOLYMERMELTATHIGHTEMPERATUREISINJECTEDINTOTHEMOLDUNDERHIGHPRESSURE1THUS,THEMOLDMATERIALNEEDSTOHAVETHERMALANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESCAPABLEOFWITHSTANDINGTHETEMPERATURESANDPRESSURESOFTHEMOLDINGCYCLETHEFOCUSOFMANYSTUDIESHASBEENTOCREATETHEHZHOUUDLISTATEKEYLABOFMOLDU,VARETHEAVERAGEWHOLEGAPTHICKNESSESANDΗ,Ρ,CPT,KTREPRESENTVISCOSITY,DENSITY,SPECIFICHEATANDTHERMALCONDUCTIVITYOFPOLYMERMELT,RESPECTIVELYINADDITION,BOUNDARYCONDITIONSINTHEGAPWISEDIRECTIONCANBEDEFINEDASUWV0,TTWATZB5?U?Z0?V?Z,?T?Z0,W0ATZ06WHERETWISTHECONSTANTWALLTEMPERATURESHOWNINFIG2ACOMBININGEQS1–4WITHEQS5–6,ITFOLLOWSTHATTHEDISTRIBUTIONSOFTHEU,V,T,PATZCOORDINATESSHOULDBESYMMETRICAL,WITHTHEMIRRORAXISBEINGZ0,ANDCONSEQUENTLYTHEU,VAVERAGEDINHALFGAPTHICKNESSISEQUALTOTHATAVERAGEDINWHOLEGAPTHICKNESSBASEDONTHISCHARACTERISTIC,WECANDIVIDETHEWHOLECAVITYINTOTWOEQUALPARTSINTHEGAPWISEDIRECTION,ASDESCRIBEDBYPARTIANDPARTIIINFIG2BATTHESAMETIME,TRIANGULARFINITEELEMENTSAREGENERATEDINTHESURFACESOFTHECAVITYATZ0INFIG2B,INSTEADOFTHEMIDDLEPLANEATZ0INFIG2AACCORDINGLY,FINITEDIFFERENCEINCREMENTSINTHEGAPWISEDIRECTIONAREEMPLOYEDONLYINTHEINSIDEOFTHESURFACESWALLTOMIDDLE/CENTERLINE,WHICH,INFIG2B,MEANSFROMZ0TOZBTHISISSINGLESIDEDINSTEADOFTWOSIDEDWITHRESPECTTOTHEMIDDLEPLANEIEFROMTHEMIDDLELINETOTWOWALLSINADDITION,THECOORDINATESYSTEMISCHANGEDFROMFIG2ATOFIG2BTOALTERTHEFINITEELEMENT/FINITEDIFFERENCESCHEME,ASSHOWNINFIG2BWITHTHEABOVEADJUSTMENT,GOVERNINGEQUATIONSARESTILLEQS1–4HOWEVER,THEORIGINALBOUNDARYCONDITIONSINTHEGAPWISEDIRECTIONAREREWRITTENASUWV0,TTWATZ07?U?Z0?V?Z,?T?Z0,W0ATZB8MEANWHILE,ADDITIONALBOUNDARYCONDITIONSMUSTBEEMPLOYEDATZBINORDERTOKEEPTHEFLOWSATTHEJUNCTUREOFTHETWOPARTSATTHESAMESECTIONCOORDINATE7UIUIIVIVIITITIIPIPIIATZB9CM?ICM?II10WHERESUBSCRIPTSI,IIREPRESENTTHEPARAMETERSOFPARTIANDPARTII,RESPECTIVELY,ANDCMIANDCMIIINDICATETHEMOVINGFREEFIG2A,BILLUSTRATIVEOFBOUNDARYCONDITIONSINTHEGAPWISEDIRECTIONAOFTHEMIDDLEPLANEMODELBOFTHESURFACEMODELMELTFRONTSOFTHESURFACESOFTHEDIVIDEDTWOPARTSINTHEFILLINGSTAGEITSHOULDBENOTEDTHAT,UNLIKECONDITIONSEQS7AND8,ENSURINGCONDITIONSEQS9AND10AREUPHELDINNUMERICALIMPLEMENTATIONSBECOMESMOREDIFFICULTDUETOTHEFOLLOWINGREASONS1THESURFACESATTHESAMESECTIONHAVEBEENMESHEDRESPECTIVELY,WHICHLEADSTOADISTINCTIVEPATTERNOFFINITEELEMENTSATTHESAMESECTIONTHUS,ANINTERPOLATIONOPERATIONSHOULDBEEMPLOYEDFORU,V,T,PDURINGTHECOMPARISONBETWEENTHETWOPARTSATTHEJUNCTURE2BECAUSETHETWOPARTSHAVERESPECTIVEFLOWFIELDSWITHRESPECTTOTHENODESATPOINTAANDPOINTCASSHOWNINFIG2BATTHESAMESECTION,ITISPOSSIBLETOHAVEEITHERBOTHFILLEDORONEFILLEDANDONEEMPTYTHESETWOCASESSHOULDBEHANDLEDSEPARATELY,AVERAGINGTHEOPERATIONFORTHEFORMER,WHEREASASSIGNINGOPERATIONFORTHELATTER3ITFOLLOWSTHATASMALLDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEMELTFRONTSISPERMISSIBLETHATALLOWANCECANBEIMPLEMENTEDBYTIMEALLOWANCECONTROLORPREFERABLELOCATIONALLOWANCECONTROLOFTHEMELTFRONTNODES4THEBOUNDARIESOFTHEFLOWFIELDEXPANDBYEACHMELTFRONTADVANCEMENT,SOITISNECESSARYTOCHECKTHECONDITIONEQ10AFTEREACHCHANGEINTHEMELTFRONT5INVIEWOFABOVEMENTIONEDANALYSIS,THEPHYSICALPARAMETERSATTHENODESOFTHESAMESECTIONSHOULDBECOMPAREDANDADJUSTED,SOTHEINFORMATIONDESCRIBINGFINITEELEMENTSOFTHESAMESECTIONSHOULDBEPREPAREDBEFORESIMULATION,THATIS,THEMATCHINGOPERATIONAMONGTHEELEMENTSSHOULDBEPREFORMED222NUMERICALIMPLEMENTATIONPRESSUREFIELDINMODELINGVISCOSITYΗ,WHICHISAFUNCTIONOFSHEARRATE,TEMPERATUREANDPRESSUREOFMELT,THESHEARTHINNINGBEHAVIORCANBEWELLREPRESENTEDBYACROSSTYPEMODELSUCHASΗ˙Γ,T,PΗ0T,P1?Η0˙Γ?Τ??1?N11WHERENCORRESPONDSTOTHEPOWERLAWINDEX,ANDΤ?CHARACTERIZESTHESHEARSTRESSLEVELOFTHETRANSITIONREGIONBETWEENTHENEWTONIANANDPOWERLAWASYMPTOTICLIMITSINTERMSOF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簡(jiǎn)介：河南科技大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)1外文資料PERFORMANCEOFICESTORAGESYSTEMUTILIZINGACOMBINEDPARTIALANDFULLSTORAGESTRATEGYABSTRACTACOMBINEDSYSTEMISANEWTHERMALSTORAGESTRATEGYADOPTEDINTHISSTUDYWITHWHICHTHETWOOTHERKNOWNSTRATEGIESNAMELY,PARTIALANDFULLLOAD,ARECOMPAREDTHERESULTSREVEALEDTHATTHECOMBINEDSYSTEMREQUIRESLARGEREQUIPMENTSIZETHANTHATREQUIREDBYPARTIALSYSTEMTOSATISFYTHESAMECOOLINGLOADFACTORSFANDFTHATPFMAYBEMULTIPLIEDBYTHEDAILYAVERAGECOOLINGLOADTODETERMINETHEOPTIMUMCHILLERSSIZEFORACOMBINEDSYSTEMAREFOUNDTHESEFACTORSAREAPPLICABLEFORANYCOOLINGLOADANDAREBASEDONAGIVENCHILLERCONDENSINGANDEVAPORATINGCONDITIONASUSEDINTHISSTUDYTHESEFACTORSAREFOUNDTOVARYWITHTHENUMBEROFONPEAKHOURSCOMBINEDSTRATEGYREQUIREDCHILLERSIZEWASFOUNDTODECREASEWITHDECREASEINONPEAKPERIOD,HENCETHEOPTIMUMCHILLERSIZEFORTHISNEWSTRATEGYWASFOUNDTOOCCURATZEROONPEAKHOURS,ANDIE,WHENTHECOMBINEDSYSTEMSTARTSTOOPERATEASAPARTIALSTRATEGYSYSTEMKEYWORDSICESTORAGESYSTEM1INTRODUCTIONTHERMALSTORAGEISTHETEMPORARYSTORAGEOFHIGHORLOWTEMPERATUREENERGYFORLATERUSEAIRCONDITIONINGSYSTEMTHATEMPLOYSTHERMALSTORAGEEQUIPMENTINCORPORATESTWOSTRATEGIES,THEPARTIALANDFULLLOADFOREITHEROFTHESESTRATEGIES,INVESTIGATIONSWEREMADETODETERMINETHEPOSSIBLESAVINGINCHILLERSIZEASCOMPAREDWITHCONVENTIONALCOOLINGSYSTEMTHEPARTIALANDFULLSTORAGESTRATEGIESWEREPREVIOUSLYSTUDIEDINDEPENDENTLYANDTHERESULTSOBTAINEDHADSHOWNTHATTHECHILLERSIZEREQUIREDINPARTIALSTRATEGYISSMALLERTHANTHATREQUIREDINFULLSTRATEGYTOSATISFYTHESAMECOOLINGLOAD河南科技大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)3FULLSTRATEGIESATTHESAMETIME,ITISIMPORTANTTOFINDTHEMINIMUMCOMBINATIONCHILLERSIZETHATWILLSATISFYTHECOOLINGLOADATASETOFCONDITIONSTHESECONDITIONSARETHEEVAPORATINGANDCONDENSINGPRESSUREANDTEMPERATUREANDTHENUMBEROFONPEAKHOURSDURINGWHICHONLYTHEPARTIALCHILLERISKEPTRUNNINGTHEPROCEDUREADOPTEDINTHISSTUDYINFINDINGTHEMINIMUMCHILLERSIZEMAYBESUMMARIZEDASFOLLOWAANINITIALASSUMPTIONOFTHEPARTIALCHILLERSIZEISTOBEMADETHECHILLERSIZETHUSASSUMEDSHOULDBERELATED,SOMEHOW,TOTHECOOLINGLOADTWODISTINCTVALUESOFTHECOOLINGLOADARETHEMAXIMUMANDTHEAVERAGEVALUEANDTHELATERISCHOSENINTHISSTUDYHENCETHEINITIALPARTIALCHILLERSIZEWILLBETHEAVERAGECOOLINGLOADMULTIPLIEDBYACERTAIN,ARBITRARILYSELECTED,FACTORFPBSINCEAIRCOOLEDCHILLERISUSED,ITSCONDENSINGTEMPERATUREWOULDVARYACCORDINGTOINLETAMBIENTAIRTEMPERATURETHEREFORETHEINITIALPARTIALCHILLERSIZEWOULDBEBASEDONTHECONDENSINGTEMPERATUREATWHICHMAXIMUMCOOLINGLOADOCCURSCCHILLERCAPACITYISTHENDETERMINEDHOURLYANDFORTHEDAILYCYCLEATTHEDIFFERENTEXISTINGCONDENSINGTEMPERATUREDTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEDAILYCYCLECOOLINGLOADANDTHEDAILYTOTALPARTIALSTRATEGYCHILLERCAPACITYWOULDBEMETBYTHEFULLSTRATEGYCHILLERTHESIZEOFTHISCHILLERISASSUMEDTOBEEQUALTOTHEAVERAGECOOLINGLOADMULTIPLIEDBYAFACTORFANDMUSTEQUALTOTHEDIFFERENCEINDICATEDABOVEIFTHISCONDITIONISNOTSATISFIEDTHENANOTHERVALUEOFFFISSELECTEDETHECOMBINEDSTRATEGYCHILLERSIZEOBTAINEDBYTHEINITIALRUNWITHTHEASSUMEDFPANDCALCULATEDFFMAYNOTBETHEOPTIMUMTHEREFOREANITERATIONPROCEDUREISADOPTEDANDTHEFACTORFPISCHANGEDPROGRESSIVELYUNTILAMINIMUMCHILLERSIZEISOBTAINEDFINORDERTOFINDTHERELATIONBETWEENOPTIMUMCHILLERSIZEANDCOOLINGLOADATDIFFERENTONPEAKHOURS,THEABOVEPROCEDUREISREPEATEDFOREACHONPEAKPERIODSTARTINGFROMSIXANDENDINGWITHZEROONPEAK

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文5275字出處出處THEINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFADVANCEDMANUFACTURINGTECHNOLOGY,2000,167461468畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯基于模糊綜合評(píng)價(jià)與遺傳算法的公差優(yōu)化分配學(xué)院機(jī)械工程與自動(dòng)化學(xué)院專業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化指導(dǎo)教師2011年6月22綜述公差分配方法綜述公差分配方法2121一般的分配方法一般的分配方法當(dāng)裝配功能需求給定時(shí)，N個(gè)零件的公差值必須得到解決。由于給定的條件幾乎總是不足，所以公差通常被視為相等的。所采用的方法通常包括同容差法，不斷精度因子的方法，同樣影響的一種方法和比例縮放方法。211相同公差在這種方法里，所有零件的公差值在滿足功能要求的前提下都是相等的，也就是TI表示第I個(gè)零件的公差值212常數(shù)因子法常數(shù)因子法基于經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則，一個(gè)零件的公差按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)的立方根增大，從而當(dāng)時(shí)，因子P可按下式計(jì)算這里J表示裝配的功能要求213同因素方法裝配功能的要求受兩個(gè)因素影響，一個(gè)是每個(gè)零件的公差值，另一個(gè)是功能靈敏度系數(shù)，故這種方法可表述如下214比例縮放方法零件公差首先使用比例縮放方法的數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行確定。如果零件公差的總和超過所要求的裝配公差，則每個(gè)零件的公差減少相應(yīng)的尺寸，一般表述為

簡(jiǎn)介：MULTIBODYSYSTDYN201533207–228DOI101007/S1104401494098INTEGRATEDROBUSTCONTROLLERFORVEHICLEPATHFOLLOWINGBEHROOZMASHADIPOUYANAHMADIZADEHMAJIDMAJIDIMEHDIMAHMOODIKALEYBARRECEIVED8MARCH2013/ACCEPTED8JANUARY2014/PUBLISHEDONLINE5FEBRUARY2014?SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIADORDRECHT2014ABSTRACTTHEDESIGNOFANINTEGRATED4WSDYCCONTROLSYSTEMTOGUIDEAVEHICLEONADESIREDPATHISPRESENTEDTHELATERALDYNAMICSOFTHEPATHFOLLOWERVEHICLEISFORMULATEDBYCONSIDERINGIMPORTANTPARAMETERSTOREDUCETHEEFFECTOFUNCERTAINTIESINVEHICLEPARAMETERS,AROBUSTCONTROLLERISDESIGNEDBASEDONAΜSYNTHESISAPPROACHNUMERICALSIMULATIONSAREPERFORMEDUSINGANONLINEARVEHICLEMODELINMATLABENVIRONMENTINORDERTOINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEDESIGNEDCONTROLLERRESULTSOFSIMULATIONSSHOWTHATTHECONTROLLERHASAPROFOUNDABILITYTOMAKINGTHEVEHICLETRACKTHEDESIREDPATHINTHEPRESENCEOFUNCERTAINTIESKEYWORDSVEHICLEPATHFOLLOWING4WSDYCROBUSTCONTROLΜSYNTHESISNOTATIONALPHABETICASTATESPACEMATRIXBINPUTMATRIXCOUTPUTMATRIXCSETOFCOMPLEXNUMBERSCΑFCΑRCORNERINGSTIFFNESSOFFRONTREARTIRESDOUTPUTFROMPERTURBATIONBLOCKDCONSTANTSCALINGMATRIXEDISTURBANCEMATRIXCGCENTEROFGRAVITYBMASHADIPAHMADIZADEHBMMAJIDISCHOOLOFAUTOMOTIVEENGINEERING,IRANUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,TEHRAN,IRANEMAILP_AHMADIZADEHIUSTACIRMMAJIDIEMAILM_MAJIDIIUSTACIRMMAHMOODIKALEYBARSCHOOLOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,IRANUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,TEHRAN,IRANEMAILM_MAHMOODI_KIUSTACIRINTEGRATEDROBUSTCONTROLLERFORVEHICLEPATHFOLLOWING2091INTRODUCTIONWITHTHEPOPULATIONGROWTH,THENUMBERSOFVEHICLESANDPASSENGERSHAVEBEENINCREASEDINTHESTREETSANDHIGHWAYSLEADINGTOMORETRAFFICPROBLEMSSEVERALMEASURESSUCHASBUILDINGNEWHIGHWAYSANDROADSHAVEBEENCONSIDEREDINORDERTOREDUCETRAFFICCONGESTIONANDINCREASINGSAFETY,BUTSUCHMEASURESDONOTALWAYSSUFFICEBECAUSEOFENVIRONMENTALANDCOSTCONSTRAINTSONEWAYTOIMPROVETHESAFETYOFROADSISTOREMOVETHEHUMANELEMENTERRORSDURINGDRIVINGTHISCANLEADTOAUTOMATICDRIVINGTECHNOLOGY,WHICHISTHEFUNDAMENTALOFINTELLIGENTTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMSITSANDISBEINGSTUDIEDBYMANYRESEARCHERSDURINGRECENTYEARSTHEPRIMARYTASKOFAUTOMATICDRIVINGISTOMAKEANAUTONOMOUSVEHICLETOFOLLOWAREFERENCEPATHAUTOMATICALLYDURINGTHISPATHFOLLOWING,THEREFORE,SEVERALISSUESSHOULDBECONSIDEREDTOHAVEANACCEPTABLEPATHCONTROLVEHICLECONTROLLERSTHATMEETTHESEREQUIREMENTSARECALLEDPATHFOLLOWERSTHEGOALOFAPATHFOLLOWINGCONTROLLERISTOMINIMIZETHELATERALDISTANCEBETWEENTHEVEHICLEANDADEFINEDPATH,TOMINIMIZETHEDIFFERENCEINTHEVEHICLEANDTHEPATHHEADINGSANDTOLIMITTHECONTROLINPUTTOSMOOTHENTHEMOTIONSWHILEMAINTAININGTHESTABILITYSEVERALSTUDIESHAVEBEENCARRIEDOUTREGARDINGTHEPATHFOLLOWINGPROBLEMELHAJJAJIETAL1FOCUSEDONTHEDESIGNOFASTABILIZINGFUZZYCONTROLLERFORTHEPATHFOLLOWINGPROBLEMOFVEHICLESUSINGANONLINEARDYNAMICSMODELTHEVEHICLEMODELISAPPROXIMATEDBYASETOFLINEARMODELSINTERPOLATEDBYFUZZYMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONS,ANDTHENAMODELBASEDFUZZYCONTROLLERISDEVELOPEDTOSTABILIZETHEMODELTHENTHEOUTCOMEOFTHEPATHFOLLOWINGPROBLEMISPARAMETERIZEDINTERMSOFALINEARMATRIXINEQUALITYLMIPROBLEMTHELMIPROBLEMISSOLVEDBYACONVEXOPTIMIZATIONTECHNIQUETOCOMPLETETHEFUZZYPATHFOLLOWINGCONTROLDESIGNFORVEHICLESCONSOLINIETAL2CONSIDEREDASPECIALPATHFOLLOWINGTASKSOTHATAGIVENFRONTPOINTOFACARLIKEVEHICLE,WHICHISWITHINTHELOOKAHEADRANGEOFASTEREOVISIONSYSTEM,TOFOLLOWAPRESPECIFIEDCARTESIANPATHASOLUTIONTOTHISPATHFOLLOWINGPROBLEMWASPROVIDEDBYAFEEDBACK/FEEDFORWARDCONTROLSTRATEGYWHERETHEFEEDFORWARDWASDETERMINEDBYADYNAMICGENERATORBASEDONEXACTDYNAMICINVERSIONOVERTHENOMINALVEHICLEMODELANDTHEFEEDBACKWASMAINLYISSUEDBYCORRECTINGTERMSPROPORTIONALTOTHETANGENTIALANDNORMALERRORSDETERMINEDWITHRESPECTTOTHEVEHICLE’SIDEALTRAJECTORYBALLUCHIETAL3CONSIDEREDAKINEMATICMODELOFANONHOLONOMICWHEELEDVEHICLETOFOLLOWAPATHTHEYASSUMEDTHATTHECURRENTDISTANCEANDTHEHEADINGANGLEERRORWITHRESPECTTOTHECLOSESTPOINTONTHEREFERENCEPATHCANBEMEASUREDBUTONLYTHESIGNOFTHEPATHCURVATUREISDETECTEDTHEYUSEDAHYBRIDSYSTEMFORMALISMTOMODELTHEPROBLEMBASEDONOPTIMALCONTROLTHEORY,ASTHEFEEDBACKINFORMATIONWASBOTHCONTINUOUSANDDISCRETEHELLSTR?METAL4PROPOSEAPATHTRACKINGALGORITHMCALLEDFOLLOWTHEPAST,INWHICHAHUMANDRIVERDRIVESTHEPATHONCE,WHILETHECOMPUTERRECORDSTHEPOSITION,VELOCITY,ORIENTATION,ANDSTEERINGANGLETHENTHISPIECEOFINFORMATIONISUSEDTOCONTROLTHEVEHICLEEACHTIMEITAUTONOMOUSLYTRAVELSALONGTHEPATHIFTHEVEHICLEGETSOFFTHECOURSE,FOREXAMPLE,ASARESULTOFAVOIDINGANOBSTACLEORBECAUSEOFNOISEINPOSITIONINGSENSORS,THEFOLLOWTHEPASTALGORITHMSTEERSLIKETHEDRIVER,PLUSANADDITIONALANGLE,BASEDONTHEDISTANCETOTHEPATHHEREDIAETAL5PRESENTAMETHODTOANALYZETHESTABILITYOFANAUTONOMOUSVEHICLEPATHFOLLOWINGALGORITHMTAKINGINTOACCOUNTEXPLICITLYTHECOMPUTATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONDELAYSINTHECONTROLLOOPTHESEPUREDELAYSAREPRESENTINAUTONOMOUSVEHICLESDUETOPOSITIONESTIMATIONTHEPROBLEMISANALYZEDBYSOLVINGDIRECTLYTHETRANSCENDENTALCHARACTERISTICEQUATIONTHATAPPEARSWHENTHETIMEDELAYISCONSIDEREDTHEANALYSISISCARRIEDOUTFORSTRAIGHTPATHSANDPATHSOFCONSTANTCURVATURE,ANDTHEMETHODISAPPLIEDTOTHEPUREPURSUITPATHTRACKINGALGORITHMGOODARZIETAL6TREATEDTHISPROBLEMBYTHEAPPLICATIONOFALINEARQUADRATICREGULATORLQRTECHNIQUETHEYUSEDANINTEGRATEDCONTROLLERCOMPRISING

簡(jiǎn)介：第1頁共23頁摘要本設(shè)計(jì)是新密市第一高級(jí)中學(xué)綜合樓施工組織設(shè)計(jì)，由Ⅰ部和Ⅱ部組成L型轉(zhuǎn)角樓。建筑采用鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)。本設(shè)計(jì)包括劃分施工段，確定流水方向；選擇施工起重機(jī)械，核實(shí)其技術(shù)性能，計(jì)算起重機(jī)臺(tái)數(shù)，安排起重機(jī)位置及其附屬設(shè)備的位置；確定承重結(jié)構(gòu)的施工方法，順序及施工要點(diǎn)確定腳手架的類型及位置；編制單位工程進(jìn)度計(jì)劃；確定資源需要量計(jì)劃；施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)平面布置；施工工藝的確定。最后本施工組織符合要求。【關(guān)鍵詞】施工段；施工進(jìn)度；平面布置；施工工藝；單位工程進(jìn)度第3頁共23頁新密市第一高級(jí)中學(xué)綜合樓工程施工組織設(shè)計(jì)新密市第一高級(jí)中學(xué)綜合樓工程施工組織設(shè)計(jì)一、工程概況及施工條件一、工程概況及施工條件1、施工概況、施工概況本工程為新密市第一高級(jí)中學(xué)綜合樓，位于解放路，由I部和II部組成L型轉(zhuǎn)角樓。采用現(xiàn)澆柱，預(yù)制梁，整體裝配式鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)。11層高及建筑面積I部五層，頂高21M，層高42M，II部為六層，頂高231M，12層層高48M，3、4、5層層高為33M，6層層高為36M?？偨ㄖ娣e7834M2。12絕對(duì)標(biāo)高±000相當(dāng)于絕對(duì)標(biāo)高425044。13結(jié)構(gòu)方案本工程為裝配整體式框架結(jié)構(gòu)，橫向框架梁為預(yù)制迭合梁，縱向框架梁，次梁，柱，樓梯等均為現(xiàn)澆。樓蓋除廁所、盥洗、水箱間及二層售飯?zhí)帪楝F(xiàn)澆外，其余均為預(yù)制空心板，上有4CM整澆層。墻體為非承重墻，外墻為240M厚普通粘土磚墻，內(nèi)墻為大孔空心磚墻。施工時(shí)橫向預(yù)制梁吊裝后再現(xiàn)澆縱向框架梁和次梁。14樓地面水泥砂漿地面用于II部廚房和庫房，教室宿舍等。水磨石地面用于上述以外的其它部位，底層地面墊層為60厚100素混凝土。15頂棚及墻面I部樓梯間為石膏板隔墻，貼白色塑料壁紙。其它頂棚及墻面均為石灰砂漿打底，紙筋灰罩面，噴白灰漿二道。16外墻面為綠色水刷石，局部構(gòu)件（檐口、陽臺(tái)、雨蓬）及凸出墻面壁柱等貼馬賽克。17屋面防水層瀝青膠隔汽層，水泥蛭石保溫層，二氈三油防水層上鋪綠豆砂。2、施工工期、施工工期基礎(chǔ)工程由甲方自己完成。施工單位由000開始，總工期為8個(gè)月。從2007年3月1日至同年10月30竣工。3、施工條件、施工條件31地質(zhì)及環(huán)境條件由勘測(cè)報(bào)告，土壤為一級(jí)大孔性黃土，天然地基承載力為15T/M2，地下水位在地表下67M。

簡(jiǎn)介：ORIGINALARTICLEANINTEGRATEDSYSTEMFORULTRAPRECISIONMACHINETOOLDESIGNINCONCEPTUALANDFUNDAMENTALDESIGNSTAGEWANQUNCHEN1THEREFORE,ITISCRITICALTHATTHESUITABLECONCEPTOFTHESTRUCTUREISCHOSENINTHECONCEPTUALANDFUNDAMENTALDESIGNSTAGEPROCESSBECAUSE80OFTHEFINALCOSTANDQUALITYOFAPRODUCTAREDESIGNEDINTHISPHASE10,11THEREFORE,TODESIGNASUITABLEMACHINETOOLSTRUCTUREWITHHIGHSTATIC,DYNAMIC,ANDTHERMALFEATURESISVERYESSENTIALINORDERTOEVALUATETHECONFIGURATIONOFMACHINETOOLS,KONOETAL12DEVELOPEDTHEIWFAXISCONSTRUCTIONKITACK,WHICHCANREALIZETHERIGIDBODYSIMULATIONSANDSIMPLEELASTICBODYSIMULATIONSOFTHEMACHINETOOLERSALETAL13PROPOSEDAMODULARMODELINGAPPROACHFORTHEDESIGNOFRECONFIGURABLEMACHINETOOLSRMTTHESEMODELSCANBEUSEDFORTHEEVALUATION,DESIGN,ANDCONTROLOFTHERMTSERVOAXESPARKANDSOHN14DEVELOPEDANINTEGRATEDDESIGNSYSTEMFORSTRUCTURALDESIGNOFMACHINETOOLSTHESYSTEMISAKNOWLEDGEBASEDDESIGNSYSTEMANDHASTHREEMACHINETOOLSPECIFICFUNCTIONALMODULES,INCLUDINGTHEFOLLOWINGCONFIGURATIONDESIGNANDANALYSIS,STRUCTURALELEMENTDESIGN,ANDSTRUCTURALANALYSISSUPPORTMODULETHESYSTEMMAKESTHEMACHINESTRUCTUREDESIGNQUICKLYANDCONVENIENTLYWOONGETAL15DEVELOPEDANINTELLIGENTSOFTWARESYSTEMWHICHCANSUPPORTEFFICIENTLYANDWANQUNCHENCHWQHITEDUCN1CENTERFORPRECISIONENGINEERING,HARBININSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,HARBIN150001,PEOPLE’SREPUBLICOFCHINA2DEPARTMENTOFDESIGN,MANUFACTURE2?NDTD1TWIJKIISTHEINTEGRATEDRATINGFOROPERATIONFACTORXIINAPARTICULARVALUEOFJFIG2INTEGRATEDDESIGNSYSTEMFIG3THECONFIGURATIONSELECTIONNETWORKINTJADVMANUFTECHNOL

簡(jiǎn)介：CAD/CAE/CAMINTEGRATIONFORINCREASINGTHEACCURACYOFMASKRAPIDPROTOTYPINGSYSTEMYOUMINHUANG,HSIANGYAOLANDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,NATIONALTAIWANUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,43KEELUNGROAD,SECTION4,TAIPEI106,TAIWANRECEIVED5JULY2004ACCEPTED13JANUARY2005AVAILABLEONLINE17MARCH2005ABSTRACTSSTEREOLITHOGRAPHYISARAPIDPROTOTYPINGRPPROCESSTHATUSESPHOTOPOLYMERSASTHERAWMATERIALSFROMWHICHTHEPROTOTYPESAREBUILTTHEPHOTOPOLYMERICRPSYSTEMUSESLASERSOROTHERLIGHTSOURCESTOEXPOSESELECTIVELYTHESURFACEOFTHELIQUIDRESINTHEABSORPTIONOFENERGYCAUSESPHOTOPOLYMERIZATIONTHATCHANGESTHELIQUIDRESININTOASOLID,EXPANDINGTHECUREDVOLUMEEXPANDINGBUTSHRINKINGSIMULTANEOUSLYTHEVOLUMESHRINKAGEANDCURLDISTORTIONOFTHERESINDURINGPHOTOPOLYMERIZATIONARETHEMAINREASONSFORTHEPOORACCURACYOFTHEBUILTPROTOTYPE,ESPECIALLYWHENTHEPARTISHOLLOW,INWHICHCASETHEBENDINGISGREATERBECAUSEOFTHEBENDINGSTRESSANDCANNOTBECOMPENSATEDFORNORMALLY,ADESIGNERBUILDSASUPPORTINTHISSTAGETOLIMITTHEFURTHERBENDINGANDDEFORMATIONOFTHEPROTOTYPEHOWEVER,AFTERTHESUPPORTHASBEENREMOVEDFROMTHEBUILTPROTOTYPE,THEGEOMETRICPROFILEISEASILYDAMAGEDANDDEFORMED,SOTIMEISWASTEDTHISSTUDYINITIALLYUSESDYNAMICFINITEELEMENTSIMULATIONCODETOSIMULATEPHOTOPOLYMERIZATION,TODETERMINETHEDISTORTIONOFTHEOUTERPROFILEOFTHEPARTANDTHUSREDUCETHEDEFORMATIONTHEN,AREVERSEDISTORTIONCORRECTIONISAPPLIEDTOTHEOUTERPROFILEOFTHEPARTANEWREVERSECOMPENSATIONCADMODELISPRODUCEDANDLOADEDINTOARPMACHINEFORPRACTICALPROTOTYPEPROCESSING,TOINCREASETHEACCURACYOFTHEPROCESSFINALLY,THE‘‘H4’’DIAGNOSTICPARTISUSEDASANEXAMPLETOVERIFYTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSTHERESULTSOFTHESIMULATIONANDEXPERIMENTONTHEFINALAFTERCOMPENSATIONWEREACCURATE2005ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSCOMPUTERAIDEDENGINEERINGSTEREOLITHOGRAPHYRAPIDPROTOTYPINGFINITEELEMENTMETHODCURLDISTORTION1INTRODUCTIONINDUSTRIALCOMPETITIONHASACCELERATEDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFRAPIDPROTOTYPINGRPSYSTEMSTHEUSEOFRAPIDPROTOTYPINGSYSTEMSCANACCELERATERFAX886227376460EMAILADDRESSESYMHUANGMAILNTUSTEDUTWYMHUANG,LANHFHYMSAHINETNETHYLAN01663615/–SEEFRONTMATTER2005ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JCOMPIND200501002ANDJIANG8,9USEDTHEDYNAMICFINITEELEMENTMETHODDFEMTOSIMULATESTEREOLITHOGRAPHY,BASEDONTHEDYNAMICPROPERTIESOFPHOTOPOLYMERIZATIONMANYOFTHESESTUDIESHAVEFOCUSEDONANALYZINGTHEEFFECTOFCURINGDURINGBUILDUPHOWEVER,ONLYAFEWSTUDIESHAVESOUGHTTOIMPROVECURLDISTORTION,ESPECIALLYWHENTHEBUILTPARTISHOLLOWTHISBENDINGISVERYOBVIOUSANDCANNOTBECOMPENSATEDBYBENDINGSTRESSTHISSTUDYPRESENTSVERIFICATIONANDVALIDATIONMETHODSTOIMPROVETHECURLDISTORTIONUSINGLOWCOSTEQUIPMENTFIRST,THEEQUATIONBASEDONDFEMTHEORY8,9,ISUSEDHEREININNUMERICALSIMULATIONWITHINPUTPARAMETERSTHATCORRESPONDTOAPRACTICALPROCESSESTHEN,THEDISTORTIONOFTHEBUILTPARTSISPREDICTEDSECOND,REVERSEDISTORTIONCOMPENSATIONISUSEDTOPRODUCEANEWCADMODELTHATISBASEDONTHEPREDICTEDDISTORTIONTHIRDLY,THENEWCADMODELISCONVERTEDINTOASTEREOLITHOGRAPHICSTLFILEFINALLY,THISNEWSTLFILEISSENTTOARPMACHINEFORFURTHERPROCESSINGACCORDINGLY,THELOWCOSTMACHINESGREATLYIMPROVETHEACCURACYOFTHEPARTTHEFINALRESULTSOFTHESIMULATIONANDEXPERIMENTARECOMPAREDFIG1SHOWSAFLOWCHARTOFTHISPROCESS2NUMERICALANALYSISAMODIFIEDMATHEMATICALMODELISPROPOSED,BASEDONTHEAFOREMENTIONEDREFERENCEANDEXPERIMENTALYMHUANG,HYLAN/COMPUTERSININDUSTRY562005442–456444FIG3THEFLOWCHARTOFTHESIMULATIONPROCESS

簡(jiǎn)介：1畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯原始資料的題目原始資料的題目/來源來源DESIGNOFASUSPENSIONFORAFORMULASTUDENTRACECAR翻譯后的中文題目翻譯后的中文題目大學(xué)生方程式賽車懸架設(shè)計(jì)大學(xué)生方程式賽車懸架設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)交通運(yùn)輸交通運(yùn)輸學(xué)生學(xué)號(hào)班號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師翻譯日期翻譯日期201535322輪距輪距對(duì)車輛的設(shè)計(jì)有重大意義。它會(huì)影響到車輛轉(zhuǎn)彎行為和側(cè)翻傾向。從公式22顯示后軸負(fù)荷轉(zhuǎn)移來看，輪距越大，轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)的橫向負(fù)荷轉(zhuǎn)移就越小，反之亦然。大輪距也有劣勢(shì)，就是車輛避障時(shí)需要更多的橫向運(yùn)動(dòng)。根據(jù)規(guī)則，障礙的最小部分可能不會(huì)小于3M，越野和耐久賽道不會(huì)小于35M。需要的橫向負(fù)荷轉(zhuǎn)移量決定于車體安裝的輪胎，見29部分。假如汽車裝有防傾桿，也會(huì)影響到負(fù)荷轉(zhuǎn)移。23主銷和輪胎磨距主銷是有A臂外端的上球鉸頭UBJ和下球鉸頭LBJ所決定的。主銷軸不需要必須集中在輪胎接地痕跡上。從前側(cè)看這個(gè)角度成為主銷內(nèi)傾角，輪胎印跡中心到主銷中心接地點(diǎn)之間的距離成為輪胎磨距或磨距半徑。在主軸高度水平

簡(jiǎn)介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書題目某實(shí)驗(yàn)辦公樓給排水設(shè)計(jì)某實(shí)驗(yàn)辦公樓給排水設(shè)計(jì)院（部）環(huán)境與能源工程學(xué)院環(huán)境與能源工程學(xué)院專業(yè)給水排水工程給水排水工程班級(jí)2姓名任智慧任智慧學(xué)號(hào)0920301020609203010206指導(dǎo)教師王坤王坤完成日期2001320013年6月ABSTRACTABSTRACTBAISEDONTHESYNTHESISANALYSIS,THEWATERSUPPLYSYSTEM,THEDRAINAGESYSTEM,FIRESYSTEMFIREHYDRANTSYSTEMANDAUTOMATICSPRINKLERSYSTEMANDROOFDRAINAGESYSTEMFORTHELEVEL17THHIGHCOMPLEXBUILDINGAREDESIGNEDTHEWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMISAPPLIEDBYVERTICALDIVISIONBLOCKTHEFLOORSFROMTHENEGATIVETOTHETHIRDARETHELOWAREAS,WATEROFWHICHISSUPPLIEDDIRECTLYBYTHEMUNICIPALPIPENETWORKTHEFLOORSFROMTHE4THTOTHE11THARETHEMIDDLEAREASANDTHEFLOORSFROMTHE12THTOTHE17THARETHEHIGHAREAS,WATEROFWHICHAREALLSUPPLIEDWITHTHEFREQUENCYCONVERSIONPUMPGROUPTHEDRAINAGESYSTEMISANINTERFLOWSYSTEMOFSEWERAGEANDWASTEWATERWATEROFTHEFIRSTFLOORDRAINSSEPARATELY,THEUPRIGHTDRAININGPIPESAREEQUIPPEDWITHTHEVENTILATINGPIPES,ANDTHENTHESEWERAGEISDISPOSEDBYTHESEPTICTANKSANDDRAINSTOTHEMUNICIPALWASTEPIPENETWORKTHEFIRESYSTEMINCLUDESTHEFIREHYDRANTSYSTEMANDAUTOMATICSPRINKLERSYSTEMTHEROOFDRAINAGESYSTEMISANOUTSIDEDRAINAGESYSTEMKEYWORDSHIGHBUILDING；WATERSUPPLYSYSTEM；WASTEWATERSYSTEM；FIRESYSTEM

簡(jiǎn)介：AFRICANJOURNALOFBIOTECHNOLOGYVOL821,PP58075813,2NOVEMBER,2009AVAILABLEONLINEATHTTP//WWWACADEMICJOURNALSORG/AJBISSN1684–5315?2009ACADEMICJOURNALSFULLLENGTHRESEARCHPAPERSEPARATIONANDRECOVERYOFORGANICACIDSFROMFERMENTEDKITCHENWASTEBYANINTEGRATEDPROCESSFARAHNADIAOMAR,NOR’AINIABDULRAHMAN,HALIMATUNSAADIAHHAFID,PHANGLAIYEEANDMOHDALIHASSANDEPARTMENTOFBIOPROCESSTECHNOLOGY,FACULTYOFBIOTECHNOLOGYANDBIOMOLECULARSCIENCES,UNIVERSITYPUTRAMALAYSIA,43400SERDANG,SELANGOR,MALAYSIAACCEPTED4SEPTEMBER,2009ORGANICACIDSPRODUCEDFROMANAEROBICDIGESTIONOFKITCHENWASTEWERERECOVEREDUSINGANEWINTEGRATEDMETHODWHICHCONSISTEDOFFREEZINGANDTHAWING,CENTRIFUGATION,FILTRATIONANDEVAPORATIONTHEMAINORGANICACIDPRODUCEDWASLACTICACID98AFTERTHEFREEZINGANDTHAWINGPROCESS,73OFTHETOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSWEREREMOVEDANDTHEORGANICACIDSWEREELEVATEDFROM590TO70G/LTHEEVAPORATIONTECHNIQUEWASUSEDTOFURTHERCONCENTRATETHEORGANICACIDSUPTO224G/LUSINGTHEINTEGRATEDRECOVERYMETHOD,THEREDUCTIONOFTHETOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSINTHESOLUTIONACHIEVEDWASABOUT93THEMATERIALBALANCEFORTHERECOVERYPROCESSWASALSOPRESENTEDKEYWORDSANAEROBICDIGESTION,KITCHENWASTE,ORGANICACIDS,RECOVERYINTRODUCTIONTHEREMARKABLEGROWTHECONOMYINMALAYSIAHASBROUGHTTREMENDOUSPOPULATIONGROWTHWHICHTHENRESULTEDINAHUGEAMOUNTOFMUNICIPALSOLIDWASTEMSWBEINGGENERATEDTHROUGHOUTTHEYEARMSWISUSUALLYDUMPEDINLANDFILLSANDDEGRADEDINTOSIMPLERCOMPOUNDSHOWEVER,DUETOTHESCARCITYOFLANDANDTHECONSTRAINTOFLANDFILLAREAS,ALTERNATIVEMETHODSSHOULDBECONSIDEREDINORDERTOREDUCETHESPACENEEDEDFORLANDFILLSINCINERATIONISALSOANOPTIONOHKOUCHIANDINOUE,2006ASITISANEASYFINALDISPOSALMETHODBUTLARGEAMOUNTSOFENERGYWILLBEWASTEDINTHEBURNINGPROCESSTSAI,2008SINCE2254OFMSWCONSISTSOFFOODANDORGANICWASTESKATHIRVALEETAL,2003,BIOCONVERSIONOFMSWINTOUSEFULPRODUCTSISFEASIBLEANDITSTREATMENTCOSTCANBEREDUCEDTOOFOODWASTECONTAINSABOUT80OFMOISTUREWHICHISEASILYBIODEGRADABLEANDISRICHINNUTRIENTSANDMICROFLORAWANGETAL,2001DUETOTHESECHARACTERISTICS,BIOLOGICALTREATMENTSAREPREFERREDONEOFTHEMOSTPRACTICALBIOLOGICALTREATMENTSISANAEROBICDIGESTIONITISAGREATTOOLTOSTABILIZEALARGEVOLUMEOFWASTEMATERIALSECONOMICALLYANDEFFECTIVELYSAKAIETAL,2000ITALSOCORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILNOR_AINIBIOTECHUPMEDUMYTEL60389466669FAX60389467510PRODUCESLOWBIOMASSANDISABLETODESTROYPATHOGENSBANARJEEETAL,1999FOODWASTECOULDBEANAEROBICALLYFERMENTEDTOPRODUCEVOLATILEFATTYACIDS,ALDEHYDES,ALCOHOLSANDCARBONDIOXIDESTABNIKOVAETAL,2006RATHERTHANBEINGDEGRADEDANDUNEXPLOITEDINTHELANDFILLS,FOODWASTECANBEUTILIZEDFORMANYAPPLICATIONSSUCHASTHEPRODUCTIONOFBIOPLASTICSSAKAIETAL,2004,BIOGASZHUETAL,2008,BIOHYDROGENANDETHANOLPRODUCTIONSKIMETAL,2004,COMPOSTINGTSAI,2008ADHIKARIETAL,2008ANDORGANICACIDSPRODUCTIONOHKOUCHIANDINOUE,2007ZHANGETAL,2008ORGANICACIDSAREORGANICCOMPOUNDSWHICHHAVEBEENEXTENSIVELYUSEDINTHEFOODANDBEVERAGESINDUSTRIES,PHARMACEUTICALINDUSTRIES,COSMETICS,ANDDETERGENTSANDRECENTLYTHEYAREEXTENSIVELYUSEDFORBIOPOLYMERPRODUCTIONSAUERETAL,2008THEREARETWOWAYSTOPRODUCEORGANICACIDSWHICHARECHEMICALSYNTHESISORBIOLOGICALSYNTHESISALTAFETAL,2007WHETHERITISCHEMICALLYORBIOLOGICALLYSYNTHESIZED,THECRITICALSTAGEOFTHEPROCESSISPRODUCTRECOVERYDOWNSTREAMPROCESSESINCLUDINGSEPARATION,EXTRACTIONANDPURIFICATIONOFORGANICACIDSWHICHCONTRIBUTEMORETHAN60OFTHEOVERALLPRODUCTIONCOSTHANETAL,2000SEVERALMETHODSHAVEBEENREPORTEDFOREXTRACTINGORGANICACIDSFROMTHEFERMENTATIONBROTHSUCHASELECTRODIALYSISHUANGETAL,2007,MEMBRANEFILTRATIONKANGANDCHANG,2005,SOLVENTEXTRACTIONHARINGTONOMARETAL5809FIGURE2ORGANICACIDSPROFILEIN50LBIOREACTORTOTALORGANICACIDS?,LACTICACID?,ACETICACID?ANDFORMICACID?RESULTSAREMEANSFORDUPLICATEEXPERIMENTSFIGURE3PROFILEOFPH?ANDBACTERIADISTRIBUTION?DURINGKITCHENWASTEFERMENTATIONRESULTSAREMEANSFORDUPLICATEEXPERIMENTSSHOWNAFTERSEVENDAYSOFFERMENTATION,TOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSWEREREDUCEDAT62ORGANICACIDSRECOVERYANDTOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSREDUCTIONFIGURE4SHOWSTHEORGANICACIDS,TOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSANDTOTALKJELDAHLNITROGENOBTAINEDATEACHUNITOPERATIONOFTHERECOVERYPROCESSTHERECOVERYPROCESSINCLUDESPHYSICALSEPARATIONTHATISFREEZINGANDTHAWING,CENTRIFUGATIONANDFILTRATIONWHILETHEEVAPORATIONSTEPISAMETHODUSEDTOCONCENTRATETHERECOVEREDORGANICACIDSBYELIMINATINGEXCESSWATERTHEORGANICACIDSCONTENTINCREASEDBYABOUT56WHILETHETOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSDECREASEDBYABOUT622AFTERTHEFERMENTATIONBYTHEFREEZINGANDTHAWINGPROCESS,THEORGANICACIDSCONTENTINCREASEDBY16WITH66REMOVALOFTOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSTHECENTRIFUGATIONANDFILTRATIONPROCESSDONOTHAVEANEFFECTONTHECONCENTRATIONOFTHEORGANICACIDSTHETOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSDECREASEDFROM1789TO1227G/LWATERWASEVAPORATEDAT50°CINVACUUMANDTHEREMAININGORGANICACIDSANDSOMESUSPENDEDSOLIDSWERECONCENTRATEDAFTERTHEEVAPORATIONSTEP,BOTHTHEORGANICACIDSANDTHETOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSCONTENTSWEREINCREASEDBY69AND83,RESPECTIVELYTHENITROGENCONTENTOFTHEFERMENTATIONBROTHANDRECOVEREDLIQUIDMEDIUMWEREANALYZEDINTHISSTUDYTHE

簡(jiǎn)介：外文標(biāo)題AIRPOLLUTIONPREVENTIONANDCONTROLANINTEGRATEDDESIGNEDAPPROACH外文作者DRAKSHEYBHARGAVA,MTECH,PHD,LLB文獻(xiàn)出處INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFENGINEERINGSCIENCEANDCOMPUTING,APRIL2016,VOLUME6,ISSUENO4英文2873單詞，14698字符，中文4589漢字。此文檔是外文翻譯成品，無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式哦下載之后直接可用，方便快捷只需二十多元。原文原文AIRPOLLUTIONPREVENTIONANDCONTROLANINTEGRATEDDESIGNEDAPPROACHDRAKSHEYBHARGAVA,MTECH,PHD,LLBABSTRACTTHEPLANNING,MANAGEMENTANDCONTROLOFAIRPOLLUTIONNEEDTOBEADDRESSEDSIMULTANEOUSLYTOACHIEVETHEMAXIMUMOUTPUTTHEPRESENTPAPERSIGNIFYTHEIMPORTANCEANDHIGHLIGHTANINTEGRATEDAPPROACHNEEDSTOBEINFUSEDINTOTHESYSTEMWHICHINTERALIAINCLUDESOURCECONTROL,PATHWAYCONTROL,ANDRECEPTORCONTROLANEFFORTHASBEENMADEINTHEPRESENTPAPERTOBRIEFLYDESCRIBEPATHWAYANDRECEPTORCONTROLWITHMAINEMPHASISONDESIGNOFTHEAIRPOLLUTIONCONTROLSYSTEMS,PARTICULARLYBAGFILTERSTOCONTROLDUSTEMISSIONSANDWETSCRUBBERSTOCONTROLGASEOUSEMISSIONSBYWAYOFTHROWAWAYSCRUBBINGPROCESSES,REGENERATIVESCRUBBINGPROCESSES,DRYPROCESSESANDSPRAYTOWERSKEYWORDSAIRPOLLUTION,INTEGRATEDAPPROACH,DESIGNOFCONTROLSYSTEMSINTRODUCTIONTHETERM“AIRPOLLUTION”ISUSEDTODESCRIBESUBSTANCESTHATAREARTIFICIALLYINTRODUCEDINTOTHEAIRINTHEFORMOFGASESANDAIRBORNEPARTICLESWHICH,INEXCESS,AREHARMFULTOHUMANHEALTH,BUILDINGSANDECOSYSTEMSAIRPOLLUTIONISMAINLYCAUSEDBYCOMBUSTIONOFFOSSILFUEL,PROCESSINGOFMATERIALSANDDECOMPOSITIONOFORGANICMATTERSTHEMAINSOURCESOFAIRPOLLUTIONISFROMINDUSTRIALACTIVITIES,TRANSPORTSECTOR,HOUSEHOLDFUELBURNING,ANDOTHERCOMMERCIALACTIVITIESTHEPRESENTPAPERHIGHLIGHTANINTEGRATEDAPPROACHWHICHINTERALIAINCLUDESOURCECONTROL,PATHWAYCONTROL,ANDRECEPTORCONTROLANEFFORTHASBEENMADEINTHEPRESENTPAPERTOBRIEFLYDESCRIBEPATHWAYANDRECEPTORCONTROLWITHMAINEMPHASISONDESIGNOFTHEAIRPOLLUTIONCONTROLSYSTEMS,THEDETAILSOFWHICHAREASUNDERPATHWAYCONTROLPATHWAYCONTROLISACONTROLSYSTEMTHROUGHWHICHTHEAIRPOLLUTANTSARERESTRICTEDORARRESTEDBETWEENASOURCEANDRECEPTORTHROUGHTHEMECHANISMOFSCAVENGINGANDFILTRATIONTHISCANBEACHIEVEDBYHAVINGAGREENBELTOFSUITABLESPECIESBETWEENSOURCEANDRECEPTORSUCHAGREENBELTWOULDBEABLETO3IMPINGEMENTCHAMBERS4PACKEDTOWER5JETSPRAYSCRUBBINGTOWER6VENTURYSCRUBBERBAGFILTERSDESIGNINTRODUCTIONFILTRATIONISAMONGTHEMOSTRELIABLE,EFFICIENT,ANDRATHERECONOMICALMETHODSBYWHICHPARTICULATEMATTERMAYBEREMOVEDFROMGASES?SUCHTYPEOFFILTERSAREREPRESENTEDBYVARIOUSFABRICBAGARRANGEMENTSANDCAPABLEOFHIGHDUSTLOADING,MORETHAN1GM/M3?INDEPTHORBEDFILTERS?REPRESENTEDBYFIBROUSARRAY,APAPERLIKEMAT,ANDOCCASIONALLY,ASADEEPPACKEDBEDPACKEDBEDSAREAPPLIEDWHENPARTICULATECONCENTRATIONISMUCHLESSDEEPPACKEDBEDSAREPREPAREDFROMCRUSHEDSTONEORBRICKS,WIRESCREENS,ORFIBERSOFMANYTYPESARRANGEDINDIVIDUALLYORINCOMBINATIONFABRICBAGFILTERS?EMPLOYEDTOCONTROLEMISSIONSINVOLVINGABRASIVES,IRRITATINGCHEMICALDUSTS,ANDEXHAUSTSFROMELECTRICFURNACES,OILFIREDBOILERS,OXYGENFEDCONVERTERSFORSTEELMAKINGPRINCIPLEOFOPERATIONFILTRATIONISPRINCIPALLYACCOMPLISHEDBYTHEPARTICLELAYERTHATACCUMULATESONTHEFABRICSURFACEPRESSURELOSSINCREASESWITHACCUMULATEDDUSTLAYER,THEREBYGASVELOCITYDECREASESTHUS,DUSTDISLODGINGOPERATIONISUNDERTAKENTOHAVEPROPERFILTRATIONMANYFABRICBAGFILTERSASSEMBLEDINONEUNITISCALLEDBAGHOUSECLASSIFICATIONOFFILTERS?FABRICORCLOTHFILTERSPROPERTIESOFFIBERMATERIALSRESISTANCETOATTACKBYFIBERSTRENGTHTEMPFACIDBASEORGANICSOLVENTCOSTOTHERSCOTTONSTRONG180POORMEDIUMGOODLOWWOOLMEDIUM210MEDIUMPOORGOODPAPERWEAK180POORMEDIUMGOODLOWNYLONSTRONG220MEDIUMGOODGOODEASYTOCLEANDACRONSTRONG280GOODMEDIUMGOODORLONMEDIUM250GOODMEDIUMGOODVINYLIDENECHLORIDEMEDIUM210GOODMEDIUMGOODPOLYETHYLENESTRONG250MEDIUMMEDIUMMEDIUMTETRAFLUOROETHYLENEMEDIUM500GOODGOODGOODEXPENSIVE

簡(jiǎn)介：8400英文單詞，英文單詞，46萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文14萬字萬字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處LOVEPED,AHIAGADAGBUID,WELDEM,ETALLIGHTRAILTRANSITCOSTPERFORMANCEOPPORTUNITIESFORFUTUREPROOFINGJTRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHPARTAPOLICYANDPRACTICE,2017,1002739LIGHTRAILTRANSITCOSTPERFORMANCEOPPORTUNITIESFORFUTUREPROOFINGPETEREDLOVE,DOMINICAHIAGADAGBUI,MORTENWELDE,JAMESODECKABSTRACTTHECOSTPERFORMANCEOFLIGHTRAILTRANSITLRTSYSTEMSHAVEBEENSCRUTINIZEDBYTHEPOPULARPRESSANDPUBLICSECTORINFRASTRUCTUREAGENCIESASTHEYHAVEBEENPRONETOINCURRINGCOSTINCREASESINTHEIRCAPITALEXPENDITURESCAPEXINTACKLINGSUCHINCREASES,EMPHASISISPLACEDONMITIGATINGSTRATEGICMISREPRESENTATIONANDOPTIMISMBIAS,WHICHHASHINDEREDTHEPUBLICSECTORSABILITYTOEMBRACEINNOVATION,PARTICULARLYWITHREGARDTOTHEJUSTIFICATIONANDADOPTIONOFLRTMOREOFTENTHANNOT,OPERATIONALEXPENDITUREOPEXISNEGLECTED,ANDISNOTCONSIDEREDAPARTOFTHETRANSPORTATIONCOSTPERFORMANCELITERATURETHEAIMOFTHISPAPERISTOEXAMINETHEEQUIVOCALITYTHATSURROUNDSTHEDETERMINATIONOFCOSTPERFORMANCEOFLRTPROJECTSITISSUGGESTEDTHATTHEPUBLICSECTORSHOULDMOVEBEYONDFOCUSINGONSTRATEGICMISREPRESENTATIONANDOPTIMISMBIAS,ASMANYGOVERNMENTSWORLDWIDENOWHAVEINPLACEMECHANISMSTOADDRESSSUCHISSUES,ANDINSTEADFOCUSONFUTUREPROOFINGTHEIRASSETSITISSUGGESTEDTHATTHEKEYENABLERSOFFUTUREPROOFINGLRTARE1PRIVATEFINANCE2DELIVERYSTRATEGYEGDESIGNBUILDFINANCEOPERATE3DIGITIZATIONEGBUILDINGINFORMATIONMODELLINGAND4ASSETMANAGEMENTEGSMARTTECHNOLOGIESIFTHEPUBLICSECTORISTOPROVIDEANLRTSYSTEMTHATISCOSTEFFECTIVEANDABLETORESPONDTOTHEDEMANDSIMPOSEDBYCLIMATECHANGE,THENITNEEDSTOBECONSIDEREDFROMALIFECYCLEPERSPECTIVEANDFUNDINGSOUGHTFROMTHEPRIVATESECTORTOENSUREITSVIABILITYKEYWORDSCAPEXPERFORMANCE；DIGITIZATION；FUTUREPROOFING；LIGHTRAILTRANSIT；OPEX1INTRODUCTIONTHEEFFICIENTPROVISIONOFTRANSPORTATIONINFRASTRUCTUREASSETSPROVIDESTHEHALLMARKOFAWELLFUNCTIONINGECONOMYYET,THEDELIVERYOFSUCHASSETSHASBEENANDCONTINUESTOBETHEBêTENOIREFORTHEPUBLICSECTORTHEYCONSISTENTLYEXPERIENCECOSTOVERRUNSANDFAILTODELIVERTHEIREXPECTEDBENEFITSTERRILLANDDANKS,2016INURBANENVIRONMENTS,LIGHTRAILTRANSITLRTIEMIDSIZEDELECTRIFIEDRAILTECHNOLOGYISOFTENSELECTEDASPREFERREDMODEOFTRANSPORTATIONINLIEUOFBUSRAPIDTRANSITBRTIEBUSESTHATRUNONRUBBERTIRESONEXCLUSIVEPAVEDROADWAYSANDPOWEREDBYDIESELBYTRAVELERSINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESHENSHERETAL,2015HENSHERANDMULLEY,2015ACCORDINGTOHENSHER2016LRTDOMINATESASITSIMPLYDEEMEDTOBE‘SEXYANDBUSESAREBORING,ANDTHATITOFFERSAMUCHBETTERVALUEFORMONEYTHANBRT’P289WHENCHOOSINGBETWEENBRTANDLRTOPTIONSTHEIRCOSTSPARAMETERSATTRACTTHEMOSTATTENTIONFROMDECISIONMAKERSINAUSTRALIA,FOREXAMPLE,THEMEANCAPITALEXPENDITURECAPEXPERKILOMETERFORBRTIS3658MILLIONCOMPAREDTO635MILLIONFORLRTINTHEUNITEDSTATESUSTHEGOVERNMENTACCOUNTABILITYOFFICEFOUNDCAPEXCOSTSOFLIGHTRAILTOBE25TIMESTHATOFBRTBASEDONSTUDIESOFLRTSYSTEMSFROMTHE1980SANDONWARDSGAO,2001WHILETHECAPEXISSIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERFORLRT,ITSOPERATINGCOSTSVARYACCORDINGTOSCHEMECHARACTERISTICSTHEGAO2001FOUNDOPERATINGCOSTSOFLRTTOBESIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERPERTHEREISANEEDTOMOVEBEYONDFOCUSINGONTHEMEASURINGTHECOSTPERFORMANCEOFLRTPROJECTSBASEDUPONCAPEXIEFUNDSTOACQUIREAND/ORUPGRADEPHYSICALASSETS,BUTTOALSOINCLUDETHEIROPERATIONALEXPENDITUREOPEXIEOPERATINGCOSTSIFTHECOSTPERFORMANCEOFLRTPROJECTSISTOIMPROVE,THENTHEWAYTHATTHEYAREDELIVEREDNEEDSTOFUNDAMENTALLYCHANGETHUS,KEYISSUESTHATMAYINTHEFUTUREGUARANTEETHECOSTEFFECTIVENESSANDTHEFUTUREPROOFINGOFLRTSAREPROPOSEDONCETHEDECISIONTOOPTFORTHISMODEOFTRANSITHASBEENMADEBYANINCUMBENTGOVERNMENT2THEEQUIVOCALITYOFLIGHTRAILTRANSITCAPEXPERFORMANCETHECOSTOVERRUNSINTHEEDINBURGHTRAMSANDSYDNEYLIGHTRAILPROJECTSARENOTISOLATEDINCIDENTSFORLRTPROJECTSEVIDENCEPROVIDEDBYPICKRELL1990ANDO’TOOLE2015’SANALYSISOFREPORTSPRODUCEDBYTHEFEDERALTRANSITAUTHORITYFTAINTHEUSOVERA25YEARPERIOD,FOREXAMPLE,REVEALTHATCAPEXOVERRUNSHAVEBEENARECURRINGTHEMEWITHLRTSO’TOOLE,2015TABLE1PRESENTSTHEACTUALANDPREDICTEDFULLFUNDINGGRANTAGREEMENTFFGACAPEXAMOUNTFORASAMPLEOFLRTPROJECTSCONSTRUCTEDINTHEUSTHISDATAFORLRTHASBEENEXTRACTEDFROMTHEWORKPRESENTEDINPICKRELL1990,DENOTEDBY,ANDO’TOOLE2015INPICKRELL’S1990RESEARCH,THEFORECASTEDCAPITALCOSTSWEREESTABLISHEDATTHECOMPLETIONOFTHEPRELIMINARYENGINEERINGSTUDY,WHENADESIGNTOBUILDDTBWASUNDERTAKENTABLE1LIGHTRAILTRANSITCAPEXPERFORMANCEINUSCITIESFROM1988TO2013SEEO’TOOLE,2015CITYYEARPREDICTEDMILLIONSACTUALMILLIONSINCREASEPORTLAND198817226655SACRAMENTO198816518813BUFFALO198947872251PITTSBURGH198969962211SANDIEGO198911410310LOSANGELES199056187756SANJOSE199125838048STLOUIS199331738722DALLAS199632536011BALTIMORE19978211642SANJOSE199728132516PORTLAND199845478272SALTLAKE199920629945DENVER200014917819STLOUIS200125633932DALLAS200233343731SACRAMENTO20032022198SALTLAKE20031891922MINNEAPOLIS2004244697186PITTSBURGH2004184385109PORTLAND200428335024SANDIEGO200538750631DENVER200658585145NEWARK200618120815NEWJERSEY2006930175689CHARLOTTE200733146340PHOENIX20081076140531

簡(jiǎn)介：DESIGNOFASUSPENSIONFORAFORMULASTUDENTRACECARADAMTHEANDERVEHICLEDYNAMICSAERONAUTICALANDVEHICLEENGINEERINGROYALINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYTRITAAVE200426ISSN16517660POSTALADDRESSVISITINGADDRESSINTERNETTELEPHONETELEFAXKTHTEKNIKRINGEN8WWWAVEKTHSE46879060004687909290VEHICLEDYNAMICSSTOCKHOLMSE10044STOCKHOLMSWEDENACKNOWLEDGEMENTSTHISMASTERTHESISHASBEENCONDUCTEDATTHEDIVISIONOFVEHICLEDYNAMICS,DEPARTMENTOFAERONAUTICALANDVEHICLEENGINEERINGATTHEROYALINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,KTH,INSTOCKHOLM,SWEDENTHEWORKHASBEENCARRIEDOUTFROMDECEMBER2003TOMAY2004THEREAREAFEWPERSONSTOWHOMIWOULDLIKETOESPECIALLYEXPRESSMYGRATITUDEPROFESSORANNIKASTENSSON,MYEXAMINER,WHOGAVEMETHEOPPORTUNITYTOCARRYOUTTHISTHESISWORKRESEARCHENGINEERMATSBECKMAN,MYSUPERVISOR,FORHISENGAGEMENTANDTIMESPENTHELPINGMEFREDRIKWESTIN,PHDSTUDENTATDIVISIONOFINTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINES,WHOHASHADAMAJORROLEINKTHRACINGASPROJECTLEADERANDSPENTALMOSTALLOFHISSPARETIMEWORKINGWITHTHEPROJECTALLSTUDENTSPARTICIPATINGINTHEKTHFORMULASTUDENTPROJECT,WITHOUTALLOFYOUTHEREWOULDN’THAVEBEENANYKTHRACINGFINALLYIWOULDLIKETOTAKETHEOPPORTUNITYTOGIVEASPECIALTHANKTOTHESTUDENTSKNOWNAS“J?RNG?NGET”,YOUKNOWWHOYOUAREWITHOUTTHEIREFFORTTHELASTCOUPLEOFWEEKSTHEREWOULDNEVERHAVEBEENACARTOSHOWONTHE14THOFMAYSTOCKHOLM,MAY2004ADAMTHEANDER