簡介：中央廣播電視大學(xué)行政管理?？飘厴I(yè)論文中央廣播電視大學(xué)行政管理?？飘厴I(yè)論文監(jiān)督學(xué)課程綜述監(jiān)督學(xué)課程綜述作者分校專業(yè)年級）學(xué)號指導(dǎo)老師答辯日期成績內(nèi)容摘要本文第一部分首先簡明扼要地介紹監(jiān)督學(xué)這一課程，闡述這一課程的基本內(nèi)容與主要原理。以章節(jié)為單位，系統(tǒng)全面地概述各個(gè)章節(jié)的主要內(nèi)容。著重介紹了中外監(jiān)督思想和監(jiān)督理論，以及中國監(jiān)察制度的演進(jìn)和當(dāng)代中國的監(jiān)督運(yùn)行機(jī)制。其中重點(diǎn)關(guān)注人民代表大會監(jiān)督、中國共產(chǎn)黨黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督、司法機(jī)關(guān)監(jiān)督、政府行政監(jiān)督、社會民主監(jiān)督等具體監(jiān)督方式及其作用。對國外反腐與監(jiān)督制度等進(jìn)行探討，旨在為研究和推動(dòng)我國的民主政治建設(shè)打下一定的基礎(chǔ)，以達(dá)到比較和對照、啟發(fā)和借鑒的效果。隨后，文章本著理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的原則，結(jié)合縣政府違規(guī)使用土地的案例，運(yùn)用行政監(jiān)督理論對案例進(jìn)行分析。首先結(jié)合案例論述行政監(jiān)督的含義及其具體作用表現(xiàn)。然后，就違規(guī)使用土地這一普遍現(xiàn)象，分析現(xiàn)今行政監(jiān)督在具體實(shí)施過程中存在的困難。最后就如何加強(qiáng)和完善行政監(jiān)督機(jī)制，確保行政監(jiān)督的有效性提出自己的看法與觀點(diǎn)。在對縣政府違規(guī)使用土地的案例分析中，我深刻地感悟到進(jìn)一步完善具有中國特色的監(jiān)督制度，充分發(fā)揮監(jiān)督機(jī)關(guān)在推進(jìn)廉政勤政建設(shè)中的職能作用是構(gòu)建“標(biāo)本兼治、綜合治理、懲防并舉、注重預(yù)防”的反腐倡廉戰(zhàn)略體系的關(guān)鍵所在。文章第三部分為我學(xué)習(xí)監(jiān)督學(xué)這門課程之后的心得體會。作為一名管理人員，學(xué)習(xí)必要的行政監(jiān)督知識不僅豐富我的專業(yè)知識，更加強(qiáng)了我的工作責(zé)任感和集體榮譽(yù)感。提高了自己工作積極性和思想道德覺悟。COMMENTED微軟用戶微軟用戶1上一稿我已經(jīng)給你提出修改意見，而且寫的很詳細(xì)，為什么沒有按照要求寫作呢。希望重視你首先談到的是課程的基本內(nèi)容和主要原理，其次結(jié)合縣政府違規(guī)使用土地的案例運(yùn)用行政監(jiān)督理論進(jìn)行分析，再次。。。。。。。。請按照此要求進(jìn)行細(xì)化修改

簡介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書（論文）第1頁共39頁1概述概述1111電梯的起源與發(fā)展電梯的起源與發(fā)展電梯是隨著高層建筑的興建而發(fā)展起來的一種垂直運(yùn)輸工具。多層廠房和多層倉庫需要有貨梯；高層住宅需要有住宅電梯；百貨大樓和賓館需要有客梯、自動(dòng)扶梯在現(xiàn)代社會，電梯已像汽車、飛機(jī)一樣，成為了人類不可缺少的交通運(yùn)輸工具。據(jù)估計(jì)，目前全球在用電梯已超過635萬臺，其中垂直電梯約610萬臺，自動(dòng)扶梯和自動(dòng)人行道約25萬臺。電梯已成為人類現(xiàn)代生活中使用最廣泛的交通運(yùn)輸工具。電梯，為人們快捷高效舒適的現(xiàn)代化生活提供了保障，沒有了電梯，現(xiàn)代化的樓宇將陷于癱瘓。當(dāng)今世界，電梯的使用量已成為衡量現(xiàn)代化程度的標(biāo)志之一。追溯電梯的起源，在我國及國外都能找到其雛形。如我國公元前1700多年出現(xiàn)的桔槔，是一種用于提水的升降裝置。公元前1100多年出現(xiàn)的轆轤，是一種用于提水或升舉重物的升降裝置。在古代希臘，于公元前236年出現(xiàn)的阿基米德絞車，是一種升舉重物的升降裝置。它們的共同特點(diǎn)是都是由支架、卷筒、繩索、搖桿、盛物裝置幾部分組成的最原始、最簡單的升降機(jī)械，由木竹材料制成，靠人力或畜力驅(qū)動(dòng)在很低速度下運(yùn)行12。自1889年美國奧的斯升降機(jī)公司推出世界上第一部以直流電動(dòng)機(jī)為動(dòng)力的升降機(jī)以來，電梯在驅(qū)動(dòng)方式上經(jīng)歷了卷筒式驅(qū)動(dòng)、牽引式驅(qū)動(dòng)等歷程，逐漸形成了直流電機(jī)拖動(dòng)和交流電機(jī)拖動(dòng)兩種不同的拖動(dòng)方式。如今電梯已成為人們進(jìn)出高層建筑不可或缺的代步工具；而且作為載人工具，人們對電梯在運(yùn)行時(shí)的平穩(wěn)性、高速性、準(zhǔn)確性、高效性等一系列靜、動(dòng)態(tài)性能提出了更高的要求。由于早期的電梯繼電器控制方式存在故障率較高、可靠性差、接線復(fù)雜、一旦完成不易更改等缺點(diǎn)，所以需要開發(fā)一種安全、高效的控制方式?？删幊炭刂破鳎ㄒ韵潞喎QPLC）既保留了繼電器控制系統(tǒng)的簡單易懂，而且具備控制精度高、可靠性好、控制程序可隨工藝改變、易于與計(jì)算機(jī)接口連接、維修方便等諸多高品質(zhì)性能。因此，PLC在電梯控制領(lǐng)域得到了廣泛而深入的應(yīng)用13。隨著微電子技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，PLC在工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域內(nèi)得到十分廣泛地應(yīng)用。PLC是一種基于數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、專為在工業(yè)環(huán)境下應(yīng)用而設(shè)計(jì)的電子控制裝置，它采用可編程序的存儲器，用來存儲用戶指令，通過數(shù)字或模擬的輸入/輸本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書（論文）第3頁共39頁3轎廂轎廂是運(yùn)送乘客和貨物的電梯組件，是電梯的工作部分。轎廂由轎廂架和轎廂體組成。4門系統(tǒng)門系統(tǒng)的主要功能是封住層站入口和轎廂入口。門系統(tǒng)由轎廂門、層門、開門機(jī)、門鎖裝置組成。5重量平衡系統(tǒng)重量平衡系統(tǒng)的主要功能是相對平衡轎廂重量，在電梯工作中能使轎廂與對重間的重量差保持在限額之內(nèi)，保證電梯的曳引傳動(dòng)正常。重量平衡系統(tǒng)主要由對重和重量補(bǔ)償裝置組成。6電力拖動(dòng)系統(tǒng)電力拖動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的功能是提供動(dòng)力，實(shí)行電梯速度控制。電力拖動(dòng)系統(tǒng)由曳引電動(dòng)機(jī)、供電系統(tǒng)、速度反饋裝置、電動(dòng)機(jī)調(diào)速裝置等組成。7電氣控制系統(tǒng)電氣控制系統(tǒng)的主要功能是對電梯的運(yùn)行實(shí)行操縱和控制。電氣控制系統(tǒng)主要由操縱裝置、位置顯示裝置、控制屏柜、平層裝置、選層器等組成。8安全保護(hù)系統(tǒng)保證電梯安全使用，防止一切危及人身安全的事故發(fā)生。由限速器、安全鉗、緩沖器、端站保護(hù)裝置組成45。122電梯工作原理曳引繩兩端分別連著轎廂和對重（又稱配重），纏繞在曳引輪和導(dǎo)向輪上，曳引電動(dòng)機(jī)通過減速器變速后帶動(dòng)曳引輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，靠曳引繩與曳引輪摩擦產(chǎn)生的牽引力，實(shí)現(xiàn)轎廂和對重的升降運(yùn)動(dòng)，達(dá)到運(yùn)輸目的。固定在轎廂上的導(dǎo)靴可以沿著安裝在建筑物井道墻體上的固定導(dǎo)軌往復(fù)升降運(yùn)動(dòng)，防止轎廂在運(yùn)行中偏斜或擺動(dòng)。常閉式制動(dòng)器在電動(dòng)機(jī)工作時(shí)松閘，使電梯運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，在失電情況下制動(dòng)，使轎廂停止升降，并在指定層站上維持其靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)，供人員和貨物出入。轎廂是運(yùn)載乘客或其他載荷的箱體部件，對重用來平衡轎廂載荷、減少電動(dòng)機(jī)功率。補(bǔ)償裝置用來補(bǔ)償曳引繩運(yùn)動(dòng)中的張力和重量變化，使曳引電動(dòng)機(jī)負(fù)載穩(wěn)定，轎廂得以準(zhǔn)確?？俊ｋ姎?

簡介：POWERSUPPLYSYSTEMOFHIGHRISEBUILDINGDESIGNABSTRACTWITHTHECONTINUOUSDEVELOPMENTOFCITYSIZE,MOREANDMOREHIGHRISEBUILDINGS,THEREFORE,HIGHRISEBUILDINGELECTRICALDESIGNTOTHEDESIGNERSHADTOFACEINTHISPAPER,ANENGINEERINGEXAMPLE,DESCRIBESTHEELECTRICALDESIGNOFHIGHRISEBUILDINGSANDSOMEOFTHEMORETYPICALISSUESOFUNIVERSALSIGNIFICANCE,COMBINEDWITHTHEACTUALPRACTICEOFANENGINEERINGSOLUTIONTOTHEPROBLEMDESCRIBEDKEYWORDSHIGHRISEBUILDINGELECTRICALDESIGNDISTRIBUTIONLOADCALCULATION1PROJECTOVERVIEWTHECOMMERCIALCOMPLEXPROJECT,WITHATOTALCONSTRUCTIONAREAOF405570M2,ONTHEGROUNDFLOORAREAOF272330M2,UNDERGROUNDCONSTRUCTIONAREAOF133240M2,THEMAINHEIGHTOF99MPROJECTCOMPONENTSARETWOOFFICEBUILDINGS,CONSTRUCTIONAREAIS70800M2,28LAYERS,THESTANDARDSTORYIS32M2LOADCALCULATION1LOADCHARACTERISTICSELECTRICLOAD,MUCHLARGERTHANTHE“NATIONALCIVILENGINEERINGTECHNICALMEASURES“LARGE120W/M2INDICATORS,ESPECIALLYINTHEELECTRICITYLOADMOREFOOD,ANDDIFFERENTTYPESOFFOODANDBEVERAGECATERINGDIFFERENTCULTURALBACKGROUNDSALSOHIGH2THEUNCERTAINTYOFALARGELOAD,BECAUSETHECOMMERCIALREALESTATERENTSAREOFTENBASEDONMARKETDEMAND,ANDCONSTANTLYADJUSTTHENATUREOFTHESHOPS,MAKINGTHELOADINTHEDYNAMICCHANGES3THEREISNOSPECIFICATIONANDTECHNICALMEASURESINTHEDIFFERENTTYPESOFCOMMERCIALPROJECTSREFERTOTHEDETAILEDPARAMETERSOFTHESHOPS,ENGINEERINGDESIGNLOADCALCULATIONINTHELACKOFDATA,INMOSTCASESTORELYONSTAFFWITHPREVIOUSEXPERIENCEINENGINEERINGDESIGNCALCULATIONSLOADTHESELECTIONOFPARAMETERSFORTHEABOVEPROBLEMS,THELOADCALCULATION,THEFIRSTDEVELOPEROFSALESANDGOODCOMMUNICATION,TODETERMINETHEFORMOFLAYERSOFTHEFORMSANDNATUREOFFLOORAREA,WHICHISCALCULATEDONTHEBASISOFELECTRICALLOADBASISFOLLOWEDTODETERMINEPARAMETERINDEXWITHINTHEUNITAREAOFSHOPSISALSOVERYIMPORTANTANDCOMPLEXBECAUSETHEREISNOCLEARINDICATOROFTHESPECIFICATIONCANREFERTOANDDIFFERENTLEVELSOFECONOMICDEVELOPMENTBETWEENCITIESISNOTBALANCED,POWERINDICESAREALSODIFFERENTWILLBEINTHESAMECITY,DIFFERENTREGIONSHAVEDIFFERENTCONSUMERGROUPS3THENEEDTOFACTORINTHECHOICEPARAMETERSDETERMINED,THENEEDFORLOADCALCULATIONNEEDTOFACTORCOMMONLYUSEDMETHOD,THECALCULATIONWILLNOTREPEATTHEMNEEDTOEXPLOREISTHENEEDFORCOEFFICIENTSELECTION,WHICHINTHECURRENTSPECIFICATIONS,MANUALSANDTHE“UNIFIEDTECHNICALMEASURES“ISALSONOTCLEARREQUIREMENTS,BASEDONYEARSOFDESIGNEXPERIENCETHATMOSTENDSHOPSINTHEDISTRIBUTIONORLEVELWITHINTHEHOUSEHOLDDISTRIBUTIONBOXWITHCASEKXGENERALLYTAKEAWHILE,INTHECALCULATIONOFTHELOOPROUTETOTAKE07TO08,THEDISTRIBUTIONTRANSFORMERSINTHESUBSTATIONCALCULATIONSTAKE04TO063SUBSTATIONSSETLOADCALCULATIONBASEDONTHERESULTSOFTHISPROJECTTHETOTALINSTALLEDCAPACITYOFTRANSFORMER43400KVA,AFTERREPEATEDCONSULTATIONSWITHTHEPOWERCOMPANY,RESPECTIVELY,INTHEPROJECTINTHE1000/50BUSCARRYINGCAPACITYFORTHE1000A,THISROADCANMEETTHEMAXIMUM1000ACURRENTLOADREQUIREMENTS,EVENIFTHEREISADJUSTMENT,POWERDISTRIBUTIONSWITCHESANDCIRCUITCANNOTMAKEBIGCHANGES6LAYERDISTRIBUTIONBOXSETACCORDINGTOTHEDIVISIONOFLAYERSOFFIREPROTECTIONDISTRICT,RESPECTIVELYNUMBEREDASAKLAYERSWITHINTHESETLEVELSHAFTFORTHERETAILLIGHTINGPOWERDISTRIBUTIONBOX,WITHONEONONEPOWERSUPPLYSHOPSINRADIALPOWERSHOULDBENOTEDTHATTHEFORMSOFTHECOMPLEXLAYERSOFLAYERSOFFIREPARTITION,DOESNOTCORRESPONDTOTHELOWER,MAKINGSOMEOFSHAFTPOWERINCHARGEOFTHEFIREDISTRICTATTHESAMETIME,ALSORESPONSIBLEFORTHEPOWERSUPPLYADJACENTTOTHEFIREDISTRICTATDESIGNTIME,USINGTHEPRINCIPLEOFPROXIMITY,WHILEALSOTAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHEBURDENOFTHEWHOLETRUNKLOADCONDITIONS,SOTHATEACHSHAFTASFARASPOSSIBLEAMOREBALANCEDLOAD7PUBLICAREADISTRIBUTIONBOXSETTAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHEFUTURENEEDSOFTHEBUSINESSREDECORATIONOFPUBLICAREASMUSTBERESERVEDFORPOWERHERETHEDESIGNNEEDSTOCONSIDERTHEFOLLOWINGPOINTS①Q(mào)UESTIONOFHOWMUCHRESERVEPOWER,LIGHTINGANDELECTRICITY,WHICHACCORDINGTOGB500342004“ARCHITECTURALLIGHTINGDESIGNSTANDARDS“TABLEOFARTICLE613AND618,COMMERCIALBUILDINGLIGHTINGPOWERDENSITYVALUE,HIGHENDSUPERMARKETS,BUSINESSOFFICESAS20W/M2,UNDERTHE“DECORATIVELIGHTINGINCLUDED50OFTHETOTALLIGHTINGPOWERDENSITYCALCULATION“REQUIREMENTS,USINGTHERESERVEDSTANDARD40W/M2②INORDERTOFACILITATETHEDECORATIONINEACHPARTITIONSETFIRELIGHTINGINPUBLICAREASANDEMERGENCYLIGHTINGDISTRIBUTIONBOXDISTRIBUTIONBOX,INORDERTOIDENTIFYTHEELECTRICALPOWERDISTRIBUTIONDECORATIONCUTOFFPOINT③THESTAIRCASE,STORAGEROOMSANDOTHERPARTSOFTHEDECORATIONDOESNOTNEEDTODO,SETTHEPOWERDISTRIBUTIONCIRCUITORASEPARATEDISTRIBUTIONBOX,TRYNOTTOBERESERVEDFROMTHEPUBLICAREAOFELECTRICITYDISTRIBUTIONBOARDFEDHARDCOVEROUT④CONTROLOFLIGHTINGINPUBLICAREAS,THEMAJORITYINTWOWAYS,NAMELY,CBUSCONTROLSYSTEMORTHEBASYSTEM,THEUSEOFCBUSHASTHEADVANTAGEOFMOREFLEXIBLECONTROL,EACHROADCANBEFEDOUTOFCONTROL,ADJUSTABLELIGHTCONTROLSHORTCOMINGSISAHIGHERCOSTBASYSTEMCONTROLADVANTAGESOFUSINGLOWCOST,SIMPLECONTROLDISADVANTAGEISTHATTHEEXCHANGESANDCONTACTSFORTHETHREEPHASE,THREEWAYCONTROLMAYBERELATEDBOTHTOOPEN,ORBOTH,INTHEDECORATIONOFTHECONTACTSREQUIREDTOFEEDTHEPOWERSUPPLYCIRCUITDIVERGETOAVOIDFAILUREBLACKOUTSDESIGNOFDISTRIBUTIONBOX8INTHECOMMERCIALREALESTATEDESIGN,SHOPDESIGNISOFTENONLYAMETERBOX,ANDOUTLETROUTEBACKTOTHENEEDSOFTHEUSERACCORDINGTOTHEIRSECONDDESIGN,BUTTHESHOPSAREDIFFICULTTORESOLVEWITHINTHEPOWERSUPPLYFANCOILUNITS,AIRCONDITIONINGSYSTEMASAWHOLECANNOTDEBUGTHEPROJECTAPPROACHISTOADDACIRCUITBREAKERINTHEMETERBOXFORTHECOILPOWERSUPPLY,ANOTHERWAYFORUSERSTOUSETHESECONDDESIGN,ASSHOWNBELOWUSERDISTRIBUTIONBOXDESIGN9DISTRIBUTIONCABINET/BOXNUMBERANDDISTRIBUTIONCIRCUITSLARGESCALEPROJECTSAREOFTENLOWVOLTAGEDISTRIBUTIONCABINET/BOXNUMBER,LOWVOLTAGECIRCUITSTOFEEDTHEMOREOFTENTHEREWILLBECABINET/BOXNUMBERANDLINENUMBERDUPLICATION,RESULTINGINTHEDESIGNANDTHEFUTURELOOKSDIFFICULTMAINTENANCEANDOVERHAULTHEPROJECTHASTHREE10KVSUBSTATIONS,20TRANSFORMER,HUNDREDSOFLOWVOLTAGEFEDOUTOFTHECLOSET,FEDTHECIRCUITMOREACCORDANCEWITHTHEINTERNATIONALELECTROTECHNICALCOMMISSIONIECANDTHECHINESENATIONAL

簡介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書英文文獻(xiàn)及中文翻譯學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號0705014141學(xué)院信息與通信工程專業(yè)電子信息科學(xué)與技術(shù)指導(dǎo)教師李建民2011年6月中北大學(xué)2011屆畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書第2頁共16頁UNITFORFREQUENCYISTHEHERTZHZ，DEFINEDASEVENTSORCYCLESPERSECONDTHEFREQUENCYOFELECTRICALSIGNALSISOFTENMEASUREDINMULTIPLESOFHERTZ，INCLUDINGKILOHERTZKHZ，MEGAHERTZMHZ，ORGIGAHERTZGHZ，WHERE1KHZEQUALSONETHOUSAND103EVENTSPERSECOND，1MHZEQUALSONEMILLION106EVENTSPERSECOND，AND1GHZEQUALSONEBILLION109EVENTSPERSECONDADEVICETHATPRODUCESFREQUENCYISCALLEDANOSCILLATORTHEPROCESSOFSETTINGMULTIPLEOSCILLATORSTOTHESAMEFREQUENCYISCALLEDSYNCHRONIZATIONOFCOURSE，THETHREETYPESOFTIMEANDFREQUENCYINFORMATIONARECLOSELYRELATEDASMENTIONED，THESTANDARDUNITOFTIMEINTERVALISTHESECONDBYCOUNTINGSECONDS，WECANDETERMINETHEDATEANDTHETIMEOFDAYANDBYCOUNTINGEVENTSORCYCLESPERSECOND，WECANMEASUREFREQUENCYTIMEINTERVALANDFREQUENCYCANNOWBEMEASUREDWITHLESSUNCERTAINTYANDMORERESOLUTIONTHANANYOTHERPHYSICALQUANTITYTODAY，THEBESTTIMEANDFREQUENCYSTANDARDSCANREALIZETHESISECONDWITHUNCERTAINTIESOF≈11015PHYSICALREALIZATIONSOFTHEOTHERBASESIUNITSHAVEMUCHLARGERUNCERTAINTIESCOORDINATEDUNIVERSALTIMEUTCTHEWORLD’SMAJORMETROLOGYLABORATORIESROUTINELYMEASURETHEIRTIMEANDFREQUENCYSTANDARDSANDSENDTHEMEASUREMENTDATATOTHEBUREAUINTERNATIONALDESPOIDSETMEASURESBIPMINSEVRES，F(xiàn)RANCETHEBIPMAVERAGESDATACOLLECTEDFROMMORETHAN200ATOMICTIMEANDFREQUENCYSTANDARDSLOCATEDATMORETHAN40LABORATORIES，INCLUDINGTHENATIONALINSTITUTEOFSTANDARDSANDTECHNOLOGYNISTASARESULTOFTHISAVERAGING，THEBIPMGENERATESTWOTIMESCALES，INTERNATIONALATOMICTIMETAI，ANDCOORDINATEDUNIVERSALTIMEUTCTHESETIMESCALESREALIZETHESISECONDASCLOSELYASPOSSIBLEUTCRUNSATTHESAMEFREQUENCYASTAIHOWEVER，ITDIFFERSFROMTAIBYANINTEGRALNUMBEROFSECONDSTHISDIFFERENCEINCREASESWHENLEAPSECONDSOCCURWHEN

簡介：CHINA’SBIOMASSENERGYCHINALEADSTHEWORLDINITSENERGYRESERVATIONANDISTHESECONDLARGESTENERGYPRODUCERANDCONSUMERINTHEWORLDITISESTIMATEDTHATCHINAHAS4000BILLIONTONSOFPOTENTIALPRIMARYENERGYRESERVATIONHOWEVER,PERCAPITAENERGYRESOURCEQUANTITYANDCONSUMINGQUANTITYISFARSMALLERTHANTHEWORLDAVERAGELEVELTHEMAINCHARACTERISTICSOFCHINA’SENERGYEXPLORATIONANDUTILIZATIONAREASFOLLOWS1COALISTHEPRIMARYENERGYEXPLORATIONANDUTILIZATIONOFRENEWABLERESOURCESISSUPPLEMENTARYCHINA’SEXPLOREDRESERVESOFCOALRESOURCEACCOUNTSFOROVER90OFTHEPRIMARYENERGYTOTAL,SUCHASCOAL,OIL,NATURALGAS,WATERENERGYANDNUCLEARENERGYCOALISDOMINANTIDCHINA’SENERGYPRODUCTIONANDCONSUMPTIONON2ENERGYCONSUMPTIONVOLUMEISINCREASINGWHILEENERGYUTILIZATIONEFFICIENCYISCOMPARATIVELYLOWASTHEECONOMICSCALEEXPANDS,CHINA’SENERGYCONSUMPTIONISONTHECONSTANTINCREASEUNDERTHEINFLUENCESOFCAPITAL,TECHNOLOGY,ENERGYPRICE,ETC,CHINA’SENERGYUTILIZATIONEFFICIENCYISFARLOWERTHANTHATOFTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESENERGYCOMPREHENSIVEUTILIZATIONEFFICIENCYIS32ANDTHEOVERALLENERGYSYSTEMATICEFFICIENCY93THESENUMBERSAREONLYHALFOFTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRYLEVEL3WITHTHESUSTAINEDINCREASEOFENERGYCONSUMPTION,THECOALDOMINANTENERGYSTRUCTUREHASCAUSEDURBANAIRPOLLUTIONWHILEWITHTHEEXCESSIVECONSUMPTIONOFBIOMASSENERGYGIVINGRISETOECOLOGICALDESTRUCTION,THEPRESSUREONECOLOGICALENVIRONMENTISMOREANDMORESEVEREACCORDINGTOTHEWORLDBANK,THEECONOMICLOSSCAUSEDBYAIRANDWATERPOLLUTIONINCHINA,APPROXIMATELYACCOUNTSFOR38OFGNP4THEENERGYSTRUCTUREISGETTINGMOREANDMOREPLURALIZEDBYTHEMIDDLEOFTHE1990’S,ENERGYSELFSUFFICIENCYRATEWAS98,WHILEATPRESENTCHINAISTHESECONDLARGESTCRUDEOILIMPORTERONLYAFTERUSATHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFCHINA’SECONOMYISBASEDONTHESUFFICIENTSUPPLYOFENERGY,HOWEVER,THEHIGHERTHANNORMALOILPRICEONTHEINTERNATIONALMARKETTOGETHERENERGY,SOLARENERGYANDTERRESTRIALENERGYINCHINAWINDPOWERTHEREAREABUNDANTWINDPOWERWITHINOURHUGETERRITORYANDALONGOURLONGCOASTLINEACCORDINGTOTHESURVEYOFCHINAMETEOROLOGICALACADEMY,BASEDONTHERESULTSOF900WEATHERSTATIONS,THEREIS253MILLIONKWOFWINDPOWERRESERVE10MBELOWOUREARTHTHEREISAGREATPOTENTIALOFWINDPOWERINTHECOASTALAREAOFEASTERNCHINA215METERSBELOWSEALEVELTHEREFOR,WEHAVEAPROMISINGFUTUREINWINDPOWERGENERATIONTHERECOMPILEDBYCHINAENERGYCOMPREHENSIVEUSEASSOCIATIONANDEUROPEANWINDPOWERSOCIETY,INAREPORTNAMEDWINDFORCE12INCHINA,ITISEXPECTEDTHATCHINAWILLHAVE40MILLIONKWOFWINDPOWERCAPACITYIN2020,IFISCOULDDEVELOPFULLYTHEN,THEWINDPOWERWILLGOBEYONDNUCLEARPOWERANDBECOMETHETHIRDLARGESTPOWERSOURCEINCHINAIFTHATISTRUE,CHINA’SANNUALWINDPOWERGENERATIONWOULDGOUPTO80BILLIONKWH,ITCOULDBEENOUGHFOR80MILLIONPEOPLEMEANTIME,ITWOULDREDUCE48MILLIONTONSOFCO2EMISSIONTHEREPORTALSOSAYSTHATCHINAWILLNEEDOVER25THOUSANDOFLARGEWINDGENERATORSBYTHEYEAR2020,WINDPOWERSALEWILLINCREASETOMORETHAN300BILLIONYUAN,THATWILLCREATEATLEAST150THOUSANDOFJOBOPPORTUNITIESITINDICATESTHATINTHEPAST5YEARS,THECOSTOFWINDPOWERWILLREDUCEBY20,ITSTECHNOLOGYCOSTISONEOFTHELOWESTWHICHCANBEDECREASEDAMONGTHERENEWABLEENERGIESBIOMASSENERGYACCORDINGTOTHEOUTLINEFORMIDLONGTERMDEVELOPMENTOFRENEWABLEENERGYINCHINA,THEGOALOFRENEWABLEENERGYDEVELOPMENTINTHENEXT15YEARSISBY2020,THERENEWABLEENERGYWILLOCCUPY16INTHEENERGYSTRUCTUREOFCHINAAMONGTHEM,THEPRODUCTIONOFETHANOLISGOINGUPTO10MILLIONTONSBIODIESELFUEL2MILLIONTONSANDTHEMAJORPARTOFTHEBIOMASSENERGYDEVELOPMENTTARGETAREBIOENERGYPOWERGENERATION,FIREDAMPPROJECTSBIOMASSLIQUIDFUELANDBIOMASSSOLIDFUELTHEBIOMASSPROJECTINCHINAHASMADEGREATPROGRESSNOW,BUTITISSTILLINANINITIALSTAGES

簡介：1THEINJECTIONMOLDING1、THEINJECTIONMOLDINGINJECTIONMOLDINGISPRINCIPALLYUSEDFORTHEPRODUCTIONOFTHETHERMOPLASTICPARTS,ALTHOUGHSOMEPROGRESSHASBEENMADEINDEVELOPINGAMETHODFORINJECTIONMOLDINGSOMETHERMOSETTINGMATERIALSTHEPROBLEMOFINJECTIONAMETHODPLASTICINTOAMOLDCAVITYFROMARESERVOIROFMELTEDMATERIALHASBEENEXTREMELYDIFFICULTTOSOLVEFORTHERMOSETTINGPLASTICWHICHCUREANDHARDENUNDERSUCHCONDITIONSWITHINAFEWMINUTESTHEPRINCIPLEOFINJECTIONMOLDINGISQUITESIMILARTOTHATOFDIECASTINGTHEPROCESSCONSISTSOFFEEDINGAPLASTICCOMPOUNDINPOWEREDORGRANULARFORMFROMAHOPPERTHROUGHMETERINGANDMELTINGSTAGESANDTHENINJECTINGITINTOAMOLDAFTERABRIEFCOOLINGPERIOD,THEMOLDISOPENEDANDTHESOLIDIFIEDPARTEJECTEDINJECTIONMOLDINGMACHINEOPERATIONTHEADVANTAGEOFINJECTIONMOLDINGARE（Ⅰ）AHIGHMOLDINGSPEEDADAPTERFORMASSPRODUCTIONISPOSSIBLE；（Ⅱ）THEREISAWIDECHOICEOFTHERMOPLASTICMATERIALSPROVIDINGAVARIETYOFUSEFULPROPERTIES；（Ⅲ）ITISPOSSIBLETOMOLDTHREADS,UNDERCUTS,SIDEHOLES,ANDLARGETHINSECTION2、THEINJECTIONMOLDINGMACHINESEVERALMETHODSAREUSEDTOFORCEORINJECTTHEMELTEDPLASTICINTOTHEMOLDTHEMOSTCOMMONLYUSEDSYSTEMINTHELARGERMACHINESISTHEINLINERECIPROCATINGSCREW,ASSHOWNINFIGURE21THESCREWACTSASACOMBINATIONINJECTIONANDPLASTICIZINGUNITASTHEPLASTICISFEDTOTHEROTATINGSCREW,ITPASSESTHROUGHTHREEZONESASSHOWNFEED,COMPRESSION,ANDMETERINGAFTERTHEFEEDZONE,THESCREWFLIGHTDEPTHISGRADUALLYREDUCED,FORCETHEPLASTICTOCOMPRESSTHEWORKISCONVERTEDTOHEATBYCONDUCTIONFROMTHEBARRELSURFACEASTHECHAMBERINFRONTOFTHESCREWBECOMESFILLED,ITFORCESTHESCREWBACK,TRIPPINGALIMITSWITCHTHATACTIVATESAHYDRAULICCYLINDERTHATFORCESTHESCREWFORWARDANDINJECTSTHEFLUIDPLASTICINTOTHECLOSEDMOLDANANTIFLOWBACKVALVEPRESENTSPLASTICUNDERPRESSUREFROMESCAPINGBACKINTOTHESCREWFLIGHTTHECLAMPINGFORCETHATAMACHINEISCAPABLEOFEXERTINGISPARTOFTHESIZEDESIGNATIONANDISMEASUREDINTONSARULEOFTHUMBCANBEUSEDTODETERMINETHETONNAGEREQUIRED3ISOPENEDTOACHIEVETHISSEQUENCE,SPRINGSMAYBEINCORPORATEDBETWEENTHEFEEDPLATEANDTHEFLOATINGCAVITYPLATETHESPRINGSSHOULDBESTRONGENOUGHTOGIVEANINITIALIMPETUSTOTHEFLOATINGCAVITYPLATETOENSUREITMOVESAWAYWITHTHEMOVINGHALFITISNORMALPRACTICETOMOUNTTHESPRINGSONTHEGUIDEPILLARS（FIGURE32）ANDACCOMMODATETHEMINSUITABLEPOCKETINTHECAVITYPLATETHEMAJORPARTOFTHEFEEDSYSTEM（RUNNERANDSPRUE）ISACCOMMODATEDINTHEFEEDPLATETOFACILITATEAUTOMATICOPERATION,THERUNNERSHOULDBEOFATRAPEZOIDALFORMSOTHATONCEITISPULLEDFROMTHEFEEDPLATEISCANEASILYBEEXTRACTEDNOTETHATIFAROUNDRUNNERISUSED,HALFTHERUNNERISFORMEDINTHEFLOATINGCAVITYPLATE,WHEREITWOULDREMAIN,ANDBEPREVENTEDFROMFALLINGORBEINGWIPEDCLEARWHENTHEMOULDISOPENEDNOWTHATWEHAVECONSIDEREDTHEMOULDASSEMBLYINTHESOMEDETAIL,WELOOKATTHECYCLEOFOPERATIONFORTHISTYPEOFMOULDTHEIMPRESSIONSAREFILLEDVIATHEFEEDSYSTEM（FIGURE31（A））ANDAFTERASUITABLEDWELLPERIOD,THEMACHINEPLATENSCOMMENCETOOPENAFORCEISIMMEDIATELYEXERTEDBYTHECOMPRESSIONSPRINGS,WHICHCAUSETHEFLOATINGCAVITYPLATETOMOVEAWAYWITHTHEMOVINGHALFASPREVIOUSLYDISCUSSEDTHESPRUEISPULLEDFROMTHESPRUEBUSHBYTHESPRUEPULLERAFTERTHEFLOATINGCAVITYPLATEHASMOVEDAPREDETERMINEDDISTANCE,ITISARRESTEDBYTHESTOPBOLTSTHEMOVINGHALFCONTINUESTOMOVEBACKANDTHEMOLDINGS,HAVINGSHRUNKONTOTHECORES,AREWITHDRAWNFROMTHECAVITIESTHEPINGATEBREAKSATITSJUNCTIONWITHTHERUNNER（FIGURE31（B））THESPRUEPULLER,BEINGATTACHEDTOTHEMOVINGHALF,ISPULLEDTHROUGHTHEFLOATINGCAVITYPLATEANDTHEREBYRELEASETHEFEEDSYSTEMWHICHISTHENFREETOFALLBETWEENTHEFLOATINGCAVITYPLATEANDTHEFEEDPLATETHEMOVINGHALFCONTINUESTOMOVEBACKUNTILTHEEJECTORSYSTEMISOPERATEDANDTHEMOLDINGSAREEJECTED（FIGURE31（C））WHENTHEMOULDISCLOSED,THERESPECTIVEPLATESARERETURNEDTOTHEIRMOLDINGPOSITIONANDTHECYCLEISREPEATED4、FEEDSYSTEMITISNECESSARYTOPROVIDEAFLOWWAYINTHEINJECTIONMOULDTOCONNECTTHENOZZLE（OFTHEINJECTIONMACHINE）TOEACHIMPRESSIONTHISFLOWWAYISTERMEDTHEFEEDSYSTEMNORMALLYTHEFEEDSYSTEMCOMPRISESASPRUE,RUNNERANDGATETHESETERMSAPPLY

簡介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）文獻(xiàn)綜述題目模擬電梯控制系統(tǒng)專業(yè)電子信息工程班級10級電子2班學(xué)生夏令指導(dǎo)教師姜建山重慶交通大學(xué)2014年33硬件介紹硬件介紹31AT89S52單片機(jī)單片機(jī)AT89S52是一種低功耗、高性能CMOS8位微控制器，具有8K在系統(tǒng)可編程FLASH存儲器。使用ATMEL公司高密度非易失性存儲器技術(shù)制造，與工業(yè)80C51產(chǎn)品指令和引腳完全兼容。片上FLASH允許程序存儲器在系統(tǒng)可編程，亦適于常規(guī)編程器。在單芯片上，擁有靈巧的8位CPU和在系統(tǒng)可編程FLASH，使得AT89S52為眾多嵌入式控制應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)提供高靈活、超有效的解決方案。AT89S52具有以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)功能8K字節(jié)FLASH，256字節(jié)RAM，32位I/O口線，看門狗定時(shí)器，2個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)指針，三個(gè)16位定時(shí)器/計(jì)數(shù)器，一個(gè)6向量2級中斷結(jié)構(gòu)，全雙工串行口，片內(nèi)晶振及時(shí)鐘電路。另外，AT89S52可降至0HZ靜態(tài)邏輯操作，支持2種軟件可選擇節(jié)電模式?？臻e模式下，CPU停止工作，允許RAM、定時(shí)器/計(jì)數(shù)器、串口、中斷繼續(xù)工作。掉電保護(hù)方式下，RAM內(nèi)容被保存，振蕩器被凍結(jié)，單片機(jī)一切工作停止，直到下一個(gè)中斷或硬件復(fù)位為止。圖2引腳圖33LCD液晶屏液晶屏工業(yè)字符型液晶，能夠同時(shí)顯示16X02即32個(gè)字符。（16列2行）1602液晶也叫1602字符型液晶，它是一種專門用來顯示字母、數(shù)字、符號等的點(diǎn)陣型液晶模塊。它由若干個(gè)5X7或者5X11等點(diǎn)陣字符位組成，每個(gè)點(diǎn)陣字符位都可以顯示一個(gè)字符，每位之間有一個(gè)點(diǎn)距的間隔，每行之間也有間隔，起到了字符間距和行間距的作用，正因?yàn)槿绱怂运荒芎芎玫仫@示圖形（用自定義CGRAM，顯示效果也不好）。1602采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的16腳接口，其中第1腳VSS為電源地

簡介：模具專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)翻譯模具專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)翻譯外文原文外文原文MODERNFASTECONOMYMANUFACTUREMOLDTECHNOLOGY1INTRODUCTIONALONGWITHTHEGLOBALECONOMYDEVELOPMENT,THENEWTECHNOLOGICALREVOLUTIONMADETHENEWPROGRESSANDTHEBREAKTHROUGHUNCEASINGLY,THETECHNICALLEAPDEVELOPMENTALREADYBECOMESTHEIMPORTANTATTRIBUTEWHICHTHEIMPETUSWORLDECONOMICSGREWTHEMARKETECONOMYUNCEASINGDEVELOPMENT,URGESTHEINDUSTRYPRODUCTMOREANDMORETOTHEMULTIVARIETIES,HIGHGRADE,THELOWCOSTDIRECTIONTODEVELOP,INORDERTOMAINTAINANDSTRENGTHENSTHEPRODUCTINMARKETCOMPETITIVEPOWER,PRODUCTDEVELOPMENTCYCLE,PRODUCTIONCYCLEMOREANDMORESHORT,THEREUPONTOMAKESEACHKINDOFPRODUCTTHEESSENTIALCRAFTEQUIPMENTMOLDREQUESTTOBEMOREANDMOREHARSHONTHEONEHANDTHEENTERPRISEFORTHEPURSUESCALEBENEFIT,CAUSESTHEMOLDTOTURNTOWARDSHIGHSPEED,ISPRECISE,THELONGLIFEDIRECTIONDEVELOPSONTHEOTHERHANDENTERPRISEINORDERTOSATISFYTHEMULTIVARIETIES,,THEPRODUCTRENEWALQUICKLY,WINSTHEMARKETTHENEED,REQUESTSTHEMOLDTOTURNTOWARDSTHEMANUFACTURECYCLETOBESHORT,THECOSTLOWFASTECONOMYDIRECTIONDEVELOPSTHECOMPUTER,THELASER,ELECTRONIC,THENEWMATERIAL,THENEWTECHNICALDEVELOPMENT,CAUSESTHEFASTECONOMICALPATTERNMAKINGTECHNOLOGYEVENMOREPOWERFUL,THEAPPLICATIONSCOPEEXPANDSUNCEASINGLY,THETYPEINCREASESUNCEASINGLY,THECREATIONECONOMICEFFICIENCYANDTHESOCIALEFFICIENCYAREMOREANDMOREREMARKABLE2FASTECONOMICALPATTERNMAKINGSTECHNOLOGIESTYPETHEFASTECONOMICALPATTERNMAKINGTECHNOLOGYANDTHETRADITIONALMACHINEFINISHINGCOMPARES,HASTHEPATTERNMAKINGCYCLESHORT,THECOSTISLOW,THEPRECISIONANDTHELIFECANSATISFYINTHEPRODUCTIONTHEOPERATIONREQUIREMENTS,ISSYNTHESIZESANECONOMICEFFICIENCYQUITEREMARKABLEKINDTOMAKETHEMOLDTHETECHNOLOGY,SUMMARIZESBELOW,HASSEVERALTYPESTOLEAVE21FASTPROTOTYPESMANUFACTURESTECHNOLOGYTHEFASTPROTOTYPEMANUFACTURETECHNOLOGYISCALLEDRPM,ISONEKINDOFNEWMANUFACTURETECHNOLOGYWHICHTHE80SLATERPERIODDEVELOPSUS,JAPAN,ENGLAND,ISRAEL,GERMANY,CHINAHAVEALLPROMOTEDOWNCOMMERCIALIZATIONPRODUCT,ANDHASFORMEDTHENEWINDUSTRYGRADUALLYRPMISTHECOMPUTER,THELASER,THEOPTICALSCANNING,THEADVANCEDNEWMATERIAL,THECOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNCAD,THECOMPUTERASSISTANCEPROCESSINGCAM,THENUMERICALCONTROLCNCSYNTHESIZESTHEAPPLICATIONTHEHIGHTECHNOLOGYANDNEWTECHNOLOGYINTAKESSHAPEINTHECONCEPTTAKETHEPLANESEPARATE,PILESUPASTHEINSTRUCTION,INTHECONTROLTAKETHECOMPUTERANDTHENUMERICALCONTROLASTHEFOUNDATION,TAKEBIGGESTFLEXIBILITYASGENERALGOALSITHASABANDONEDTHETRADITIONALMACHINEFINISHINGMETHOD,TOTHEMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRYTRANSFORMATIONISASIGNIFICANTBREAKTHROUGH,USESTHERPMTECHNOLOGYTOBEPOSSIBLEDIRECTLYORINDIRECTLYTHEFASTPATTERNMAKING,THISTECHNOLOGYALREADYBYPROFESSIONWIDESPREADAPPLICATIONANDSOONAUTOMOBILE,AVIATION,ELECTRICALAPPLIANCES,SHIPS,MEDICALSERVICE,MOLDUNDERSUMMARIZEDALREADYCOMMERCIALIZATIONCONTINUOUSLY,THEBASISLAMINATIONSOFTWARESELECTIVELYDEPOSITSTHELIQUIDCEMENTINGMATERIALBYTHELEVELONTHEPOWDERLEVEL,FINALLYPILESUPATHREEDIMENSIONALENTITYBYTHESMOOTHPRINTINGTWODIMENSIONALLEVEJUSTSLIKEDOESNOTUSETHELASERTHEFASTPATTERNMAKINGTECHNOLOGYTHISTECHNICALMAINAPPLICATIONTAKESSHAPEINADVANCEINTHECERMETCOMPOUNDMATERIALSPOROUSCERAMICSON,ITSGOALISPRODUCESTHEMOLDORTHEMANUFACTUREDIRECTLYBYTHECADPRODUCTMODEL22SURFACESTAKESHAPETHEPATTERNMAKINGTECHNOLOGYTHESURFACETAKESSHAPETHEPATTERNMAKINGTECHNOLOGY,MAINLYISTHEUSESPURTSSPREADS,THEELECTROLYTICCASTING,CHEMISTRYCORROSIONANDSOONTHENEWTECHNIQUEFORMATIONCAVITYSURFACEANDTHEFINEPATTERNONEKINDOFCRAFTTECHNOLOGY,INTHEPRACTICALAPPLICATIONINCLUDINGFOLLOWINGSEVERALKINDOFTYPES221ELECTRICARCSSPURTSPREADTAKESHAPETHEPATTERNMAKINGTECHNOLOGYTHEELECTRICARCSPURTSSPREADSTAKESSHAPETHETECHNICALPRINCIPLEISHASTHEELECTRICARCQUANTITYOFHEATUSINGBETWEEN2CIRCULARTELEGRAMSTINSELTOMELTTHETINSEL,DEPENDSUPONTHECOMPRESSEDGASITSFULLATOMIZATION,ANDGIVESTHECERTAINKINETICENERGY,HIGHSPEEDSPRAYSINTHETYPEMOLDSURFACE,LAYERUPONLAYERMOUNTS,FORMSAMETALSHELL,NAMELYTHECAVITYINTERNALSURFACE,USESTOFILLTHESUBSTRATEMATERIALAGAINGENERALLYFORMETALSILTANDRESINCOMPOUNDMATERIALSPERFORMSTOSUPPORTTHEREINFORCEMENT,ENHANCESITSINTENSITYANDTHERIGIDITY,COMBINESTHEMOLDTOGETHERWITHTHEMETALPATTERNFRAMETHISKINDOFPATTERNMAKINGTECHNOLOGYCRAFTSIMPLE,COSTLOW,MANUFACTURECYCLEEXTREMELYSHORT,THECAVITYSURFACETAKESSHAPEONLYNEEDSFORSEVERALHOURS,SAVESTHEENERGYANDTHEMETALMATERIAL,GENERALCAVITYSURFACE23MMISONLYTHICK,SIMULATIONGREATLYSTRENGTHENED,THEPATTERNPRECISIONMAYACHIEVE05MUMATPRESENTTHISTECHNOLOGYWIDELYUSESINSUPERFICIALSHAPEANDSOONAIRPLANE,AUTOMOBILEMOLD,ELECTRICALAPPLIANCES,FURNITURE,SHOEMAKING,FINEARTSHANDICRAFTISCOMPLEXANDTHEPATTERNFINEEACHKINDOFPOLYURETHANEPRODUCTBLOWMOLDING,ATTRACTSMODELS,THEPVCINJECTION,PUBECOMESSPONGYANDEACHKINDOFINJECTIONTAKESSHAPEINTHEMOLD222ELECTROLYTICCASTINGSTAKESHAPETHETECHNOLOGYTHEELECTROLYTICCASTINGTAKESSHAPETHETECHNICALPRINCIPLETOBESAMEWITHTHEGALVANIZATION,ISACCORDINGTOMODELTHEMOLDREADYMADEPRODUCTORFEMALEMOLDWHICHMAKESACCORDINGTOPRODUCTBLUEPRINTISTHEDATUMNEGATIVEPOLE,PLACESINTHEELECTROLYTICCASTINGFLUIDANODE,CAUSESINTHEELECTROLYTICCASTINGFLUIDTHEMETALLICIONTORETURNTOORIGINALSTATEALATTERPLACEDEPOSITIONONTHETYPEMOLD,FORMSTHEMETALSHELL,AFTERSTRIPSIT,CONTACTSTHESURFACEWITHTHETYPEMOLDNAMELYFORTHEMOLDTHECAVITYINTERNALSURFACETHISTECHNICALMAINCHARACTERISTICISSAVESMATERIAL,THEMOLDMANUFACTURECYCLESHORT,ELECTROLYTICCASTINGLEVELDEGREEOFHARDNESSMAYREACH40HRC,ENHANCEDTHERESISTANCETOWEARANDTHELIFE,ROUGHNESS,THESIZEPRECISIONISCOMPLETELYCONSISTENTWITHTHETYPEMOLD,ISSUITABLEFORTHEINJECTION,ATTRACTSMODELS,THEBLOWMOLDING,KEEPSOUTMODELS,MOLDCAVITYANDTHEELECTRICSPARKANDSOONBAKELITEMOLD,GLASSMOLD,COMPRESSIONCASTINGMOLDTAKESSHAPETHEELECTRODEMANUFACTURE223CAVITIESSURFACESFINEPATTERNTAKESSHAPEETCHINGTECHNOLOGYTHEETCHINGTECHNOLOGYISOPTICS,CHEMISTRY,THEMACHININGSYNTHESISAPPLICATIONONEKINDOFTECHNOLOGY,ITSBASICPRINCIPLEISMAKESFIRSTTHEPATTERNDESIGNTHEFILM,THENINHASSPREADTHEFILMONPATTERNDESIGNDUPLICATIONTHEPHOTOSENSITIVEMATERIALONTHEMOLD

簡介：開題報(bào)告開題報(bào)告班級學(xué)號姓名摘要關(guān)鍵詞研究背景文獻(xiàn)綜述技術(shù)路線進(jìn)度安排參考文獻(xiàn)TOSTANDOUTANDBEREFRESHINGLYDIFFERENTATWHATEVERCOSTTHATSTHEMESSAGEWEREGETTINGFROMTODAYSLOGOSFROMANIDENTITYPOINTOFVIEW,WEB20LOGOSFAILEDMISERABLYCOPYCATWEBSITESMAYSTILLWORK,BUTWHENITCOMESTOIDENTITIES,DESIGNERSWILLHAVETOROLLUPTHEIRSLEEVESANDWORKMUCHHARDER從今天的標(biāo)志設(shè)計(jì)中我們得到這樣一個(gè)信息，那就是為了脫穎而出與眾不同，無論花費(fèi)多少，都是值得的。如果單從標(biāo)識的角度來看，WEB20的標(biāo)志無疑是一個(gè)失敗。他們可能不會鬧騰的太久。當(dāng)然模仿性網(wǎng)站仍可能存在，但是當(dāng)涉及到標(biāo)識的問題，設(shè)計(jì)者將不得不卷起袖子付出更多的努力。DESIGNERSHAVEBECOMEFARMOREAWAREANDSENSITIVETODESIGNHISTORYMOVEMENTSANDSTYLESTHANTHEYWEREINPREVIOUSYEARSTHEYAREDISCOVERINGWAYSTOMAKELOGOSREFLECTTHEIRROOTS相比以往幾年，設(shè)計(jì)師們已經(jīng)變得越來越清楚和敏感的運(yùn)用歷史的軌跡和設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格。他們正在學(xué)會如何使標(biāo)志反映其根源。MINIMALISMWASASTRONGANCHORFORSWOOSHES,SPARKLINGLITTLEBALLSANDOTHERACCIDENTALMANIFESTATIONSBUTWEREWITNESSINGAFADINGOUTOFMINIMALISM,ANDTHISWEAKNESSISPAVINGTHEWAYFORSPECTACULARREMIXESTOTAKEOVER在以往的標(biāo)志設(shè)計(jì)中極簡主義是各種表現(xiàn)形式強(qiáng)有力的支柱。但我們正在目睹它的淡出，而接管它的是繁復(fù)的混合主義。APARTICULARSTYLECANTEMERGEANDEXPECTTOSTAYATTHETOPINDEFINITELYDEVELOPMENTSINLOGODESIGNINDICATETHATTRENDSHAVEASHORTLIFESPAN,GOINGTHROUGHA“NOWYOUSEEITNOWYOUDONT“KINDOFROLLERCOASTER一個(gè)特定的風(fēng)格不可能出現(xiàn)后期望它一直留在頂端。標(biāo)志設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展趨勢表明，任何一個(gè)趨勢總是壽命很短，經(jīng)歷一個(gè)“來了，過去”類似于過山車似的情景。NEWTRENDSEMERGEONLYTOBECONTRADICTEDBYOTHERSTHATGOTHEOPPOSITEDIRECTION迷幻流行背景會讓人聯(lián)想到那些如花般的權(quán)力時(shí)代，但他們超越了超現(xiàn)代的，非正統(tǒng)的心態(tài)。他們是謙遜和民主的。是沒有傲慢的，不勢利的。AGOODMAJORITYOFTHISYEARSTRENDSDONOTTRANSLATEWELLINPRINTINNOVATIONSINTECHNOLOGYANDTHEADOPTIONOFAVARIETYOFTOOLSHAVEMADEBLACKANDWHITEPRINTINGNOLONGERMANDATORYSOMECLIENTSAREAWARETHATWHENTHEYCHOOSEAPARTICULARTREND,THEYAREPOTENTIALLYREMOVINGTHEIRLOGOSSIGNIFICANTMEANINGANDNIBBLINGAWAYATTHEIRAPPEARANCEWHENTRANSFORMEDINTOBLACKANDWHITEORWHENTHELOGOISFAXEDWHATDOTHEYGETTHEYGETPOWERFULANDCOLORFULSTRIKINGIMAGESIN90OFTHEOTHERMEDIA這些年的趨勢中很多都是對于付諸印刷并不友好。技術(shù)的創(chuàng)新，和各種工具的采用使得黑白印刷不再是強(qiáng)制性的。有些客戶知道，當(dāng)他們選擇某種特定的趨勢，他們的標(biāo)志在被轉(zhuǎn)換成黑白色或者傳真的時(shí)候可能丟失一些重要的意義。而他們得到什么他們得到了功能強(qiáng)大且多姿多彩的突出圖像的90％以上的其他媒體。ORIGAMI折紙藝術(shù)THEDESIRETOGOBACKTOBASICSISMIRROREDINTHEORIGAMITHEMEDESIGNERSUSEDITTODISPLAYTHEIRSKILLS渴望回歸本質(zhì)是折紙藝術(shù)反映的主題設(shè)計(jì)者也用它來展示他們的技能。ANINCREASINGNUMBEROFDESIGNERSWISHTHEYHAVEREALOBJECTSTOWORKWITHWHENEXECUTINGONTHEIRPROJECTSTHEARTOFORIGAMIISFRAGILE,LIGHTANDSUBTLEANDTHEDIGITALPROCESSISTHESAMEITCLOSELYRESEMBLESMINIMALGEOMETRICALFORMSDISCUSSEDEARLIERBUTCONSTITUTESMOREOFASUBTREND越來越多的設(shè)計(jì)師希望執(zhí)行他們的項(xiàng)目時(shí)，可以面對真正的實(shí)體。折紙藝術(shù)是脆弱的和微妙的這與數(shù)字化的過程是相同的。它非常類似于前面討論過的最小幾何形式，但是它更象是一個(gè)子趨勢。ORIGAMI,HOWEVER,EVOLVEDASATRENDINITSOWNWAY,BECAUSEITWASAPROCESSTHATAPPEALEDTOABROADERRANGEOFDESIGNERSTHETRENDWONTLASTTOOLONG,FORTHESIMPLEREASONTHATTHERESULTSAREABITTOOSIMILAR但是，折紙藝術(shù)，確實(shí)成為了一個(gè)發(fā)展趨勢，以自己的方式，因?yàn)樗辉O(shè)計(jì)師所更廣泛呼吁。這一趨勢不會持續(xù)太久，正如它簡單的原因那樣，結(jié)果有會類似。THEADVANTAGEOFTHISTRENDLIESINTHEPROCESSDESIGNERSNEEDEXPERIENCETOGETSOMEOFTHEPROCESSSEGMENTSCORRECTLYINSPITEOFTHEIRCLARITYANDSIMPLICITY,THELOGOSWILLMAKETHEDESIGNERSPRESENCEPREDOMINANTORIGAMI

簡介：機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯英文原文英文原文CONCURRENTDESIGNOFPLASTICSINJECTIONMOULDSASSISTPROFDRAYAYLA/PROFDRPA?AYAYLAABSTRACTTHEPLASTICPRODUCTMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRYHASBEENGROWINGRAPIDLYINRECENTYEARSONEOFTHEMOSTPOPULARPROCESSESFORMAKINGPLASTICPARTSISINJECTIONMOULDINGTHEDESIGNOFINJECTIONMOULDISCRITICALLYIMPORTANTTOPRODUCTQUALITYANDEFFICIENTPRODUCTPROCESSINGMOULDMAKINGCOMPANIES,WHOWISHTOMAINTAINTHECOMPETITIVEEDGE,DESIRETOSHORTENBOTHDESIGNANDMANUFACTURINGLEADINGTIMESOFTHEBYAPPLYINGASYSTEMATICMOULDDESIGNPROCESSTHEMOULDINDUSTRYISANIMPORTANTSUPPORTINDUSTRYDURINGTHEPRODUCTDEVELOPMENTPROCESS,SERVINGASANIMPORTANTLINKBETWEENTHEPRODUCTDESIGNERANDMANUFACTURERPRODUCTDEVELOPMENTHASCHANGEDFROMTHETRADITIONALSERIALPROCESSOFDESIGN,FOLLOWEDBYMANUFACTURE,TOAMOREORGANIZEDCONCURRENTPROCESSWHEREDESIGNANDMANUFACTUREARECONSIDEREDATAVERYEARLYSTAGEOFDESIGNTHECONCEPTOFCONCURRENTENGINEERINGCEISNOLONGERNEWANDYETITISSTILLAPPLICABLEANDRELEVANTINTODAY’SMANUFACTURINGENVIRONMENTTEAMWORKINGSPIRIT,MANAGEMENTINVOLVEMENT,TOTALDESIGNPROCESSANDINTEGRATIONOFITTOOLSARESTILLTHEESSENCEOFCETHEAPPLICATIONOFTHECEPROCESSTOTHEDESIGNOFANINJECTIONPROCESSINVOLVESTHESIMULTANEOUSCONSIDERATIONOFPLASTICPARTDESIGN,MOULDDESIGNANDINJECTIONMOULDINGMACHINESELECTION,PRODUCTIONSCHEDULINGANDCOSTASEARLYASPOSSIBLEINTHEDESIGNSTAGTHISPAPERPRESENTSTHEBASICSTRUCTUREOFANINJECTIONMOULDDESIGNTHEBASISOFTHISSYSTEMARISESFROMANANALYSISOFTHEINJECTIONMOULDDESIGNPROCESSFORMOULDDESIGNCOMPANIESTHISINJECTIONMOULDDESIGNSYSTEMCOVERSBOTHTHEMOULDDESIGNPROCESSANDMOULDKNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENTFINALLYTHEPRINCIPLEOFCONCURRENTENGINEERINGPROCESSISOUTLINEDANDTHENITSPRINCIPLEISAPPLIEDTOTHEDESIGNOFAPLASTICINJECTIONMOULDKEYWORDSPLASTICINJECTIONMOULDDESIGN,CONCURRENTENGINEERING,COMPUTERAIDEDENGINEERING,MOULDINGCONDITIONS,PLASTICINJECTIONMOULDING,FLOWSIMULATION1INTRODUCTIOINJECTIONMOULDSAREALWAYSEXPENSIVETOMAKE,UNFORTUNATELYWITHOUTAMOULDITCANNOTBE機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯TOOLSENABLEALLTHESEANALYSISTOBECOMPLETEDINAMETEROFDAYSOREVENHOURS,RATHERTHANWEEKSORMONTHSNEEDEDFORTHEREALEXPERIMENTALTRIALANDERRORCYCLESASCAEISUSEDINTHEEARLYDESIGNOFPART,MOULDANDMOULDINGPARAMETERS,THECOSTSAVINGSARESUBSTANTIALNOTONLYBECAUSEOFBESTFUNCTIONINGPARTANDTIMESAVINGSBUTALSOTHESHORTENSTHETIMENEEDEDTOLAUNCHTHEPRODUCTTOTHEMARKETTHENEEDTOMEETSETTOLERANCESOFPLASTICPARTTIESINTOALLASPECTSOFTHEMOULDINGPROCESS,INCLUDINGPARTSIZEANDSHAPE,RESINCHEMICALSTRUCTURE,THEFILLERSUSED,MOULDCAVITYLAYOUT,GATING,MOULDCOOLINGANDTHERELEASEMECHANISMSUSEDGIVENTHISCOMPLEXITY,DESIGNERSOFTENUSECOMPUTERDESIGNTOOLS,SUCHASFINITEELEMENTANALYSISFEAANDMOULDFILLINGANALYSISMFA,TOREDUCEDEVELOPMENTTIMEANDCOSTFEADETERMINESSTRAIN,STRESSANDDEFLECTIONINAPARTBYDIVIDINGTHESTRUCTUREINTOSMALLELEMENTSWHERETHESEPARAMETERSCANBEWELLDEFINEDMFAEVALUATESGATEPOSITIONANDSIZETOOPTIMIZERESINFLOWITALSODEFINESPLACEMENTOFWELDLINES,AREASOFEXCESSIVESTRESS,ANDHOWWALLANDRIBTHICKNESSAFFECTFLOWOTHERFINITEELEMENTDESIGNTOOLSINCLUDEMOULDCOOLINGANALYSISFORTEMPERATUREDISTRIBUTION,ANDCYCLETIMEANDSHRINKAGEANALYSISFORDIMENSIONALCONTROLANDPREDICTIONOFFROZENSTRESSANDWARPAGETHECAEANALYSISOFCOMPRESSIONMOULDEDPARTSISSHOWNINFIGURE1THEANALYSISCYCLESTARTSWITHTHECREATIONOFACADMODELANDAFINITEELEMENTMESHOFTHEMOULDCAVITYAFTERTHEINJECTIONCONDITIONSARESPECIFIED,MOULDFILLING,FIBERORIENTATION,CURINGANDTHERMALHISTORY,SHRINKAGEANDWARPAGECANBESIMULATEDTHEMATERIALPROPERTIESCALCULATEDBYTHESIMULATIONCANBEUSEDTOMODELTHESTRUCTURALBEHAVIOUROFTHEPARTIFREQUIRED,PARTDESIGN,GATELOCATIONANDPROCESSINGCONDITIONSCANBEMODIFIEDINTHECOMPUTERUNTILANACCEPTABLEPARTISOBTAINEDAFTERTHEANALYSISISFINISHEDANOPTIMIZEDPARTCANBEPRODUCEDWITHREDUCEDWELDLINEKNOWNALSOKNITLINE,OPTIMIZEDSTRENGTH,CONTROLLEDTEMPERATURESANDCURING,MINIMIZEDSHRINKAGEANDWARPAGEMACHININGOFTHEMOULDSWASFORMERLYDONEMANUALLY,WITHATOOLMAKERCHECKINGEACHCUTTHISPROCESSBECAMEMOREAUTOMATEDWITHTHEGROWTHANDWIDESPREADUSEOFCOMPUTERNUMERICALLYCONTROLLEDORCNCMACHININGCENTRESSETUPTIMEHASALSOBEENSIGNIFICANTLYREDUCEDTHROUGHTHEUSEOFSPECIALSOFTWARECAPABLEOFGENERATINGCUTTERPATHSDIRECTLYFROMACADDATAFILESPINDLESPEEDSASHIGHAS100,000RPMPROVIDEFURTHERADVANCESINHIGHSPEEDMACHININGCUTTINGMATERIALSHAVEDEMONSTRATEDPHENOMENALPERFORMANCEWITHOUTTHEUSEOFANYCUTTING/COOLANTFLUIDWHATSOEVERASARESULT,THEPROCESSOFMACHININGCOMPLEXCORESANDCAVITIESHASBEENACCELERATEDITISGOODNEWSTHATTHETIMEITTAKESTOGENERATEAMOULDISCONSTANTLYBEINGREDUCEDTHEBADNEWS,ONTHEOTHERHAND,ISTHATEVENWITHALLTHESEADVANCES,DESIGNINGANDMANUFACTURINGOFTHEMOULDCANSTILLTAKEALONGTIMEANDCANBEEXTREMELYEXPENSIVE

簡介：譯文一譯文一模具的發(fā)展趨勢模具的發(fā)展趨勢1．模具CAD/CAE/CAM正向集成化、三維化、智能化和網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展（1）模具軟件功能集成化模具軟件功能的集成化要求軟件的功能模塊比較齊全，同時(shí)各功能模塊采用同一數(shù)據(jù)模型，以實(shí)現(xiàn)信息的綜合管理與共享，從而支持模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造、裝配、檢驗(yàn)、測試及生產(chǎn)管理的全過程，達(dá)到實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳效益的目的。如英國DELCAM公司的系列化軟件就包括了曲面/實(shí)體幾何造型、復(fù)雜形體工程制圖、工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)高級渲染、塑料模設(shè)計(jì)專家系統(tǒng)、復(fù)雜形體CAM、藝術(shù)造型及雕刻自動(dòng)編程系統(tǒng)、逆向工程系統(tǒng)及復(fù)雜形體在線測量系統(tǒng)等。集成化程度較高的軟件還包括PRO/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。國內(nèi)有上海交通大學(xué)金屬塑性成型有限元分析系統(tǒng)和沖裁模CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)；北京北航海爾軟件有限公司的CAXA系列軟件；吉林金網(wǎng)格模具工程研究中心的沖壓模CAD/CAE/CAM系統(tǒng)等。（2）模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析及制造的三維化傳統(tǒng)的二維模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)已越來越不適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)和集成化技術(shù)要求。模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析、制造的三維化、無紙化要求新一代模具軟件以立體的、直觀的感覺來設(shè)計(jì)模具，所采用的三維數(shù)字化模型能方便地用于產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的CAE分析、模具可制造性評價(jià)和數(shù)控加工、成形過程模擬及信息的管理與共享。如PRO/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等軟件具備參數(shù)化、基于特征、全相關(guān)等特點(diǎn)，從而使模具并行工程成為可能。另外，CIMATRAN公司的MOLDEXPERT，DELCAM公司的PSMOLD及日立造船的SPACEE/MOLD均是3D專業(yè)注塑模設(shè)計(jì)軟件，可進(jìn)行交互式3D型腔、型芯設(shè)計(jì)、模架配置及典型結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。澳大利亞MOLDFLOW公司的三維真實(shí)感流動(dòng)模擬軟件MOLDFLOWADVISERS已經(jīng)受到用戶廣泛的好評和應(yīng)用。國內(nèi)有華中理工大學(xué)研制的同類軟件HSC3D45F及鄭州工業(yè)大學(xué)的ZMOLD軟件。面向制造、基于知識的智能化功能是衡量模具軟件先進(jìn)性和實(shí)用性的重要標(biāo)志之一。如CIMATRON公司的注塑模專家軟件能根據(jù)脫模方向自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生分型線和分型面，生成與制品相對應(yīng)的型芯和型腔，實(shí)現(xiàn)模架零件的全相關(guān)，自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生材料明細(xì)表和供NC加工的鉆孔表格，并能進(jìn)行智能化加工參數(shù)設(shè)定、加工結(jié)果校驗(yàn)等。2外文原文外文原文DIETREND1．MOLDCAD/CAE/CAMBEINGINTEGRATED,THREEDIMENSIONAL,INTELLIGENTANDNETWORKDIRECTION1MOLDSOFTWAREFEATURESINTEGRATEDDIESOFTWAREFEATURESOFINTEGRATEDSOFTWAREMODULESREQUIREDRELATIVELYCOMPLETE,WHILETHEFUNCTIONMODULEUSINGTHESAMEDATAMODEL,INORDERTOACHIEVESYNDICATEDNEWSMANAGEMENTANDSHARINGOFINFORMATIONTOSUPPORTTHEMOLDDESIGN,MANUFACTURE,ASSEMBLY,INSPECTION,TESTINGANDPRODUCTIONMANAGEMENTOFTHEENTIREPROCESSTOACHIEVEOPTIMALBENEFITSSERIESSUCHASTHEUKDELCAMSSOFTWAREWILLINCLUDEASURFACE/SOLIDGEOMETRICMODELING,ENGINEERINGDRAWINGCOMPLEXGEOMETRY,ADVANCEDRENDERINGINDUSTRIALDESIGN,PLASTICMOLDDESIGNEXPERTSYSTEM,COMPLEXPHYSICALCAM,ARTISTICDESIGNANDSCULPTUREAUTOMATICPROGRAMMINGSYSTEM,REVERSEENGINEERINGANDCOMPLEXSYSTEMSPHYSICALLINEMEASUREMENTSYSTEMSAHIGHERDEGREEOFINTEGRATIONOFTHESOFTWAREINCLUDESPRO/ENGINEER,UGANDCATIA,ETCSHANGHAIJIAOTONGUNIVERSITY,CHINAWITHFINITEELEMENTANALYSISOFMETALPLASTICFORMINGSYSTEMSANDDIECAD/CAMSYSTEMSBEIJINGBEIHANGHAIER

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簡介：1畢業(yè)論文中英文資料外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)畢業(yè)論文中英文資料外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)APYROELECTRICINFRAREDSENSORBASEDINDOORLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMFORTHESMARTHOMESUKLEE,MEMBER,IEEE,KYOUNGNAMHA,KYUNGCHANGLEE,MEMBER,IEEEABSTRACTSMARTHOMEISEXPECTEDTOOFFERVARIOUSINTELLIGENTSERVICESBYRECOGNIZINGRESIDENTSALONGWITHTHEIRLIFESTYLEANDFEELINGSONEOFTHEKEYISSUESFORREALIZINGTHESMARTHOMEISHOWTODETECTTHELOCATIONSOFRESIDENTSCURRENTLY,THERESEARCHEFFORTISFOCUSEDONTWOAPPROACHESTERMINALBASEDANDNONTERMINALBASEDMETHODSTHETERMINALBASEDMETHODEMPLOYSATYPEOFDEVICETHATSHOULDBECARRIEDBYTHERESIDENTWHILETHENONTERMINALBASEDMETHODREQUIRESNOSUCHDEVICETHISPAPERPRESENTSANOVELNONTERMINALBASEDAPPROACHUSINGANARRAYOFPYROELECTRICINFRAREDSENSORSPIRSENSORSTHATCANDETECTRESIDENTSTHEFEASIBILITYOFTHESYSTEMISEVALUATEDEXPERIMENTALLYONATESTBEDKEYWORDSSMARTHOME,LOCATIONBASEDSERVICE,PYROELECTRICINFRAREDSENSORPIRSENSOR,LOCATIONRECOGNITIONALGORITHMIINTRODUCTIONTHEREISAGROWINGINTERESTINSMARTHOMEASAWAYTOOFFERACONVENIENT,COMFORTABLE,ANDSAFERESIDENTIALENVIRONMENT1,2INGENERAL,THESMARTHOMEAIMSTOOFFERAPPROPRIATEINTELLIGENTSERVICESTOACTIVELYASSISTINTHERESIDENT’SLIFESUCHASHOUSEWORK,AMUSEMENT,REST,ANDSLEEPHENCE,INORDERTOENHANCETHERESIDENT’SCONVENIENCEANDSAFETY,DEVICESSUCHASHOMEAPPLIANCES,MULTIMEDIAAPPLIANCES,ANDINTERNETAPPLIANCESSHOULDBECONNECTEDVIAAHOMENETWORKSYSTEM,ASSHOWNINFIG1,ANDTHEYSHOULDBECONTROLLEDORMONITOREDREMOTELYUSINGATELEVISIONTVORPERSONALDIGITALASSISTANTPDA3,43FREQUENCYIDENTIFICATIONRFIDTAGTHEREFORE,ITISIMPOSSIBLETORECOGNIZETHERESIDENT’SLOCATIONIFHEORSHEISNOTCARRYINGTHEDEVICEINCONTRAST,NONTERMINALMETHODSSUCHASEASYLIVINGANDSMARTFLOORCANFINDTHERESIDENT’SLOCATIONWITHOUTSUCHDEVICESHOWEVER,EASYLIVINGCANBEREGARDEDTOINVADETHERESIDENT’SPRIVACYWHILETHESMARTFLOORHASDIFFICULTYWITHEXTENDIBILITYANDMAINTENANCETHISPAPERPRESENTSANONTERMINALBASEDLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMTHATUSESANARRAYOFPYROELECTRICINFRAREDPIRSENSORS15,16THEPIRSENSORSONTHECEILINGDETECTTHEPRESENCEOFARESIDENTANDARELAIDOUTSOTHATDETECTIONAREASOFADJACENTSENSORSOVERLAPBYCOMBININGTHEOUTPUTSOFMULTIPLEPIRSENSORS,THESYSTEMISABLETOLOCATEARESIDENTWITHAREASONABLEDEGREEOFACCURACYTHISSYSTEMHASINHERENTADVANTAGEOFNONTERMINALBASEDMETHODSWHILEAVOIDINGPRIVACYANDEXTENDIBILITY,MAINTENANCEISSUESINORDERTODEMONSTRATEITSEFFICACY,ANEXPERIMENTALTESTBEDHASBEENCONSTRUCTED,ANDTHEPROPOSEDSYSTEMHASBEENEVALUATEDEXPERIMENTALLYUNDERVARIOUSEXPERIMENTALCONDITIONSTHISPAPERISORGANIZEDINTOFOURSECTIONS,INCLUDINGTHISINTRODUCTIONSECTIONIIPRESENTSTHEARCHITECTUREOFTHEPIRSENSORBASEDINDOORLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMPILAS,ANDTHELOCATIONRECOGNITIONALGORITHMSECTIONIIIDESCRIBESARESIDENTDETECTIONMETHODUSINGPIRSENSORS,ANDEVALUATESTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHESYSTEMUNDERVARIOUSCONDITIONSUSINGANEXPERIMENTALTESTBEDFINALLY,ASUMMARYANDTHECONCLUSIONSAREPRESENTEDINSECTIONIVIIARCHITECTUREOFTHEPIRSENSORBASEDINDOORLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMAFRAMEWORKOFTHESMARTHOMEGIVENTHEINDOORENVIRONMENTOFTHESMARTHOME,ANINDOORLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMMUSTSATISFYTHEFOLLOWINGREQUIREMENTSFIRST,THELOCATIONAWARESYSTEMSHOULDBEIMPLEMENTEDATARELATIVELYLOWCOSTBECAUSEMANYSENSORSHAVETOBEINSTALLEDINROOMSOFDIFFERENTSIZESTODETECTTHERESIDENTINTHESMARTHOMESECOND,SENSORINSTALLATIONMUSTBEFLEXIBLEBECAUSETHESHAPEOFEACHROOMISDIFFERENTANDTHEREAREOBSTACLESSUCHASHOMEAPPLIANCESANDFURNITURE,WHICHPREVENTTHENORMALOPERATIONOFSENSORSTHETHIRDREQUIREMENTISTHATTHESENSORSFORTHELOCATIONAWARESYSTEMHAVETOBEROBUSTTONOISE,ANDSHOULDNOTBEAFFECTEDBYTHEIRSURROUNDINGSTHISISBECAUSETHESMARTHOMECANMAKEUSEOFVARIOUSWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONMETHODSSUCHASWIRELESSLANORRADIOFREQUENCYRFSYSTEMS,WHICHPRODUCEELECTROMAGNETICNOISE,ORTHEREMAYBESIGNIFICANTCHANGESINLIGHTORTEMPERATURETHATCANAFFECTSENSORPERFORMANCEFINALLY,ITISDESIRABLETHATTHESYSTEM’SACCURACYISADJUSTABLEACCORDINGTOROOMTYPESAMONGMANYSYSTEMSTHATSATISFYTHEREQUIREMENT,THEPIRSENSORBASEDSYSTEMHASNOT

簡介：文獻(xiàn)檢索復(fù)習(xí)資料文獻(xiàn)檢索復(fù)習(xí)資料第一章第一章緒論緒論1、信息、知識、情報(bào)和文獻(xiàn)的定義、關(guān)系。信息是自然界和人類社會一切事物存在方式和運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)的反映。知識是人類通過信息對自然界、人類社會以及思維方式與運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律的認(rèn)識和掌握，人腦經(jīng)過思維后重新組合的系統(tǒng)化的信息集合。情報(bào)是指為一定目的而收集和傳遞的有特定效用的知識。文獻(xiàn)是記錄一切人類知識信息的載體。信息、知識、情報(bào)、文獻(xiàn)的關(guān)系知識、情報(bào)和文獻(xiàn)均包含于信息中；知識與文獻(xiàn)是交叉關(guān)系；情報(bào)與文獻(xiàn)的關(guān)系是交叉關(guān)系。文獻(xiàn)中的知識可轉(zhuǎn)化為情報(bào)。（書P78）2、信息、情報(bào)的屬性。構(gòu)成文獻(xiàn)的基本要素。信息的屬性客觀性、普遍性、可知性、無限性、存儲性、傳遞性、共享性、聚集增值性、開發(fā)性、時(shí)效性。情報(bào)的屬性知識性、傳遞性、效用性。（情報(bào)就是流動(dòng)著的知識。構(gòu)成文獻(xiàn)的四個(gè)要素信息內(nèi)容（知識內(nèi)容）、記錄符號、物質(zhì)載體、記錄手段。3、一些文獻(xiàn)類型的特征號碼（ISBN組成，ISSN，CN、GB276387，GB/T，ISO,IEC）ISBN國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)書號；有ISBN號的一定是圖書。ISBN號組成中不包括作者代號。ISBN2007年前為10位，2007年后為13位。組成組號（09，0、1代表英語，7代表中國大陸）出版社號（25位）數(shù)序號（16位）校驗(yàn)碼組（010，10用代替）ISSN國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)刊號CN國內(nèi)統(tǒng)一刊號GB276387國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T推薦性國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ISO除電子電工外的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)IEC電子電工領(lǐng)域國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)4、文獻(xiàn)的幾種劃分類型。按文獻(xiàn)的物質(zhì)載體和記錄形式分為手寫型（日記、書信）、印刷型（圖書、報(bào)刊）、縮微型（縮微膠卷、縮微卡片）、聲像型（錄音帶、錄像帶）、機(jī)讀型（光盤）。按文獻(xiàn)的出版形式和內(nèi)容劃分為圖書、期刊、報(bào)紙、特種文獻(xiàn)。按文獻(xiàn)的加工深度劃分為零次文獻(xiàn)、一次文獻(xiàn)、二次文獻(xiàn)、三次文獻(xiàn)。按文獻(xiàn)的出版形式劃分11種、其中特種文獻(xiàn)8種特種文獻(xiàn)包括科技報(bào)告、會議文獻(xiàn)、專利文獻(xiàn)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文獻(xiàn)、學(xué)位論文、政府出版物、產(chǎn)品樣本資料、技術(shù)檔案。5、圖書、期刊的分類。圖書按用途可分為閱讀性圖書（專著、教科書、叢書）和工具書（字詞典、百科全書）。圖書篇幅是49頁以上，49頁以下稱為小冊子。期刊按內(nèi)容性質(zhì)可劃分為學(xué)術(shù)性、技術(shù)性刊物；檢索性刊物；其他類型期刊快報(bào)性刊物、消息性刊物、資料性刊物、科普性刊物等。6、圖書、期刊兩種文獻(xiàn)類型的特點(diǎn)。P14P15圖書的特點(diǎn)內(nèi)容比較全面系統(tǒng)，論點(diǎn)較成熟可靠。是人們進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)、研究不可缺少的信息來源。但傳統(tǒng)的印刷版圖書編輯出版所需時(shí)間較長，傳遞信息速度慢，現(xiàn)在電子版圖書的出現(xiàn)將彌補(bǔ)這一缺陷。期刊的特點(diǎn)品種多，信息含量大，出版周期短，報(bào)道速度快，內(nèi)容新穎，能及時(shí)反映最新科技水平和動(dòng)態(tài)，是傳遞科技信息、交流學(xué)術(shù)思想最基本的文獻(xiàn)形式。第二章第二章檢索基礎(chǔ)知識檢索基礎(chǔ)知識1、信息檢索的概念P21信息檢索是指將信息按照一定的規(guī)則和方式組織與存儲起來，并根據(jù)信息用戶的特定需求查找到所需信息的過程。它包括信息的存儲和檢索兩個(gè)過程，全稱又叫信息儲存與檢索。2、根據(jù)檢索內(nèi)容的不同，信息檢索可以分為哪3種類型，各舉一個(gè)例子。根據(jù)檢索內(nèi)容來劃分文獻(xiàn)信息檢索、事實(shí)信息檢索。數(shù)據(jù)信息檢索。10、檢索途徑的具體類型主題、分類、著者、題名、號碼等，重點(diǎn)掌握主題途徑、分類途徑的用法、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)、查全、查準(zhǔn)效果比較（P69）信息檢索工具的途徑分類途徑、主題途徑、題名途徑、著者途徑、號碼途徑、其他途徑。手工檢索書刊中常用“目次表”、“分類目錄”、“分類索引”等來提供分類檢索途徑，數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索則用“分類檢索”中的類目名或字段檢索中的“分類號”來提供分類檢索途徑。主題途徑以主題詞作為檢索標(biāo)識、利用檢索書刊中的主題索引或關(guān)鍵詞索引、數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索中的主題詞字段檢索來提供主題檢索途徑。分類途徑檢索的特點(diǎn)具有族性檢索的功能，查全率較高。以學(xué)科分類為基礎(chǔ)，符合人們認(rèn)識事物的習(xí)慣，容易被人接受和使用。但不適用于特性檢索，查準(zhǔn)率比主題詞低，對全面檢索邊緣、交叉學(xué)科資料造成較大困難，難以反映新學(xué)科和新名詞術(shù)語。主題途徑檢索的特點(diǎn)適合檢索內(nèi)容較具體專深的信息，能滿足從主題概念出發(fā)進(jìn)行特性檢索的需要，查準(zhǔn)率高。但不適合族性檢索，查全率比分類號低，由于很規(guī)范，非專業(yè)人士難以掌握。11、信息檢索的主要步驟基本程序P70⑴分析檢索需求，明確檢索目標(biāo)、內(nèi)容和范圍。⑵選擇檢索字段⑶選擇檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫和檢索書刊⑷選擇檢索途徑⑸選擇檢索詞⑹構(gòu)建檢索式⑺實(shí)施檢索并調(diào)整檢索式⑻輸出檢索結(jié)果及獲得原始信息第三章第三章計(jì)算機(jī)檢索基礎(chǔ)知識計(jì)算機(jī)檢索基礎(chǔ)知識P43541、布爾邏輯算符P62基本的布爾邏輯算符邏輯與、邏輯或、邏輯非。邏輯與常用符號“AND”或“”表示。增加限制因素，縮小檢索范圍，提高檢索的專指性。邏輯或常用符號“OR”或“”表示。增加邏輯或的組面，可擴(kuò)大檢索范圍，提高查全率。邏輯非常用符號“NOT”或“”表示?？捎糜谂懦幌Ｍ霈F(xiàn)的檢索詞，可縮小檢索范圍，提高檢索的準(zhǔn)確性。執(zhí)行順序按照邏輯非→邏輯與→邏輯或的次序運(yùn)算，小括號里的先運(yùn)算。2、截詞算符（截詞方式）、位置算符、字段檢索P6365①截詞檢索可以節(jié)約時(shí)間和節(jié)省費(fèi)用。按截詞算符的位置不同可分為前截詞、后截詞、前后截詞、中間截詞。按截?cái)嘧址麛?shù)量可分為有限截?cái)嗪蜔o限截?cái)唷Ｓ邢藿財(cái)嘤脙蓚€(gè)“”并在之間空一格，即“”，表示該位置允許出現(xiàn)01個(gè)字符，用兩個(gè)“”，即“”則表示在此位置允許出現(xiàn)02個(gè)字符，用三個(gè)“”，即“”則表示在此位置允許出現(xiàn)03個(gè)字符。例如COMPUT→可在末尾插入01個(gè)字符COMPUT→可在末尾插入02個(gè)字符；COMPUT→可插入03個(gè)字符。②位置檢索1（W）與（NW算符W表示此算符兩側(cè)的檢索詞必須相鄰排列，兩詞之間不許有其他的詞或字母，只允許有一空格或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號，且語序不可變。（NW）表示此算符兩側(cè)的檢索詞之間允許插入最多N個(gè)詞，且詞序不可變。2（N）與（NN算符（N）表示此算符兩側(cè)的檢索詞必須相鄰，此間不允許插入其他詞或字母，只允許有一空格或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號，但詞序不限。（NN表示兩詞間可插入最多N個(gè)詞，且詞序不限。③字段檢索對于在“基本索引字段（TI、AB、DE、ID）”中的查找，用后綴方式常用符號有“/”或“IN”；對于在“輔助索引字段（AU、BN、SN、CC等）”中的查找，用前綴方式常用符號有“”“”“”“”等。3、檢索表達(dá)式的構(gòu)建（看書P7475）檢索提問式是指將選擇出的檢索詞，用布爾邏輯算符、截詞算符、位置算符以及系統(tǒng)規(guī)定的其他連接符號，按檢索課題的具體需要進(jìn)行合理組配，形成表達(dá)具體需求的邏輯表達(dá)式。4、檢索效果的評價(jià)指標(biāo)P76評價(jià)信息檢索效果的指標(biāo)是查全率和查準(zhǔn)率。5、查全率、查準(zhǔn)率分別指的是什么P7677查全率是指從數(shù)據(jù)庫中檢出的相關(guān)信息數(shù)占該數(shù)據(jù)庫中總的相關(guān)信息數(shù)的百分比率。查準(zhǔn)率是指從數(shù)據(jù)庫中檢出的相關(guān)信息數(shù)占檢出的信息總數(shù)的百分比率。

簡介：第6單元單元文獻(xiàn)信息分析研究報(bào)告文獻(xiàn)信息分析研究報(bào)告學(xué)院土木工程學(xué)院學(xué)院土木工程學(xué)院班級班級工程管理工程管理091091姓名姓名徐丹丹徐丹丹學(xué)號學(xué)號200920601061200920601061一、選擇與你所學(xué)專業(yè)相關(guān)的一個(gè)具體問題（選定題目），檢索相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫中的文獻(xiàn)信息。說明1本單元作元作業(yè)可以可以檢索的數(shù)據(jù)索的數(shù)據(jù)庫包括中國知網(wǎng)中的包括中國知網(wǎng)中的“中國期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)中國期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫”、“中國優(yōu)秀碩士學(xué)位士學(xué)位論文全文數(shù)據(jù)文全文數(shù)據(jù)庫”、“中國重要會中國重要會議論議論文全文數(shù)據(jù)文全文數(shù)據(jù)庫”；萬方數(shù)據(jù)；萬方數(shù)據(jù)中的中的“學(xué)術(shù)期刊期刊”、“學(xué)位學(xué)位論文”、“會議論議論文”。期刊數(shù)據(jù)期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫，其，其“文獻(xiàn)出文獻(xiàn)出處”為刊名、年（卷）、期刊名、年（卷）、期學(xué)位學(xué)位論文數(shù)據(jù)文數(shù)據(jù)庫，其，其“文獻(xiàn)出文獻(xiàn)出處”為學(xué)位授予學(xué)位授予單位、學(xué)位授予位、學(xué)位授予時(shí)間時(shí)間會議論議論文數(shù)據(jù)文數(shù)據(jù)庫，其，其“文獻(xiàn)出文獻(xiàn)出處”為會會議錄議錄名稱名稱2．檢索年限取近三年。如果文獻(xiàn)量太少，可以放索年限取近三年。如果文獻(xiàn)量太少，可以放寬檢寬檢索年限。索年限。3檢出篇數(shù)指按出篇數(shù)指按檢索詞或檢索式索式實(shí)際檢實(shí)際檢出的文獻(xiàn)篇數(shù)，而非出的文獻(xiàn)篇數(shù)，而非經(jīng)人工人工篩選篩選的切的切題文獻(xiàn)篇數(shù)。獻(xiàn)篇數(shù)。3檢索式包括索式包括檢索詞、字段限定、、字段限定、檢索途徑（索途徑（簡單檢簡單檢索或高索或高級檢級檢索等）索等）例用中國期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)例用中國期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索有關(guān)索有關(guān)“語言與性言與性別（女性）研究（女性）研究”的期刊的期刊論文。文。檢索詞（式）（式）,可以寫成以下兩種形式中的任何一種可以寫成以下兩種形式中的任何一種①題名性別OR題名女性女性AND題名語言②題名性別OR題名女性女性AND題名語言任公司戰(zhàn)略管理研究任公司戰(zhàn)略管理研究20105建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的全過程造價(jià)控制研究建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的全過程造價(jià)控制研究李梅合肥工業(yè)大學(xué)2010數(shù)據(jù)庫數(shù)據(jù)庫3萬方數(shù)據(jù)中的學(xué)術(shù)期刊萬方數(shù)據(jù)中的學(xué)術(shù)期刊檢索年限檢索年限20092011檢索策略（檢索式）檢索策略（檢索式）KEYWORD工程造價(jià)工程造價(jià)ABSTRACT工程監(jiān)理工程監(jiān)理DATE20092011檢出文獻(xiàn)篇數(shù)檢出文獻(xiàn)篇數(shù)14，選擇最切題的文獻(xiàn)，將其相關(guān)信息填在下表中（不超過五，選擇最切題的文獻(xiàn)，將其相關(guān)信息填在下表中（不超過五篇）篇）。文獻(xiàn)題目文獻(xiàn)題目作者作者文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處1淺析監(jiān)理人員工程造價(jià)現(xiàn)場控淺析監(jiān)理人員工程造價(jià)現(xiàn)場控制方法制方法牛香芹安徽建筑2009,1622工程監(jiān)理在控制工程造價(jià)中的工程監(jiān)理在控制工程造價(jià)中的作用作用竇大峰黑龍江交通科技2009,3233工程監(jiān)理在控制工程造價(jià)中的工程監(jiān)理在控制工程造價(jià)中的作用作用李薇薇何英芝李榮久中國新技術(shù)新產(chǎn)品2010,194控制工程造價(jià)的有效辦法控制工程造價(jià)的有效辦法李蘭李蘭中國科技博覽2010,215工程監(jiān)理在控制工程造價(jià)中的工程監(jiān)理在控制工程造價(jià)中的作用作用陳俊寶張健科技信息2009,3二、通過對如上列表中檢出信息的分析研究，就你選擇的問題簡述如下內(nèi)容（字?jǐn)?shù)控制在2000字以內(nèi)）題目1．國內(nèi)外已有哪些相關(guān)研究包括研究水平及現(xiàn)狀1任何一個(gè)項(xiàng)目工程,不管是一項(xiàng)在設(shè)計(jì)、施工、管理諸方面難度大,要求高的重點(diǎn)工程,或亦是難度等級較低的工程項(xiàng)目,都對業(yè)主、設(shè)計(jì)、施工與監(jiān)理等各方在管理協(xié)調(diào)上有很高的要求,這樣才可能是一項(xiàng)成功的項(xiàng)目管理。而我認(rèn)為項(xiàng)目管理主要內(nèi)容可以概括為“三控、三管、一協(xié)調(diào)“,也就是安全管理、成本控制、進(jìn)度控制、質(zhì)量控制、合同管理、信息管理、與施工有關(guān)的組織與協(xié)調(diào)。2分析了工程變更的影響因素,介紹了工程變更的管理及處理原則,論述了工程變更的造價(jià)控制3一項(xiàng)花費(fèi)較大的項(xiàng)目建筑工程,它的施工的成敗與這個(gè)企業(yè)能否在社會上立足并取得一定的社會地位息息相關(guān),所以,工程造價(jià)這方面被施工單位視為重中之重,希望在獲得施工質(zhì)量的保證的同時(shí)能夠降低成本,并且獲得最大經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。近些年來,深受業(yè)主、承包商、監(jiān)理、咨詢單位關(guān)注的工程造價(jià)內(nèi)容在建筑工程面臨市場風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大小方面起到了決定性的作用。4工程造價(jià)管理是一項(xiàng)技術(shù)性、專業(yè)性、政策性等很強(qiáng)的工作,它貫穿于投資決策、項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)、招標(biāo)投標(biāo)和建設(shè)施工的各階段。工程造價(jià)的控制與管理是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的過程,在工程建設(shè)的各個(gè)階段,建設(shè)單位對工程造價(jià)的管理應(yīng)始終貫穿于項(xiàng)目的全過程,時(shí)時(shí)要有控制投資的經(jīng)濟(jì)頭腦,充分利用和認(rèn)真分析建設(shè)周期中的重要信息,把握住市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的脈搏,減少或避免建設(shè)資金的流失,最大限度地提高建設(shè)資金的投資效益,使工程造價(jià)的管理起到更好的作用,并提高我國工程造價(jià)管理的總體水平。5根據(jù)現(xiàn)代管理學(xué)的觀點(diǎn),沖突是客觀存在的。一個(gè)工程項(xiàng)目從誕生的那一天起,就無時(shí)無刻地伴隨著沖突。項(xiàng)目的一次性、復(fù)雜性、多目標(biāo)性決定了項(xiàng)目中沖突存在的必然性。質(zhì)量、進(jìn)度、費(fèi)用是項(xiàng)目管理三大目標(biāo),在項(xiàng)目實(shí)施過程中,由于業(yè)主和施工單位對三大目標(biāo)的要求不一致,為了實(shí)現(xiàn)自身利益最大化,雙方經(jīng)常會產(chǎn)生項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)沖突。傳統(tǒng)的沖突處理方法重在事后控制,而對于建筑工程這一特殊領(lǐng)域,一旦發(fā)生沖突后果可能相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重,因此要重視事前控制。博弈論處理方法能夠克服傳統(tǒng)處理方法的弊端,在沖突發(fā)生前就采取措施進(jìn)行處理6當(dāng)今英國咨詢公司的現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展THETOTALNUMBER,FIRMSIZEANDTOTALVALUEOF