外文翻譯--工程造價(jià)管理全過(guò)程控制的重要性

1、<p><b>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）</b></p><p>　　外 文 文 獻(xiàn) 翻 譯</p><p>　　系　 別 </p><p>　　專 業(yè) 班 </p><p>　　姓　 名　

2、 </p><p>　　評(píng) 分 </p><p>　　導(dǎo) 師（簽名） </p><p><b>　　20 年 月 日</b></p><p><b>

3、;　　華中科技大學(xué)</b></p><p>　　工程造價(jià)管理全過(guò)程控制的重要性</p><p>　　一、工程造價(jià)管理全過(guò)程控制的必要性</p><p>　　談到工程造價(jià)的管理和控制，我們便習(xí)慣地想到是工程預(yù)決算。確實(shí)，就目前的體制和現(xiàn)實(shí)而言，工程造價(jià)的管理和控制工作就是預(yù)決算。即預(yù)決算人員根據(jù)已經(jīng)確定的施工圖計(jì)算工程量、套用定額、計(jì)取費(fèi)用，或在施工結(jié)束后

4、根據(jù)圖紙和施工組織設(shè)計(jì)以及現(xiàn)場(chǎng)施工簽證記錄等資料編制竣工決算。這固然是必要的，有用的。但我們也要看到，當(dāng)預(yù)決算人員編制施工圖預(yù)算或竣工決算時(shí)，建設(shè)方案和設(shè)計(jì)圖紙都已經(jīng)確定了的。而施工是以按圖施工為原則，那么這時(shí)預(yù)決算人員所做的工作只是計(jì)算設(shè)計(jì)變更所產(chǎn)生的費(fèi)用變化以及防止高估冒算。而假如項(xiàng)目在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是不合理的，決策存在失誤；假如設(shè)計(jì)方案在技術(shù)上不可行或者不是最優(yōu)，則預(yù)決算人員無(wú)能為力。也就是說(shuō)現(xiàn)行體制下，預(yù)決算人員的工作只是事后算帳，只能

5、消極地反映已完工程量，只能被動(dòng)地反映設(shè)計(jì)和施工。這顯然是片面的，不夠的，我們必須對(duì)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目工程造價(jià)進(jìn)行全過(guò)程監(jiān)控。</p><p>　　結(jié)合我國(guó)的具體情況，造價(jià)管理存在的問(wèn)題如下：</p><p>　　1、不夠重視投資決策階段工程造價(jià)的確控</p><p>　　投資決策是產(chǎn)生工程造價(jià)源頭，這一階段耗資約占總投資額的0.5%～3%，但能有效提高項(xiàng)目的投資效益。對(duì)建設(shè)項(xiàng)

6、目進(jìn)行合理的選擇是對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)資源進(jìn)行優(yōu)化配置的最直接、最重要的手段，項(xiàng)目投資效益影響到整個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的效率和效益。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)投資決策階段工程造價(jià)的確控十分重視，不惜花大本錢、大力氣進(jìn)行投資決策階段的工程造價(jià)研究，作出相對(duì)比較準(zhǔn)確的工程造價(jià)，進(jìn)行控制。</p><p>　　長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，我國(guó)的工程建設(shè)存在投資膨脹嚴(yán)重的現(xiàn)象，造成工期越拖越長(zhǎng)，工程造價(jià)越來(lái)越高。原因是缺乏建設(shè)前期確定工程造價(jià)的有效依據(jù)，只能依據(jù)專家、決策者們借

7、鑒已完成的項(xiàng)目工程造價(jià)進(jìn)行估算，但又往往因?yàn)橹T多因素影響，三超”現(xiàn)象相當(dāng)普遍，究其原因，主要有：</p><p>　　(1) 人為因素造成概算降低。</p><p>　　(2) 設(shè)備和材料價(jià)格的不按市場(chǎng)行情制定。</p><p>　　(3) 在項(xiàng)目實(shí)施過(guò)程中，建設(shè)單位提出超過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的過(guò)高要求</p><p>　　2、設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價(jià)

8、控制不嚴(yán)</p><p>　　設(shè)計(jì)階段是建設(shè)項(xiàng)目工程造價(jià)控制的龍頭。在投資計(jì)劃得以合理確定以后，進(jìn)入設(shè)計(jì)階段，它是把技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)有機(jī)結(jié)合在一起的過(guò)程。有效控制工程造價(jià)要求在施工圖設(shè)計(jì)中嚴(yán)密、全面。</p><p>　　當(dāng)前我國(guó)的工程設(shè)計(jì)也實(shí)行招投標(biāo)制、公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，把對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)階段有效控制工程造價(jià)作為選擇中標(biāo)單位的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一，對(duì)全過(guò)程造價(jià)進(jìn)行控制的管理。但目前我國(guó)大部分設(shè)計(jì)單位對(duì)工程項(xiàng)目的技術(shù)與經(jīng)

9、濟(jì)進(jìn)行深入分析不夠。在設(shè)計(jì)中大多重技術(shù)輕經(jīng)濟(jì)，設(shè)計(jì)人員似乎只對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)工程的質(zhì)量負(fù)責(zé)，對(duì)工程造價(jià)的高低不太關(guān)心。以致無(wú)法通過(guò)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)方案，編制初步設(shè)計(jì)、概算起到控制總造價(jià)的作用。工程設(shè)計(jì)圖的質(zhì)量和深度等也不夠，工程量清單中的工程量錯(cuò)算、漏算，也引起暫估項(xiàng)目的增多，使招投標(biāo)工作的質(zhì)量難以保證，因而也無(wú)法有效控制工程造價(jià)。</p><p>　　3、還未全面采用國(guó)際上通用的工程量清單報(bào)價(jià)方式</p><

10、p>　　在招標(biāo)投標(biāo)中采用國(guó)際上普遍使用的工程量清單報(bào)價(jià)方式，是我國(guó)工程造價(jià)制度改革和招投標(biāo)制度改革的必然趨勢(shì)。</p><p>　　在建設(shè)領(lǐng)域推行工程招標(biāo)制度是建立社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)和完善建筑市場(chǎng)運(yùn)行機(jī)制的重要舉措之一。建設(shè)工程招投標(biāo)在我國(guó)全面推行后，在縮短建設(shè)工期、確保工程質(zhì)量、降低工程造價(jià)、抵制不正之風(fēng)方面作用明顯。也有效地保障了招標(biāo)人和投標(biāo)人的合法權(quán)益。隨著社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷發(fā)展，原來(lái)的招投標(biāo)階段實(shí)

11、行預(yù)算定額計(jì)價(jià)模式已不適應(yīng)，采用國(guó)際上普遍使用的工程量清單報(bào)價(jià)方式進(jìn)行招投標(biāo)是必然趨勢(shì)。建設(shè)部頒發(fā)了工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)方法，工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)是建設(shè)工程招投標(biāo)工作中，由招標(biāo)人按照國(guó)家統(tǒng)一的工程量計(jì)算規(guī)則提供工程數(shù)量，由投標(biāo)人自主報(bào)價(jià)，并經(jīng)評(píng)審低價(jià)中標(biāo)的工程造價(jià)計(jì)價(jià)模式。</p><p>　　推行工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)方法是工程造價(jià)深化改革的一項(xiàng)重要措施，是規(guī)范招投標(biāo)行為的有效措施。這種方法有利于改變過(guò)去以“量”、“價(jià)”“費(fèi)”定額

12、為主導(dǎo)的靜態(tài)管理模式，使清單中的工程量不進(jìn)入競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，僅限于價(jià)格的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)；有利于正確評(píng)價(jià)企業(yè)實(shí)力；有利于保證工程質(zhì)量、降低工程造價(jià)；可減少重復(fù)計(jì)算工程量的繁雜勞動(dòng)；簡(jiǎn)化招投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)工作；減少工程結(jié)算中扯皮與糾紛；逐步與國(guó)際上“控制量、指導(dǎo)價(jià)、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)費(fèi)”的慣例接軌，深化工程計(jì)價(jià)主要依據(jù)市場(chǎng)變化動(dòng)態(tài)管理的改革，為我國(guó)承包商走向國(guó)際市場(chǎng)創(chuàng)造條件。</p><p>　　4、施工階段對(duì)工程造價(jià)控制不夠</p><

13、p>　　在施工階段還要嚴(yán)格控制設(shè)計(jì)變更。雖然出于建筑工程的復(fù)雜性難免出現(xiàn)施工圖在會(huì)審中或在施工過(guò)程中會(huì)有這樣那樣的問(wèn)題，但要求設(shè)計(jì)部門嚴(yán)格把關(guān)，避免先干后變的狀況，也是避免工程造價(jià)突破概算，有效控制工程造價(jià)的重耍環(huán)節(jié)。同時(shí)加強(qiáng)合同管理，保障發(fā)包方與承包方平等互利。</p><p>　　5、工程竣工結(jié)算階段的工程造價(jià)控制不力</p><p>　　建筑工程竣工決算是整個(gè)工程造價(jià)控制最重要

14、的一環(huán)?？⒐Q算如何能忠實(shí)地反映整個(gè)工程的實(shí)際造價(jià)，也反映了發(fā)包方和承包方對(duì)工程造價(jià)管理的能力，及時(shí)辦好工程竣工決算必須收集、整理竣工結(jié)算資料，包括工程竣工圖、設(shè)計(jì)變更通知、各種鑒證材料等。這些資料的收集和取證還必須注意其有效性，如設(shè)計(jì)變更通知書(shū)必須由原設(shè)計(jì)單位下達(dá)的有設(shè)計(jì)人員的簽名和相關(guān)印鑒?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)理的簽證必須有甲方工地負(fù)責(zé)人的簽章并征得設(shè)計(jì)人員的認(rèn)可等。我國(guó)大多數(shù)工程項(xiàng)目在工程竣工決算時(shí)，施工承包方在竣工決算時(shí)，施工承包方在竣工結(jié)算

15、書(shū)中普遍多算，發(fā)包方千方百計(jì)亂砍一通，扯皮現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重，工程結(jié)算一拖再拖，有的一拖就是幾年，大大影響工程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的使用和建設(shè)工程造價(jià)的確認(rèn)。</p><p>　　一個(gè)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目從醞釀、規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)到建成投產(chǎn)包括以下程序：即項(xiàng)目建議書(shū)階段、可行性評(píng)估階段、設(shè)計(jì)階段、施工階段、竣工驗(yàn)收階段以及后評(píng)估。相應(yīng)地，工程造價(jià)的確定與工程建設(shè)階段性工作相適應(yīng)，一般分為以下幾個(gè)階段：在項(xiàng)目建議書(shū)和可行性研究階段編制投資估算，在初步設(shè)計(jì)階

16、段編制設(shè)計(jì)概算，在施工圖設(shè)計(jì)階段編制施工圖預(yù)算，對(duì)以施工圖預(yù)算為基礎(chǔ)招投標(biāo)的工程，承包合同價(jià)也是以經(jīng)濟(jì)合同形式確定的建安工程造價(jià)；在工程實(shí)施階段要按承包實(shí)際完成的工程量，以合同價(jià)為基礎(chǔ)，同時(shí)考慮物價(jià)上漲所引起的造價(jià)提高，考慮到設(shè)計(jì)中難以預(yù)計(jì)而在實(shí)施階段實(shí)際發(fā)生的工程和費(fèi)用，例題確定估算價(jià)；在竣工驗(yàn)收階段，全面匯集在工程建設(shè)過(guò)程中實(shí)際花費(fèi)的全部費(fèi)用，編制竣工決算，如實(shí)體現(xiàn)該建設(shè)工程的實(shí)際造價(jià)。</p><p>　　

17、"四算兩價(jià)"互相關(guān)聯(lián)，前者制約后者，后者補(bǔ)充前者。      </p><p>　　所謂建設(shè)工程造價(jià)的管理與控制，就是在投資決策階段、設(shè)計(jì)階段、建設(shè)項(xiàng)目承包階段和建設(shè)實(shí)施階段把建設(shè)工程造價(jià)的發(fā)生控制在批準(zhǔn)的造價(jià)限額以內(nèi)，隨時(shí)糾正發(fā)生的偏差，以保證項(xiàng)目管理目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，以求在各個(gè)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目中能合理使用人力、物力、財(cái)力，取得較好的投資效益和社

18、會(huì)效益。</p><p>　　二、投資決策階段工程造價(jià)控制的重要性</p><p>　　在建設(shè)項(xiàng)目投資決策階段，項(xiàng)目的各項(xiàng)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)決策，對(duì)建設(shè)工程造價(jià)以及項(xiàng)目建成投產(chǎn)后的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，有著決定性的影響，是建設(shè)工程造價(jià)控制的重要階段。</p><p>　　作為工程造價(jià)管理人員在決策階段應(yīng)編制可行性研究報(bào)告，并對(duì)擬建項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)價(jià)，選擇技術(shù)上可行、經(jīng)濟(jì)上例題的建設(shè)方案，并

19、在優(yōu)化建設(shè)方案的基礎(chǔ)上，編制高質(zhì)量的項(xiàng)目投資估算，使其在項(xiàng)目建設(shè)中真正起到控制項(xiàng)目總投資的作用。</p><p>　　決策階段影響工程造價(jià)的主要因素有：a、建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)水平的確定;b、建設(shè)地區(qū)的選擇;c、建設(shè)地點(diǎn)（廠址）的選擇;d、項(xiàng)目的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模;e、工藝評(píng)選f、設(shè)備選用。</p><p>　　如建設(shè)地區(qū)的選擇，有一個(gè)基本原則，即靠近原料、燃料和消費(fèi)地的原則。這樣在項(xiàng)目建成投產(chǎn)后，可避免原料、

20、燃料和成品的遠(yuǎn)途運(yùn)輸，減少費(fèi)用，降低成本；可縮短運(yùn)輸距離，減少流通時(shí)間，加快資金周轉(zhuǎn)，有利于企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)。</p><p>　　如項(xiàng)目的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模，規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是指產(chǎn)品的合理生產(chǎn)批量，一些產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)在一定條件下呈"收益遞增"的經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象，即隨生產(chǎn)批量的擴(kuò)大，單位成本降低，收益上升。</p><p>　　因此，為了在投資決策階段做到有效控制工程造價(jià)，必須做好以下幾方面的工作：&l

21、t;/p><p>　　(1) 推行建設(shè)項(xiàng)目法人責(zé)任制，將建設(shè)項(xiàng)目從籌建到實(shí)施全過(guò)程中的資金使用和償還責(zé)任落實(shí)到人，同時(shí)建立與項(xiàng)目法人制度相配套的監(jiān)督機(jī)制，由行業(yè)主管部門和監(jiān)督部門共同設(shè)立監(jiān)察組，監(jiān)督項(xiàng)目資金的使用情況。</p><p>　　(2) 實(shí)事求是地進(jìn)行市場(chǎng)分析，避免項(xiàng)目決策的盲目性，減少和降低投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，充分考慮建設(shè)項(xiàng)目在未來(lái)市場(chǎng)中的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，使設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū)更具科學(xué)性和可靠性。<

22、/p><p>　　(3) 資本金融資必須有正式的承諾文件，投資各方必須做到資金到位，必須有資金文件，確保項(xiàng)目得到批準(zhǔn)后能按期實(shí)施。對(duì)各項(xiàng)貸款的條件應(yīng)進(jìn)行認(rèn)真細(xì)致地分析比較，盡量減輕利息負(fù)擔(dān)和還貸壓力。</p><p>　　(4) 加強(qiáng)工程地質(zhì)、水文地質(zhì)以及征地、水源、供電、運(yùn)輸、環(huán)保等工程項(xiàng)目外部條件的工作深度，使投資估算有充分依據(jù)。同時(shí)應(yīng)廣泛調(diào)查研究，比較同類項(xiàng)目，認(rèn)真進(jìn)行功能分析、多方

23、案比較和選擇，經(jīng)過(guò)充分的技術(shù)論證和經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)價(jià)后，最終確定技術(shù)先進(jìn)、功能可靠、經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的項(xiàng)目建設(shè)方案，從而計(jì)算出較為準(zhǔn)確、切合實(shí)際的投資估算額，使工程造價(jià)從一開(kāi)始就定位在一個(gè)較為合理的水平上。</p><p>　　三、設(shè)計(jì)階段工程造價(jià)控制的重要性</p><p>　　在項(xiàng)目作出投資決策后，控制工程造價(jià)的關(guān)鍵就在于設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)計(jì)是在技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)上對(duì)擬建工程的實(shí)施進(jìn)行全面的安排，也是對(duì)工程建設(shè)進(jìn)行規(guī)劃的

24、過(guò)程。技術(shù)先進(jìn)、經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的設(shè)計(jì)能使項(xiàng)目建設(shè)縮短工期、節(jié)省投資、提高效益。據(jù)專家分析，設(shè)計(jì)費(fèi)一般只相當(dāng)于建設(shè)工程全壽命費(fèi)用的1%以下，而這1%以下的費(fèi)用對(duì)工程造價(jià)的影響度卻占75%以上。因?yàn)閷?duì)于一般建設(shè)工程，材料和設(shè)備選用占工程成本50%以上，而在設(shè)計(jì)階段建筑形式、結(jié)構(gòu)類別、設(shè)備和材料的選用已經(jīng)確定，在建設(shè)后期實(shí)施階段，對(duì)工程造價(jià)的影響很小（10%以下）。由此可見(jiàn)，設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量對(duì)整個(gè)工程建設(shè)至關(guān)重要。</p><p>

25、　　同一建設(shè)項(xiàng)目，同一單項(xiàng)單位工程，可以有不同的方案，從而有不同的造價(jià)，因此，有必要在滿足功能的前提下，做多個(gè)方案，通過(guò)技術(shù)比較、經(jīng)濟(jì)分析和效益評(píng)價(jià)，選用技術(shù)選進(jìn)適用、經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的設(shè)計(jì)方案，即設(shè)計(jì)方案的優(yōu)化過(guò)程。</p><p>　　設(shè)計(jì)方案優(yōu)化常采用價(jià)值工程又稱價(jià)值分析法，即在滿足功能或盡可能提高功能的前提下盡可能降低成本。</p><p>　　一切發(fā)生費(fèi)用 的地方都可應(yīng)用價(jià)值工程，工程建

26、設(shè)需大量投入人、財(cái)、物，因而價(jià)值工程在工程建設(shè)方面大有可為。作一種相當(dāng)成熟而又行之有效的管理方法，價(jià)值工程在許多工程建設(shè)中得到廣泛運(yùn)用。</p><p>　　在工程設(shè)計(jì)階段正確處理技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)的對(duì)立統(tǒng)一關(guān)系，是控制項(xiàng)目投資的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)，設(shè)計(jì)人員和造價(jià)管理人員必須密切配合，作好多方案的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)比較，在降低和控制項(xiàng)目投資上下功夫，工程造價(jià)管理人員在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中應(yīng)及時(shí)對(duì)項(xiàng)目投資進(jìn)行分析對(duì)比，反饋造價(jià)信息，能動(dòng)地影響設(shè)計(jì)，以保

27、證有效地控制投資。 </p><p>　　要在設(shè)計(jì)階段控制好工程造價(jià)應(yīng)著重做好以下幾方面的工作。</p><p>　　(1) 提倡設(shè)計(jì)招投標(biāo)和設(shè)計(jì)方案競(jìng)選方式優(yōu)選設(shè)計(jì)單位</p><p>　　由專家評(píng)定小組采用科學(xué)方法，按照適用、經(jīng)濟(jì)、美觀的原則以及技術(shù)先進(jìn)、結(jié)構(gòu)合理、滿足建筑節(jié)能和環(huán)境等要求，綜合評(píng)定設(shè)計(jì)方案的優(yōu)劣，擇優(yōu)確定中選方案。中選方案的投資估算一般要能接

28、近建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的投資范圍。這兩種設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)包方式既有利于設(shè)計(jì)方案的選擇和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，保證選用的設(shè)計(jì)方案技術(shù)先進(jìn)、新穎獨(dú)特、適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)，又有利于控制工程造價(jià)。設(shè)計(jì)單位要努力提高自身素質(zhì)，在工程設(shè)計(jì)方案巧妙構(gòu)思，精雕細(xì)琢，在降低工程造價(jià)上要多動(dòng)腦筋，以提高設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量，力爭(zhēng)在設(shè)計(jì)階段就把工程造價(jià)控制在批準(zhǔn)的投資限額內(nèi)。</p><p>　　(2) 積極推行限額設(shè)計(jì)</p><p>　　所謂限額設(shè)計(jì)，就是按照批準(zhǔn)

29、的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū)和投資估算，在保證功能要求的前提下?？刂瞥醪皆O(shè)計(jì)及概算，按照批準(zhǔn)的初步設(shè)計(jì)及總概算控制施工圖設(shè)計(jì)。通過(guò)限額設(shè)計(jì)，每一個(gè)專業(yè)、每一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)人員都有一個(gè)投資限額的目標(biāo)。在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中，設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)進(jìn)地多方案比較，優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，既保證設(shè)計(jì)在技術(shù)上先進(jìn)合理、新穎美觀，又不突破投資限額目標(biāo)，從而杜絕在工程設(shè)計(jì)中任意提高安全系數(shù)和設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，或只考慮技術(shù)方案的可行性，而不重視經(jīng)濟(jì)合理性的現(xiàn)象，保證工程造價(jià)得到有效的控制。</p>&l

30、t;p>　　(3) 實(shí)行設(shè)計(jì)的獎(jiǎng)罰制度</p><p>　　為使限額設(shè)計(jì)落實(shí)到實(shí)處，應(yīng)建立和健全限額設(shè)計(jì)的獎(jiǎng)罰制度。對(duì)限額設(shè)計(jì)搞得好、節(jié)約投資和控制造價(jià)確有成效的，項(xiàng)目法人應(yīng)給予設(shè)計(jì)單位適當(dāng)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。設(shè)計(jì)單位要制定本單位內(nèi)部的限額設(shè)計(jì)考核和獎(jiǎng)懲方法，對(duì)重視限額設(shè)計(jì)，取得節(jié)約投資和控制造價(jià)有成效的處室及成績(jī)顯著的個(gè)人，應(yīng)予以獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。對(duì)不重視限額設(shè)計(jì)、不采取節(jié)約投資的措施，造成某一專業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)超過(guò)投資限額的處室和個(gè)人應(yīng)

31、給予經(jīng)濟(jì)處罰。做到獎(jiǎng)罰分明，激勵(lì)設(shè)計(jì)人員深挖設(shè)計(jì)潛力，重視設(shè)計(jì)方案的經(jīng)濟(jì)合理對(duì)控制工程造價(jià)將是一個(gè)大的突破。</p><p>　　四、建設(shè)項(xiàng)目實(shí)施階段的造價(jià)控制</p><p><b>　　1、招標(biāo)投標(biāo)階段</b></p><p>　　推行建設(shè)工程招標(biāo)投標(biāo)是控制建設(shè)項(xiàng)目實(shí)施階段工程造價(jià)的有效手段。要搞好招標(biāo)投標(biāo)工作，首先是把好資格審查關(guān)，堅(jiān)決杜

32、絕一切索賄受賄等破壞招標(biāo)投標(biāo)紀(jì)律的現(xiàn)象；其次，加強(qiáng)標(biāo)底管理，保證標(biāo)底編制的準(zhǔn)確性和保密性；第三，制定科學(xué)的評(píng)標(biāo)定標(biāo)方法，選擇中標(biāo)單位的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)從工程報(bào)價(jià)合理、工期短、企業(yè)信譽(yù)良好、施工經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富等方面考慮，評(píng)標(biāo)時(shí)，先評(píng)技術(shù)標(biāo)，后評(píng)商務(wù)標(biāo)，做到公開(kāi)、公平、公正。</p><p><b>　　2、施工階段</b></p><p>　　在施工階段主要是以施工圖預(yù)算或建安工程承包

33、合同價(jià)為目標(biāo)，控制建安工程造價(jià)。在這一階段節(jié)約的余地已經(jīng)很小，但浪費(fèi)的可能性卻很大，因而要對(duì)工程造價(jià)的控制給予足夠的重視。</p><p>　　(1) 加強(qiáng)對(duì)施工方案的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)比較</p><p>　　施工方案是施工組織設(shè)計(jì)中的一項(xiàng)重要工作內(nèi)容，合理的施工方案，可以縮短工期，保證工程質(zhì)量，提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，對(duì)施工方案從技術(shù)上和經(jīng)濟(jì)上進(jìn)行對(duì)比評(píng)價(jià)，通過(guò)定性分析和定量分析，對(duì)質(zhì)量、工期、造價(jià)三項(xiàng)

34、技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)比較，可以合理有效地利用人力、物力、財(cái)力資源，取得較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，把好施工管理關(guān)，是全面造價(jià)管理的重要途徑。</p><p>　　(2) 健全設(shè)計(jì)變更審批制度</p><p>　　設(shè)計(jì)如有變更，一是要盡量提前變更，因?yàn)樽兏皆?，損失越??；二是在每一變更設(shè)計(jì)之前，必須進(jìn)行工程量及造價(jià)增減分析，并經(jīng)原設(shè)計(jì)單位同意。如果變更后工程造價(jià)突破總概算，必須經(jīng)有關(guān)部門審查，要切實(shí)防止通過(guò)變

35、更設(shè)計(jì)增加設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容、提高設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、提高工程造價(jià)的情況發(fā)生。</p><p>　　(3) 對(duì)工程現(xiàn)場(chǎng)簽證手續(xù)嚴(yán)格把關(guān)</p><p>　　通過(guò)建設(shè)工程監(jiān)理制度，建立專門部門，利用專業(yè)人員對(duì)工程實(shí)行專業(yè)化管理，避免出現(xiàn)工程管理人員只管簽證，不算經(jīng)濟(jì)帳的現(xiàn)象，造成投資失控的嚴(yán)重后果。為了嚴(yán)肅變更簽證手續(xù)，應(yīng)采取建設(shè)方、監(jiān)理方、施工方代表現(xiàn)場(chǎng)聯(lián)簽的方式，保證變更、簽證的真實(shí)性、合理性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性，避

36、免弄虛作假現(xiàn)象及由此引出的糾紛。</p><p>　　(4) 認(rèn)真做好竣工結(jié)算價(jià)的審核工作</p><p>　　工程竣工結(jié)算是指施工企業(yè)按照合同規(guī)定的內(nèi)部全部完成所承包的工程，經(jīng)驗(yàn)收質(zhì)量合格，并符合合同要求之后，向建設(shè)單位進(jìn)行的最終工程價(jià)款結(jié)算。經(jīng)審核的工程竣工結(jié)算是核定建設(shè)工程造價(jià)的依據(jù)。因此，竣工結(jié)算的審核是一項(xiàng)非常重要的工作，應(yīng)著重做好以下：</p><p>

37、;　　①審核工程量的準(zhǔn)確性。工程量的審核是竣工結(jié)算審核過(guò)程中最重要、最繁瑣、最細(xì)致的一項(xiàng)工作，必須以工程竣工圖、設(shè)計(jì)變更及施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)為依據(jù)，嚴(yán)格按照定額規(guī)定的工程量計(jì)算規(guī)則逐項(xiàng)進(jìn)行審核，以防止施工單位在工程竣工結(jié)算上虛增工程量來(lái)增加工程造價(jià)。</p><p>　?、趯彶槎~套用是否正確。審查所列分項(xiàng)工程的單價(jià)是否與定額單價(jià)相符，其名稱、規(guī)格、計(jì)量單位和所包含的內(nèi)容是否與單位估價(jià)表一致；對(duì)于換算的單價(jià)，首先審查單價(jià)的

38、換算是否是定額允許的，其次審查單價(jià)換算是否正確。</p><p>　　③審查各項(xiàng)取費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是否符合費(fèi)用定額和施工期間有關(guān)工程造價(jià)政策規(guī)定</p><p>　　五、工程造價(jià)管理體制改革的思考與展望</p><p>　　長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，我們普遍忽視工程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目前期工作階段的造價(jià)控制，而往往把控制工程造價(jià)的主要精力放在施工階段--審核施工圖預(yù)算，合理結(jié)算建安工程價(jià)款，算細(xì)帳，這樣

39、做盡管也有用，但畢竟是"亡羊補(bǔ)牢"，事倍功半。</p><p>　　要有效的控制建設(shè)工程造價(jià)，就要堅(jiān)決把控制重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到前期階段來(lái)，首先要重視和加強(qiáng)項(xiàng)目決策階段的投資估算工作，努力提高可行性研究報(bào)告投資控制數(shù)的準(zhǔn)確度，切實(shí)發(fā)揮其控制建設(shè)項(xiàng)目總造價(jià)的作用。</p><p>　　其次，要明確概預(yù)算工作不僅要反映設(shè)計(jì)，計(jì)算工程造價(jià)，更要能動(dòng)地影響設(shè)計(jì)，優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，并發(fā)揮控制工程造

40、價(jià)，促進(jìn)合理使用建設(shè)資金的作用。 </p><p>　　同時(shí)要對(duì)工程造價(jià)中的投資估算，設(shè)計(jì)概算，施工圖預(yù)算、承包合同價(jià)、結(jié)算價(jià)、竣工決算（四算兩價(jià)）實(shí)行一體化管理，改變"鐵路警察各管一段"的狀況，而這需要通過(guò)深化行業(yè)體制改革，通過(guò)市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的機(jī)制的運(yùn)行，形成統(tǒng)一、協(xié)調(diào)、有序的工程造價(jià)管理體系，達(dá)到合理使用投資，有效地控制造價(jià)，取得最佳投資效益的目的，逐步建立起適應(yīng)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制，符

41、合中國(guó)國(guó)情與國(guó)際慣例接軌的工程造價(jià)管理體制。</p><p>　　The significance of control construction costs manages on entire process</p><p>　　First, The necessary of control construction costs manages on entire process<

42、/p><p>　　Talk about the management and the control on construction costs, that the field we are just accustomed to is thought of is a project advance in final account. Indeed , right away at present system and

43、 reality,what the job of that the management and the control on construction costs is advance in final account. Be that in advance, the people who work on final account according that already be ascertaied of the working

44、 drawing to calculate project amounts，apply a quota mechanically, the meter me</p><p>　　Concrete conditions of union our country, cost of construction manages have problems as follows:</p><p>　

45、　1、Be not enough to take investment decision into the stage of construction costs seriously charge indeed.</p><p>　　Investment decision is to produce the construction costs headstream, This one stage blow th

46、e expense at take up the total investment forehead about 0.5%～3%,but that can have an effect to raise the project benefit of investment. That the project carries out rational choice on construction is that resource carri

47、es out direct , the most important optimization deploy means on economy , project benefit of investment affects efficiency and beneficial result to entire national economy. The developed co</p><p>　　For a lo

48、ng time, there is the grave phenomenon investing in swelling in engineering construction of our country,bring the limit for a project feeling longer and longer, construction costs is higher and higher. The cause of that

49、is short of the effective basis of the building of earlier stage ascertaining construction costs, only basis the already completed according to the expert , decision-makers draw lessons to estimate the project constructi

50、on costs. Because a lot of factor effects, the“three</p><p>　　(1) personal factor brings about rough estimate lessening</p><p>　　(2) equipment composes in reply material price's not working

51、out according to market quotations.</p><p>　　(3) construction units bring forward the too high for exceeding a design criterion</p><p>　　2、The design stage of construction costs is not under the

52、 control of strict</p><p>　　The design stage is the faucet in that project construction costs controls. After the investment decision is be made rationally , that is the process of plan the technology and or

53、ganic together economly . Effective control the cost of construction requires strictly and all-round in the enginee designing . Engineering design of current our country also puts move bidding system , fair competition i

54、nto practice , cost of construction looks on control engineering effective to design stage as one of </p><p>　　3、Has not adopt the amounts project detailed list quoted price way being applied or used univers

55、ally on the international all round</p><p>　　Adopt the amounts project detailed list quoted price way being put into use commonly on the international , is that our country construction costs system reforms

56、and cause the inevitable trend reforming to bid system in invitation to bid tender.</p><p>　　One of important act carrying out project public bidding system being to build socialist market economy and to per

57、fect construction market operating mechanism in construction field. After the construction project tender is carried out all round in our country, the effect is obvious in the respect of shortening the mass building a ti

58、me limit for a project , ensuring a project , reducing construction costs , boycotting an unhealthy tendency. Have ensured the invitation to bid people and bidder's l</p><p>　　That carrying out amounts p

59、roject detailed list valuation method is one important measure of item of construction costs deepen the reform, is standard tender behavior effective measure. This method is beneficial to changing over taking that "

60、amounts" ", "price" are "quota-consuming" as dominant static state managing a pattern , make project amounts in detailed list not enter competition, competition being confined to price only;

61、 Beneficial to rightness appraises enterprise strength; Project mass</p><p>　　4、The stage being under construction controls lack to construction costs</p><p>　　Want to have strict control design

62、 alteration too in the stage being under construction. Guard the pass though that working drawing appears in joint trial or are able to have all sorts of problems, but call for to design a branch in the process of constr

63、uction hard to avoid is strict out of the construction works complexity, the situation changing after avoiding doing first, is also that the weight avoiding break a rough estimate , effective control engineering of const

64、ruction costs cost of cons</p><p>　　5、The construction costs being completed settling a stage's controls a project inefficiently</p><p>　　That the final account being completed is that entir

65、e construction costs is under the control of the most important one is encircled by construction works. How the final account being completed can reflect actual entire project cost of construction honestly , have also re

66、flected the ability issuing contract of method and contracting method to construction costs administration , have finished handling a project in time the final account being completed must collect , arrange settling a da

67、ta , pur</p><p>　　A construction project includes the following procedure from brewing , planning , designing that to establishing completion and commissioning: Be that the project letter of advice stage , f

68、easibility appraise the stage , design stage , the stage being under construction , acceptance check stage and the queen being completed estimate that. Correspondingly, the construction costs ascertaining that and the pr

69、oject construction phase job look at and appraise the stage adapting to , several being all</p><p>　　"Four guess that two-valence "is interrelated , the former restricts the latter , the latter sup

70、plements the former.</p><p>　　What is called, build the construction costs administration and control, it is the occurrence contracting the stage and construction in the investment decision stage , design st

71、age , construction project putting stage into practice with construction construction costs to control within the cost of construction quota O. K. , correcting the deviation happening at any time, to ensure that the proj

72、ect manages the target realization , get fairly good benefit of investment and social benefits in an at</p><p>　　Second, the importance of the investment decision-making stage of project cost control</p&g

73、t;<p>　　Construction projects in the investment decision-making stage, the project of the techno-economic decision-making, as well as the cost of construction projects completed and put into production after the p

74、roject cost-effective, have a decisive impact on the construction project cost control is an important stage. Project cost management as a decision-making stage in the feasibility study report shall be prepared, and econ

75、omic evaluation of the proposed project, select the technically feasible an</p><p>　　The impact of the decision-making phase of the project cost are the main factors: a, the determine level of construction

76、standards; b, the choice of built-up areas; c, building location (site) selection; d, project the economic scale; e, technology selection f, equipment selection .</p><p>　　Such as the choice of built-up area

77、s, there is a basic principle, that is close to raw materials, fuel and consumer principles. This project completed and put into production, you can avoid the raw materials, fuels, and finished the long-haul transport, r

78、educe costs, lower costs; transportation distance may be shortened to reduce the flow of time, speed up cash flow and is conducive to business. If the project's economic size, economies of scale, product standard is

79、a reasonable means of product</p><p>　　Therefore, in order to phase in the investment decision-making control over project cost effective, we must do a good job in the following areas:</p><p>　　

80、(1) the implementation of construction project legal person responsibility system, the construction project from planning to implementation of the whole process of the use of funds and repayment responsibilities to peop

81、le and projects at the same time establish a system of matching corporate oversight mechanisms, by the competent authorities and supervision of the industry sector establishment of a monitoring group to oversee the use o

82、f project funds.</p><p>　　(2) to conduct market analysis and seeking truth from facts, to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making, reduce risk and lower investment, give full consideration to con

83、struction projects in the future competitiveness of the market so that more scientific book design and reliability</p><p>　　(3) Capital financial capital must be committed to a formal document, investment f

84、unds must be put in place the parties, there must be a funding document to ensure that projects are implemented on schedule after approval. Conditions of the loans should be carefully analyzed and compared to minimize th

85、e interest burden and repayment pressure.</p><p>　　(4) Strengthening of engineering geology, hydrogeology, as well as land, water, electricity, transport, environmental protection projects such as the work

86、of the depth of the external conditions, so that there is sufficient basis to estimate the investment. At the same time, extensive research should be to compare similar projects, a serious functional analysis, comparison

87、 and choice of multi-program, a full-scale technical feasibility studies and economic evaluation, the finalization of techno</p><p>　　Third, the design phase of the importance of project cost control</p&g

88、t;<p>　　Make investment decisions in the project, the project cost control is the key to the design. Design is in the technical and economic implementation of the proposed project to conduct a comprehensive arrang

89、ement, is also planning the construction process. Technologically advanced, economical and rational design can reduce the project construction period, savings investment, to improve efficiency. According to expert analys

90、is, design fee generally equal to the construction of the project life-cycl</p><p>　　The same construction project, the same single unit of work can have different programs, which have different costs, it is

91、 therefore necessary to meet the function under the premise of doing a number of options, through technical comparison, economic analysis and efficiency evaluation, selection of technology selection into the application

92、of economic and rational design, that is, the process of design optimization. Often used to optimize the design of the program, also known as the value of val</p><p>　　Occurred in the cost of all parts of th

93、e application of value engineering, construction investment will require a lot of people, financial, and material, and thus the value of engineering construction works great. For a rather mature and effective management

94、methods, value engineering in a number of works have been widely used in construction.</p><p>　　In the engineering design phase correctly handle the technical and economic relationship between the unity of o

95、pposites, we can control the key to investment, design and cost management must work closely with staff to make a lot of the technical and economic comparison, in the reduction and control of project efforts, engineering

96、 Cost management in the design process should be timely investment analysis on the comparison, the cost of information feedback and dynamic impact on the design, in orde</p><p>　　At the design stage to proje

97、ct cost control should focus on the following aspects.</p><p>　　(1) to promote the design and the design of the bidding campaign optimization design approach</p><p>　　The assessment team of exp

98、erts using scientific methods, in accordance with applicable, economic, aesthetic principles, as well as technologically advanced, well-structured to meet the building energy saving and environmental requirements, a comp

99、rehensive assessment of the merits of design, selection of the best in determining the successful program. Estimates of selected investment program in general to be close to the scope of construction projects. The design

100、 of these two methods both contrac</p><p>　　(2) actively pursuing the design limit</p><p>　　The so-called cap design, is in accordance with the approved design of the book and investment is esti

101、mated that in the guarantee under the premise of the functional requirements. Preliminary design and budget control, in accordance with the approved budget for the preliminary design and total control of the construction