汽車專業(yè)外文翻譯5

1、<p><b>　　英文翻譯</b></p><p>　　Motor Cars</p><p>　　1. How the Engine Works</p><p>　　An engine that converts heat energy into mechanical energy is called a heat engine ,

2、and the car engine is one type of heat engine. It derives heat from the burning or 'combustion', of a fuel and converts this heat into useful work for driving the car.</p><p>　　The fuel used in the v

3、ast majority of car engines is petrol, which is one of the many products obtained from crude oil found in the earth. Petrol, when mixed with the right amount of air, will burn when a flame or spark is applied to it.</

4、p><p>　　In the car engine, air mixed with petrol is taken into a confined space and compressed. The mixture is then ignited and it burns. In burning it heats the air, which expands, and the force of expansion i

5、s then converted into a rotary movement to drive the wheels of the car.</p><p>　　To be able to use this energy effectively we have to control the burning or combustion process and the force of expansion. Fir

6、stly, we need a tube, or 'cylinder', closed at one end, in which to compress and burn the petrol and air mixture. Then we need a piston which can slide freely in the cylinder, and which can be driven outwards by

7、the</p><p>　　force of expansion. To convert the outward movement of the piston into a rotary movement we must join it by a connecting rods to a crankshaft. We need one passage for the entry of the mixture in

8、to the cylinder and another to let out the used gases. To control the entry of the mixture and the exhaust of the gases we need valves, and these are called the inlet and exhaust valves. Finally, we need some means of ig

9、niting the mixture in the top of the cylinder, the part called the combustion chamber;</p><p>　　By timing the opening and closing of the valves and by timing the arrival of the spark we can control the whole

10、 sequence of events and make the piston move in and out over and over again.</p><p>　　THE CYLINDERS</p><p>　　Motor-car engines may have four, six, or eight cylinders. Look at figure 1.These cyli

11、nders are usually mounted in a cylinder block on top of the engine. Beneath the cylinder block is the crankcase, which contains two shafts, the crankshaft and the camshaft. As you have read, the crankshaft is revolved b

12、y the outward movement of the pistons in the cylinders. This rotary movement of the crankshaft transmits the power developed by the engine through the gearbox to the driving wheels and sets the c</p><p>　　Wh

13、en the crankshaft rotates it also causes the rotation of the camshaft, which lies alongside it in the crankcase. As the camshaft rotates, it pushes up rods alongside each cylinder to open and shut the valves at the top o

14、f the cylinder.</p><p>　　There are two valves to each cylinder. The inlet valve lets air and petrol into the combustion chamber of the cylinder when it is opened. When the exhaust valve is opened the gases f

15、ormed after the combustion in the chamber are allowed to escape . These gases are led away from the car through an exhaust pipe.</p><p>　　Let us examine the action of one of the cylinders in more detail. Loo

16、k at figure 2.In (a) the piston is near the top of the cylinder with the inlet valve open and the exhaust valve closed, If the crankshaft is turned, either by hand or by the starter motor ,the piston is drawn down by the

17、 connecting rod and a charge of petrol-air mixture rushes in. When the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke the inlet valve is closed by the action of a spring. This stroke is called the induction stroke.</p>&

18、lt;p>　　In (b) both valves are closed and the crankshaft forces the piston up to compress the mixture in the top of the cylinder. This, then, is called the 'compression' stroke. Towards the end of the compressi

19、on stroke a spark from the sparking plug causes the mixture to ignite.</p><p>　　In (c) we see that the heat of combustion has caused a rapid rise in pressure in the combustion chamber and this has forced the

20、 piston down. Through the connecting rod the piston causes the crankshaft to continue to rotate. This stroke is called the 'expansion' or 'power' stroke, and we can say now that the engine has 'fired&

21、#39;. At the end of</p><p>　　this stroke, as the crankshaft rotates, causing the camshaft alongside it to continue to rotate, one of the cams on the camshaft pushes up the rod, which causes the exhaust valve

22、 to open, allowing the exhaust gases to escape.</p><p>　　In (d) we see the fourth and final stroke, the 'exhaust' stroke. The exhaust valve has been forced open by the rotation of the camshaft, and

23、the crankshaft, continuing to rotate, drives the piston back up the cylinder, forcing out the exhaust gases. At the end of this stroke the exhaust valve is closed by the action of a spring, and the camshaft, continuing t

24、o rotate, pushes up a second rod to force the inlet valve open. Now the cylinder will receive another charge of petrol-air mixture, and the</p><p>　　Because there is a four-stroke sequence, or 'cycle'

25、;, in this type of internal combustion engine it is called a four-stroke engine. There are also two一stroke engines used, for example, for motor scooters, and for some motor cycles.</p><p>　　Let us think of a

26、 car with four cylinders. Remember that it is only on the expansion stroke that power is transmitted to make the crankshaft rotate. Let us number the cylinders, 1,2,3,4. They may transmit power in this order. 1,2,4,3. Th

27、is means that when number 1 cylinder is on the expansion stroke, number 2 is on the compression stroke, number 4 is on the induction stroke, and number 3 cylinder is on the exhaust stroke. The four pistons, moving up and

28、 down inside their cylinders in this order,</p><p>　　2. The Fuel and Ignition Systems</p><p>　　The fuel system includes a fuel tank, a fuel pump, and a carburetor.</p><p>　　The fuel

29、 pump may be operated either mechanically from the engine camshaft or electrically. Its function is to pump petrol from the petrol tank and deliver it to the carburetor. It contains a fine filler to exclude particles of

30、dust or dirt which may have found their way into the tank.</p><p>　　The carburetor is mounted on the inlet pipe, or inlet 'manifold', which leads to the inlet valves of each cylinder. Its function is

31、 to 'carburet', or mix, the required amounts of petrol and air for combustion in the cylinders. It regulates automatically the proportions of petrol and air and also allows the driver to control the rate of deliv

32、ery of the mixture, and so vary the speed of the engine.</p><p>　　See figure 3. This is a simple type of carburetor. It makes use of a fuel reservoir or "float chamber" to which petrol is pumped by

33、 the petrol pump. The level of the petrol in. the chamber is kept constant by the action of a float which, as it rises with the petrol, closes a needle valve when the correct level is reached. The petrol from the float c

34、hamber flows to a small jet situated in a narrow tube called the choke tube. When the engine is running, i.e. when the pistons are moving up and down</p><p>　　The proportion of air and petrol required at var

35、ying engine speeds is controlled automatically. When starting a cold engine a much richer mixture, one with a higher proportion of petrol to air, is required. This is obtained by restricting the amount of air entering th

36、e carburetor. In most cars the driver does this by pulling out a knob called the choke and this partly closes the tube carrying air to the cylinders. The driver must remember to push the choke in again as soon as possibl

37、e after star</p><p>　　THE IGNITION SYSTEM</p><p>　　The function of the ignition system is to provide the spark in the combustion chamber to ignite the mixture of petrol and air at the right inst

38、ant. The system nor many comprises a coil, a distributor, and sparking plugs.</p><p>　　The coil produces the high-voltage impulse required to make the spark at the sparking plugs. It really consists of two c

39、oils of insulated wire wound one around the other so that the number of turns in the inner, 'secondary', coil is much greater than that in the outer, 'primary', coil.</p><p>　　A low voltage i

40、s supplied to the primary coil and suddenly interrupted. At that moment an impulse at very much higher voltage is induced in the secondary coil. Voltages of 6 or 12 volts supplied to the primary, low一tension, coil result

41、 in voltages of 10,000 volts or more being obtained from the secondary, high tension, coil. When the car is started the low-tension supply is provided by the car's battery.</p><p>　　Remember that the low

42、-tension supply must be broken suddenly to produce the high-tension supply from the secondary coil. This is done in an instrument called the distributor. The distributor is placed between the coil and the sparking plugs.

43、</p><p>　　Inside the distributor are contact points. The contact between them is broken by a revolving cam, which forces them apart. Then they are forced together again by a spring pressing against the arm h

44、olding one contact. It is when the contact points are forced apart that the low一tension supply, going through a lead to the coil, is suddenly interrupted.</p><p>　　A second lead, going from the coil ba

45、ck to the distributor, conveys the high-tension (H.T.) supply to the distributor head. From there other leads distribute the H. T. supply to each of the sparking plugs in turn.</p><p>　　You will remembe

46、r that each cylinder of the car has a sparking plug. The metal part of the sparking plug is screwed into the combustion chamber of the cylinder. The plug contains two electrodes with a small gap between them. When the pl

47、ug receives a high-tension impulse from the distributor a spark is caused as the impulse jumps the gap between the two electrodes. This spark ignites the petrol-air mixture in the combustion chamber.</p><p>

48、　　3. Cooling and Lubricating the Engine</p><p>　　The combustion of the mixture in the engine naturally makes a great deal of heat and the engine must not be allowed to become overheated. The function of the

49、cooling system is to control this heat.</p><p>　　The engine may be either water or air cooled, but the vast majority is water cooled. Water in the water jacket surrounding the cylinders picks up the surplus

50、heat from the engine and the heated water rises. It then circulates through the radiator, where it is cooled by the passage of air past the radiator tubes, and returns to the bottom of the water jacket. A fan, which is d

51、riven from the engine crankshaft, assists cooling by increasing the draught through the radiator at low speeds. A pump may</p><p>　　The engine must also be prevented from running too cool and therefore the t

52、emperature of the water is normally controlled within certain limits by the action of a device known as a thermostat. This has the effect of varying the circulation of the water so that, for instance, when the engine is

53、first started less water is allowed to circulate and the engine warms up quickly.</p><p>　　The cooling system can, of course, freeze up in very cold weather, and this can cause considerable damage. For this

54、reason it is advisable to add good antifreeze solution, on that can be left in throughout the summer, which will prevent freezing in winter and protect the system from corrosion all the year round.</p><p>　　

55、THE LUBRICATION SYSTEM</p><p>　　Lubrication is necessary for two main reasons to reduce friction and wear in the engine, and to help carry away was to heat from the bearings, in which the crankshaft and cams

56、haft revolve inside the crankcase, from the pistons, and from the other working parts. In addition, it helps the piston rings to seal in the combustion gases, to prevent them escaping down into the cylinders. (These pist

57、on rings are rings fitted into grooves around the top of each piston.)</p><p>　　The majority of engines have what is known as a 'force feed', or pressure, lubricating system. The bottom of the crankc

58、ase is enclosed by a sheet-metal pan, or 'sump'. This holds the engine lubricating oil and has a drain plug through which used oil may be drained off. A pump draws oil from the sump and pumps it through a filter

59、and then through channels, called 'oil ways', to the bearings of the crankshaft and camshaft, and also to the valve gear. At the same time, oil flowing from the bearings</p><p>　　A warning light or o

60、il gauge, controlled by the pressure of the oil in the system, is usually provided so that the driver will know when the system is not functioning and the oil is not circulating properly. If the system is not functioning

61、 properly the working parts may seize up and cause serious damage to the car engine. It is, therefore, essential for the driver to stop the engine as soon as he sees his warning light come on.</p><p>　　4. Th

62、e Brakes</p><p>　　The brakes function by absorbing in friction the energy possessed by the moving car. In so doing they convert the energy into heat.</p><p>　　There are two types of brakes, the

63、drum brake and the disc brake. Either or both types may be fitted, but where both types are used it is usual for the disc brakes to be fitted to the front wheels.</p><p>　　DRUM BRAKES</p><p>　　T

64、he drum brake consists of a pair of semicircular brake shoes mounted on a fixed back plate and situated inside a drum. This drum is fixed to the road wheel and rotates with it. One end of each shoe is on a pivot and a sp

65、ring holds the other end in contact with the piston of a hydraulic cylinder. (In front brakes it is usual to use two hydraulic cylinders in order to equalize the pressures exerted by the shoes. See figure 4.) Each shoe i

66、s faced with material, known as brake lining, which produce</p><p>　　The hydraulic system comprises a master cylinder and the slave cylinders, which are the cylinders on the road wheels. The slave cylinders

67、are connected to the master cylinder by tubing and the whole system is filled with hydraulic fluid. A piston in the master cylinder is connected to the brake pedal, so that when the driver depresses. The pedal the fluid

68、is forced out to each slave cylinder and operates their pistons. The fluid pushes the pistons out of their cylinders. They, in turn, push agai</p><p>　　The brakes may also be operated by mechanical linkages

69、from the foot pedal and handbrake lever. Common practice is to operate both from and rear brakes hydraulically with a secondary mechanical system operating the rear brakes only from the hand lever. One of the great advan

70、tages of hydraulic operation is that the system is self-balancing, which means that the same pressure is automatically produced at all four brakes, whereas mechanical linkages have to be very carefully adjusted for balan

71、ce. O</p><p>　　The mechanical linkage operating on the rear brakes is a system of rods or cables connecting the handbrake lever to the brake-shoe mechanisms, which work entirely Independently of the hydrauli

72、c system.</p><p>　　Drum brakes are prone to a reduction in the braking effort, known as 'fade', caused by the overheating of the linings and the drum. Fade can affect all or only some of the brakes a

73、t a time, but it is not permanent, and full efficiency returns as soon as the brakes have cooled down. However, fading is unlikely to occur except after the brakes have been used repeatedly in slowing the car from a high

74、 speed or after braking continuously down a steep hill. Descending such a hill, it would have been p</p><p>　　DISC BRAKES</p><p>　　The disc brake consists of a steel disc with friction pads oper

75、ated by slave hydraulic cylinders. The steel disc is attached to the road wheel and rotates with it. Part of this steel disc is enclosed in a caliper. (See figure 5) This caliper contains two friction pads, one on each s

76、ide of the disc, and two hydraulic cylinders, one outside each pad. The pads are normally held apart by a spring, but when the driver depresses the brake pedal, pistons from the hydraulic cylinders force the pads agai<

77、;/p><p><b>　　汽車</b></p><p>　　1. 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)如何工作</p><p>　　一個(gè)把熱能源轉(zhuǎn)換成機(jī)械的能源的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)叫做一個(gè)熱發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，而且汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是熱發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的一個(gè)類型。它源自燒或’燃燒’的熱, 燃料和進(jìn)入駕駛汽車的有用的工作之內(nèi)依靠這熱能。</p><p>　　被用于相當(dāng)多汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的燃料是汽油，是

78、從在地球被發(fā)現(xiàn)的原油提取得的許多產(chǎn)品之一。汽油，當(dāng)和正確量空氣混合，當(dāng)火焰或者火花適用于它時(shí)，將會(huì)燃燒。</p><p>　　在汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中，和汽油混合的空氣進(jìn)入被限制的空間之內(nèi)而且被壓縮。當(dāng)時(shí)的混合被點(diǎn)燃，而且它燃燒。在燃燒它方面加熱擴(kuò)張的空氣，擴(kuò)充的力量然后轉(zhuǎn)換成一次旋轉(zhuǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)駕駛汽車的輪子的動(dòng)力。</p><p>　　能夠有效地使用這一能源我們必須控制燃燒程序和它擴(kuò)充的力量。第一，我

79、們需要一個(gè)管或’圓筒’, 關(guān)閉在一端，在一個(gè)壓縮并且燃燒汽油和空氣混合的空間。然后我們需要一個(gè)能在圓筒中自由地滑動(dòng)的活塞，和一個(gè)能向外地驅(qū)使裝置。</p><p>　　力量的擴(kuò)充。把活塞的循環(huán)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換成我們固定的連接竿桿，組成一個(gè)活塞總成參加它的一次旋轉(zhuǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)。我們進(jìn)入圓筒之內(nèi)為混合的進(jìn)入需要一個(gè)通道和另外的放出二手的廢氣?？刂苹旌系臍怏w進(jìn)入和廢氣的排氣我們需要活門，和這些叫做進(jìn)氣門和排氣門。最后，我們需要在缸的

80、頂端中點(diǎn)燃混合的一些方法，部份認(rèn)為燃燒室； 而且為這我們使用一個(gè)火花塞。</p><p>　　安排氣門的正時(shí)和點(diǎn)火的正時(shí)達(dá)到我們能控制事件的整個(gè)序列而且作活塞動(dòng)作在和在車輪運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。</p><p><b>　　氣缸</b></p><p>　　汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)可能有四，六，或八個(gè)氣缸。審查圖 1 。這些氣缸在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的一個(gè)在頂端氣缸區(qū)段中通常被裝。在氣缸

81、區(qū)段是包含兩個(gè)橋、活塞總成和凸輪軸的曲橋箱之下。因?yàn)槟阕x，活塞總成因氣缸中的活塞的向外運(yùn)動(dòng)而考慮?；钊偝傻倪@次旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)傳輸對(duì)驅(qū)動(dòng)輪經(jīng)過(guò)齒輪箱被發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)發(fā)展的力量而且啟動(dòng)汽車。</p><p>　　當(dāng)活塞總成替換它也引起在曲橋箱中依傍它躺臥的凸輪軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)。如凸輪軸替換，它依傍在氣缸的頂端打開(kāi)而且關(guān)上活瓣的每個(gè)氣缸強(qiáng)行上升竿。</p><p>　　對(duì)每個(gè)氣缸有兩個(gè)氣門。當(dāng)它被打開(kāi)時(shí)，插入物氣門

82、讓空氣和汽油進(jìn)去氣缸的燃燒室。當(dāng)在室的燃燒被允許流漏之后，排氣氣門被打開(kāi)被形成的瓦斯。這些瓦斯經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)排氣管被引導(dǎo)遠(yuǎn)離汽車。</p><p>　　讓我們更詳細(xì)地調(diào)查氣缸之一的行動(dòng)。審查圖 2 。以插入物在活塞中（一）在氣缸的頂端附近氣門公開(kāi)和排氣氣門關(guān)閉，如果活塞總成是用手或藉著起動(dòng)器馬達(dá)，轉(zhuǎn)活塞被連接竿所畫向下和一項(xiàng)汽油－空氣混合匆促的費(fèi)用在。當(dāng)活塞到達(dá)插入物氣門因春天的行動(dòng)而關(guān)閉的它的筆劃的底部。這筆劃叫做歸

83、納法筆劃。</p><p>　　在 （b）兩者的氣門被關(guān)閉和活塞總成向上強(qiáng)迫活塞在氣缸的頂端中壓縮混合。這，當(dāng)時(shí)，叫做’壓縮’筆劃。向壓縮的結(jié)束劃尾槳閃爍塞子的火花導(dǎo)致混合點(diǎn)燃。</p><p>　　在我們里面（c）見(jiàn)到燃燒的熱已經(jīng)在燃燒室中引起在壓力方面的迅速提高，而且這已經(jīng)把活塞強(qiáng)迫下來(lái)。經(jīng)過(guò)連接竿，活塞導(dǎo)致活塞總成繼續(xù)替換。這筆劃叫做’擴(kuò)充’或者 " 筆劃有力量 "

84、; ，而且我們現(xiàn)在能說(shuō)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)已經(jīng) " 點(diǎn)燃 " 。在</p><p>　　這筆劃，當(dāng)做活塞總成替換，靠引起凸輪軸它繼續(xù)替換，凸輪之一在凸輪軸上強(qiáng)行上升導(dǎo)致排氣氣門打開(kāi)的竿，讓廢氣流漏。</p><p>　　在我們里面（d）見(jiàn)到第四個(gè)和最后一筆劃，" 用盡 " 筆劃。排氣氣門已經(jīng)被強(qiáng)迫開(kāi)著的藉著凸輪軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)，和活塞總成，繼續(xù)替換，在氣缸上面駕駛活塞背面

85、，擠出廢氣。在這筆劃結(jié)束的時(shí)候，排氣氣門因春天的行動(dòng)，和凸輪軸而關(guān)閉，繼續(xù)替換，強(qiáng)行上升第二支竿強(qiáng)迫插入物氣門公開(kāi)?，F(xiàn)在氣缸將會(huì)受到汽油－空氣混合的另一項(xiàng)費(fèi)用和四筆劃， '歸納法’， '壓縮’的序列, '擴(kuò)充’或者 ", 有力量 " 而且 " 用盡 ", 將會(huì)再次開(kāi)始。</p><p>　　因?yàn)橛兴墓P劃的序列，或 " 循環(huán) ",

86、在這類型的內(nèi)在燃燒發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中，它叫做一個(gè)四筆劃的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。也有兩一筆劃用的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，為馬達(dá)的摩托車，而且為一些馬達(dá)循環(huán)。</p><p>　　讓我們用四個(gè)氣缸想到一輛汽車。記得它只有在力量被傳送到的擴(kuò)充筆劃上讓活塞總成輻狀。讓我們數(shù)氣缸， 1,2,3,4. 他們可能以這順序傳輸力量。1,2,4,3. 這意謂，當(dāng)號(hào) 1個(gè)氣缸在擴(kuò)充筆劃上時(shí)， 2 號(hào)在壓縮筆劃上， 4 號(hào)在歸納法筆劃上，而且號(hào) 3個(gè)氣缸在排氣筆劃

87、上。這四個(gè)活塞，在他們的氣缸內(nèi)上下地移動(dòng)以這順序，推向下竿在不同時(shí)間對(duì)活塞總成連接和在不同的點(diǎn)沿著它的橋。這使活塞總成保持回轉(zhuǎn)和活塞總成，當(dāng)齒輪是忙碌的，使汽車保持感人。</p><p>　　2. 燃料和點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　燃料系統(tǒng)包括一個(gè)燃料箱，一個(gè)燃料泵，和一個(gè)噴油裝置。</p><p>　　燃料泵可能被操作或機(jī)械地從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)凸輪軸或電地。它的功能是抽來(lái)

88、自汽油箱的汽油而且遞送它給噴油裝置。它包含一個(gè)好填充物排除灰塵或者可能發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的方法進(jìn)入戰(zhàn)車的污垢的粒子。</p><p>　　噴油裝置在插入物管、或插入物導(dǎo)致每個(gè)氣缸的插入物氣門的 " 復(fù)寫 " 上被裝。它的功能將與碳化合 ", 或?yàn)闅飧椎娜紵旌?、必需汽油和空氣。它自?dòng)地管理汽油和空氣的比例以及讓駕駛員控制混合的遞送的比率，而且因此改變發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的速度。</p><

89、;p>　　見(jiàn)圖 3 。 這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單類型的噴油裝置。它利用一個(gè)燃料水庫(kù)或者 " 漂流物室 " 到哪一個(gè)汽油被汽油泵抽。汽油的水平在。室是漂流物的行動(dòng)的被保持的常數(shù)，因?yàn)樗云蜕仙?，?dāng)正確的水平被達(dá)成時(shí)，關(guān)一個(gè)針氣門。從漂流物室流程到位于狹窄的管的小噴氣式飛機(jī)的汽油呼叫抗流圈管。當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)正在跑，也就是 當(dāng)活塞正在上下地在氣缸中移動(dòng)，空氣被畫在和經(jīng)過(guò)抗流圈管的途徑。在這里它進(jìn)入發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的插入物復(fù)印本之內(nèi)在外和汽油和

90、途徑混合在一起。大的混合允許對(duì)途徑被一個(gè)蝴蝶氣門控制，或 " 扼喉嚨 ", 位于在噴油裝置出口中。這一個(gè)氣門被加速者踏板操作。一個(gè)空氣清潔工人可能被連接到空氣插入物進(jìn)入發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)潤(rùn)滑油，它能引起發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)穿著增加之內(nèi)從空氣移開(kāi)灰塵而且阻止它進(jìn)入氣缸而且墜落。</p><p>　　空氣和汽油的比例必需的以不同發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)速度自動(dòng)地被控制。當(dāng)開(kāi)始一個(gè)寒冷發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)一個(gè)非常富有的混合，一與晾干制的汽油較高的比例，被需

91、要。這藉由限制進(jìn)入噴油裝置的大量的空氣被獲得。在大多數(shù)汽車中，駕駛員藉由拉出一個(gè)拉手利做這呼叫抗流圈和這部分關(guān)將空氣攜帶到氣缸的管。駕駛員一定記得去推動(dòng)抗流圈在再次盡快地在開(kāi)始之后避免對(duì)燃料的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和廢棄物的傷害。</p><p><b>　　點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)的功能將提供在燃燒室中的火花在正確的立即點(diǎn)燃汽油和空氣的混合。系統(tǒng)也不多數(shù)包含卷

92、，一個(gè)經(jīng)銷商，而且閃爍塞子。</p><p>　　卷生產(chǎn)高電壓沖動(dòng)必需的在閃爍塞子作火花。它真的有絕緣的電線兩卷創(chuàng)傷一在另一個(gè)以便內(nèi)部者的旋轉(zhuǎn)的數(shù)字， " 中級(jí)的 " 的周圍，卷在外部、 " 主要的 " 者,卷中比那棒許多。</p><p>　　低的電壓被提供給主要的卷而且突然打斷。在非常非常高的電壓的片刻一種沖動(dòng)正在在中級(jí)的卷中感應(yīng)。6 或 12

93、伏特的電壓提供給主要、低的一緊張，卷造成從中級(jí)、高度緊張，卷被獲得的 10,000 伏特 10,000 伏特更多的電壓。當(dāng)汽車被開(kāi)始低壓的補(bǔ)給是由汽車電池提供。</p><p>　　記得低壓的補(bǔ)給一定突然被打破生產(chǎn)中級(jí)的卷的高壓的補(bǔ)給。這在一個(gè)器具被做打電話給經(jīng)銷商。經(jīng)銷商在卷和閃爍塞子之間被放置。</p><p>　　在經(jīng)銷商內(nèi)是連絡(luò)點(diǎn)。他們之間的連絡(luò)被一個(gè)分別地強(qiáng)迫他們的回轉(zhuǎn)的凸輪打破

94、。然后他們被一起再次強(qiáng)迫春天壓迫對(duì)抗手臂把持一連絡(luò)。它是何時(shí)連絡(luò)點(diǎn)被分別地強(qiáng)迫低一緊張補(bǔ)給，對(duì)卷經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)領(lǐng)引，突然被打斷。</p><p>　　第二個(gè)領(lǐng)引，從卷去回到經(jīng)銷商，向經(jīng)銷商頭提供高壓的 （H.T.）補(bǔ)給。從在那里其他領(lǐng)引分配 H 。T。這閃爍提供給每個(gè)依次插入。</p><p>　　你將會(huì)記得汽車的每個(gè)氣缸有一個(gè)閃爍塞子。閃爍塞子的金屬制部份進(jìn)入氣缸的燃燒室之內(nèi)被扭緊。塞子用他們

95、之間的一個(gè)小縫隙包含兩個(gè)電極。當(dāng)塞子受到火花當(dāng)做沖動(dòng)被引起的經(jīng)銷商的一種高壓的沖動(dòng)跳躍這兩個(gè)電極之間的縫隙。這火花在燃燒室中點(diǎn)燃汽油－空氣的混合。</p><p><b>　　3. 冷卻和潤(rùn)滑</b></p><p>　　在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的混合的燃燒自然地作很多熱，而且發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)不能被允許變成過(guò)熱。冷卻系統(tǒng)的功能將控制這熱。</p><p>　　發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)可能

96、是被冷卻的水或空氣，但是巨大的多數(shù)是被冷卻的水。水穿戴在盈余上面圍住氣缸精選的水夾克從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和熱的水上升加熱。它然后流通過(guò)暖器爐，它越過(guò)暖器爐管，和回返被空氣的通道冷卻到水夾克的底部。一個(gè)狂熱者，從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)活塞總成被驅(qū)使，藉由經(jīng)過(guò)暖器爐以低速增加氣流協(xié)助冷卻。一個(gè)泵可能被用來(lái)幫助流通水。</p><p>　　發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)也一定被禁止賽跑太涼爽的因此水的溫度通常在特定極限里面被即是一個(gè)自動(dòng)調(diào)溫器的裝置的行動(dòng)所控制。這喝不同

97、水的循環(huán)的效果以便，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)首先被啟動(dòng)比較少的水被允許流通和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)很快地作準(zhǔn)備動(dòng)作。</p><p>　　冷卻系統(tǒng)能，當(dāng)然，凍結(jié)在非常寒冷的天氣方面上面，和這能造成相當(dāng)多的損害。對(duì)于這理由，增加好防凍劑解決是適當(dāng)?shù)模谀侵夏鼙涣粼诘教帉?huì)在冬天避免凍結(jié)而且使系統(tǒng)免于腐蝕所有的年回合的夏天。</p><p><b>　　潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)</b></p>

98、<p>　　潤(rùn)滑是必需的讓兩個(gè)主要部份理由在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中減少摩擦而且穿著，和幫助拿走是從活塞總成和凸輪軸考慮進(jìn)曲橋箱，從活塞的支座加熱，而且從另一個(gè)工作分開(kāi)。此外，它幫助活塞戒指在燃燒瓦斯中封閉，阻止他們進(jìn)入氣缸之內(nèi)逃脫向下。（這些活塞戒指是被適合在每個(gè)活塞的頂端周圍的凹槽的戒指。)</p><p>　　多數(shù)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)有什么即是 " 力量飼養(yǎng) ", 或壓力，潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)。曲橋箱的底部被一個(gè)張－

99、金屬的平鍋，或’污水坑’附上。這經(jīng)過(guò)用了油支撐發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)潤(rùn)滑油而且有一個(gè)排水溝塞子可能被排出溝外離開(kāi)。一個(gè)泵拉污水坑的油而且經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)過(guò)濾器抽它和透過(guò)通道當(dāng)時(shí)，呼叫’油方法’,對(duì)活塞總成的支座和凸輪軸，以及對(duì)氣門齒輪。同時(shí)，從支座流動(dòng)的油在曲橋箱中形成油霧，而且這霧潤(rùn)滑氣缸墻壁。</p><p>　　一個(gè)警告的光或油因系統(tǒng)的油的壓力而控制的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)度量通常被提供，以便當(dāng)系統(tǒng)沒(méi)有在動(dòng)作，而且油沒(méi)有在適當(dāng)?shù)亓魍〞r(shí)，駕駛員將會(huì)知

100、道。如果系統(tǒng)沒(méi)有在適當(dāng)?shù)貏?dòng)作工作部份可能抓住在而且上面造成對(duì)汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的嚴(yán)重傷害。它因此，是必要的讓駕駛員停止發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)一旦他見(jiàn)到被發(fā)生的他的警告光就。</p><p><b>　　4. 制動(dòng)</b></p><p>　　制動(dòng)功能藉由在摩擦中吸收，能源根據(jù)感人的汽車持有。在如此做他們把能源轉(zhuǎn)換成熱。</p><p>　　有制動(dòng)的兩類型、鼓制動(dòng)和圓盤