物流專業(yè)外文翻譯5

1、<p>　　1. The Definition of Logistics</p><p>　　After completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transfer of goods from the supplier( seller) to the customer( buyer) in the most cost-

2、effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. During the transfer process, hardware such as logistics facilities and equipment( logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization.

3、 In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place.</p><p>　　Three major functions of logistics</p><p>　　(1) Creating time value: same goods can be valued di

4、fferent at different times. Goods often stop during the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics. It creates the time value for goods.</p><p>　　(2) Creating location value: s

5、ame goods can be valued differently at different locations. The value added during the transfer process is the location value of logistics.</p><p>　　(3) Distribution processing value: sometimes logistics cre

6、ate distribution processing value, which changes the length, thickness and packages of the goods. Like popular saying, “ cutting into smaller parts” is the most commonly seen distribution processing within logistics crea

7、te added value for goods.</p><p>　　2. Logistics is a new commercial area, developing from the traditional stage to a modern one. The main differences between these two stage include:</p><p>　　(1

8、) Modern logistics adopts containerization techniques. The goods transfer process starts with packaging, followed by transportation, storage and distribution. The whole process is operated under logistics standards. Base

9、d on the logistics base module of 600×400mm, from the logistics module of 1,200×1,000mm, and enlarge to the size of 2,591×2,438mm-the size of high×wide of the container. It can be adjusted to the stan

10、dard sizes of containers for trains, trucks and ships.</p><p>　　(2) Information technologies are most important for modern logistics. Bar Code, POS, EDI and GPS systems dramatically improve the efficiency an

11、d accuracy of the logistics activities. Internet further assists the market development, operation and management of the logistics industry.</p><p>　　3.International Logistics </p><p>　　An incr

12、easing number of companies are involving in international markets through exporting, licensing, joins ventures, and ownership. This trend should continue. With such expansion there is a need to develop worldwide logistic

13、s networks. Integrated logistics management and cost analysis will be more complex and difficult to manage.</p><p>　　There are some future trends in internationalization:</p><p>　　(1) More logis

14、tics executives with international responsibilities</p><p>　　(2) Expansion of the number and size of foreign trade zones.</p><p>　　(3) Reduction in the amount of international paperwork and doc

15、umentation</p><p>　　(4) More foreign warehousing is owned and controlled by the exporting firm</p><p>　　(5) Increasing number of smaller firm</p><p>　　(6) Foreign ownership of logis

16、tics service firms, e. g., public warehousing and transportation carriers.</p><p>　　(7) Increasing multiple distribution channels</p><p>　　The international transport and the international logis

17、tics are same things in some way. So, when the international trading involved, the firm must establish international logistics systems to provide the products and service demanded. The most significant development in int

18、ernational logistics will be the increasing sophistication information system adopted and independent departments to operate.</p><p>　　4.Packaging. </p><p>　　Packaging performs two basic functio

19、ns–marketing and logistics. In marketing the packaging acts promotion and advertising. Its size, weight, color, and printed information attract customers and convey knowledge of the product. When firms are involved in in

20、ternational marketing, packaging becomes even more important. Products sold to foreign countries travel greater distances and undergo more handling operations. The logistics package is to protect the products during the

21、process of logistics.</p><p>　　Scrap disposal. The logistics process must effectively and quickly handle, transport, and store waste products. If they can be reused or recycled, logistics company should arra

22、nge and move them to the re–production and re–processing locations.</p><p>　　Return goods handling. The handling of return goods is often called reverse distribution. Buyers may return items to the seller fo

23、r a number of reasons. Most logistics systems are not good enough to handle such cases. In many industries, consumers return products for warranty repair, replacement, or recycling, reverse distribution costs may be very

24、 high. Reverse distribution will become more important as customers demand more flexible and favorable return policies.</p><p>　　5.Third Part Logistics ( TPL) </p><p>　　Third Part Logistics pro

25、vides all the logistics services. They act as a bridge or facilitator between the first part( supplier or producer) and the second part( buyer or customer). The primary objectives of third part logistics providers are to

26、 lower the total cost of logistics for the supplier and improve the service level to the customer.</p><p>　　Third Part Logistics have been growing rapidly. Cost reduction and demands for batter and cheaper s

27、ervices are the main drives behind the growth. A third part logistics provider will be in a position to consolidate business from several companies and offer frequent pick–ups and deliveries, whereas in–house transportat

28、ion cannot. Other reasons are as follows:</p><p>　　* The company does not specialize in logistics;</p><p>　　* The company does not have sufficient resources;</p><p>　　* Eager to

29、implement better logistics operation or does not have time to develop the required capabilities in–house;</p><p>　　* The company is venturing into a new business with totally different logistics requirement

30、s;</p><p>　　* Merger or acquisition may make outsourcing logistics operations more attractive than to integrate logistics operations.</p><p>　　6.Global Logistics </p><p>　　Develop

31、ed countries often deal with globalization in two ways: to be more cost competitive with third world countries, and to look for new partners in other countries to manufacture components, subassemblies and even the final

32、products. The second approach forces most developed countries to get into a new area called “ global logistics”.</p><p>　　Benefits of global operations include cheap raw materials and end products, lower lab

33、or cost, better quality, increased internal competition and better customer service. Some of the disadvantages are unreliable delivery, poor communication and longer time from design to finish production. Challenges are

34、often cultural and linguistic differences, legal requirements, logistics suppliers or manufacturers, exchange rates.</p><p>　　There are three major flows involved in global logistics: material flow, document

35、 flow and cash flow.</p><p>　　7.Logistics into the Future </p><p>　　Logistics is changing at a rapid and acceleration rate. There are two reasons are its rapid growth: </p><p>　　Fi

36、rstly, pressure to change by the development of the system itself</p><p>　　(1) High–speed computing and data transmission can instantly transmit and react to user demand</p><p>　　(2) More flexib

37、le and accurate logistic planning and control through computers and data processing </p><p>　　(3) Flexible computer facilities help problem solving and increase decisions accuracy</p><p>　　(4) A

38、wareness of total cost measurement and management accounting</p><p>　　Secondly, pressures for changes from the wider economy.</p><p>　　(1) Be flexible in handling markets of different sizes for

39、better competition</p><p>　　(2) There is increasing specialization in markets and growth in retailing.</p><p>　　(3) Life cycles for products are shortening. Logistics systems need to be more eff

40、icient, faster and more flexible</p><p>　　(4) Move from mass production towards flexible manufacturing system( FMS). These systems enable a company to switch production quickly from one product to another<

41、;/p><p>　　(5) Competitive pressures lead to more efforts to improve customer service.</p><p>　　8.The process of logistical integration can be divided into four stages:</p><p>　　Stage 1

42、. Began in the early 1960s in the USA and involved the integration of all activities associated with distribution. Separate distribution departments were to coordinate the management of all processes within physical dist

43、ribution management( PDM).</p><p>　　Stage 2. PDM was applied to the inbound movement of materials, components, and subassemblies, generally known as “ materials management”. By the late 1970s, many firms had

44、 established “ logistics department” with overall responsibility for the movement, storage, and handling of products upstream and downstream of the production operation.</p><p>　　Stage 3. Logistics plays an

45、important coordinating role, as it interfaces with most other functions. With the emergence of business process re–engineering( BPR) in the early 1990s, the relationship between logistics and related functions was redefi

46、ned. “ System integration” occurred. Cross–functional integration should achieve greater results.</p><p><b>　　物流的定義</b></p><p>　　在完成商業(yè)交易之后,物流將以最低成本和最高效益的方式執(zhí)行將商品從供應(yīng)商(賣方)流轉(zhuǎn)到顧客(買方)的過程。這

47、就是物流的定義。在物流過程中,既需要諸如物流設(shè)施和設(shè)備(物流運(yùn)輸工具等)的硬件,也需要對物流實施信息化管理進(jìn)行物流標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。此外,政府和物流組織的支持也不可或缺。</p><p><b>　　物流的三大主要功能</b></p><p>　　(1)創(chuàng)造時間價值:同種商品因所處時間的不同而有著不同的價值。在商品流轉(zhuǎn)過程中,往往會處于某種停滯的狀態(tài),物流的專業(yè)術(shù)語就稱之為儲存

48、。儲存創(chuàng)造了商品的時間價值。</p><p>　　(2)創(chuàng)造場所價值: 同種商品因所處位置的不同而有著不同的價值。這種因商品流轉(zhuǎn)過程中而產(chǎn)生的附加增值稱之為物流的場所價值。</p><p>　　(3) 同配送加工價值:有時,物流活動也能創(chuàng)造配送加工價值,這種物流加工主要改變商品的長度、厚度和包裝形態(tài)。物流中經(jīng)常提到的“分割成更小的部分”就是配送加工中最為常見的形式。大多數(shù)物流加工都能創(chuàng)造商

49、品的附加價值。</p><p>　　2.物流作為新興的商務(wù)領(lǐng)域,經(jīng)歷了從傳統(tǒng)物流向現(xiàn)代物流發(fā)展的兩個階段。這兩個階段的不同主要體現(xiàn)在以下兩個方面:</p><p>　　(1)現(xiàn)代物流采用了集裝技術(shù)。商品物流往往從包裝開始,而后經(jīng)歷運(yùn)輸、儲存和配送等過程。整個過程始終在物流標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的前提下運(yùn)行。以物流基礎(chǔ)模數(shù)尺寸600×400MM為基礎(chǔ),制定出物流模數(shù)尺寸1200×1000

50、MM,并將其放大至2591×2438MM,即形成集裝箱的高度與寬度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸。并能調(diào)整成適合鐵運(yùn)、汽運(yùn)和船運(yùn)的集裝箱標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)格尺寸。</p><p>　　(2)信息技術(shù)在現(xiàn)代物流中尤其重要。條形碼、銷售時點系統(tǒng)、電子數(shù)據(jù)傳輸系統(tǒng)、全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)的使用,極大地提高了物流活動的效率和精確程度。而互聯(lián)網(wǎng)更加有助于物流管理的市場開發(fā)、運(yùn)營和管理。</p><p><b>　　國際

51、物流</b></p><p>　　很多企業(yè)正通過出口、許可、合營或跨國經(jīng)營涉足國際市場。這種趨勢仍將持續(xù)。隨著這種趨勢的發(fā)展，開發(fā)國際物流網(wǎng)絡(luò)成為必須。整合物流管理和成本分析將更加復(fù)雜和困難。</p><p>　　國際化將呈現(xiàn)出以下未來趨勢：</p><p>　　(1)物流將更多地承擔(dān)起國際義務(wù)</p><p>　　(2)對外貿(mào)易

52、區(qū)的數(shù)量和規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大</p><p>　　(3)國際有紙作業(yè)和單據(jù)制作的數(shù)量的減少</p><p>　　(4)更多的涉外倉儲業(yè)務(wù)由出口企業(yè)經(jīng)營和控制</p><p>　　(5)小企業(yè)的數(shù)量增長</p><p>　　(6)物流服務(wù)企業(yè)的涉外經(jīng)營，如公營倉儲業(yè)務(wù)和國際運(yùn)輸商</p><p>　　(7)增加多配送渠道<

53、/p><p>　　從某些方面講，國際運(yùn)輸?shù)韧趪H物流。因此，當(dāng)涉足國際貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域時，企業(yè)必須建立國際物流系統(tǒng)以提供需要的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)。國際物流的更重要的發(fā)展在于大力采用先進(jìn)的信息系統(tǒng)和實行獨(dú)立的部門運(yùn)作。</p><p>　　4.包裝。包裝執(zhí)行兩個基本的功能—營銷和物流。就市場營銷而言，包裝承擔(dān)促銷和廣告的功能。其尺寸、重量、顏色和印制的信息會對顧客產(chǎn)生吸引力并將產(chǎn)品信息傳達(dá)給顧客。當(dāng)企業(yè)涉足國

54、際市場營銷時，包裝就顯得更為重要。出口到國外的產(chǎn)品需要運(yùn)輸更長的距離，經(jīng)歷更多的裝卸搬運(yùn)。而物流包裝在物流過程中起到了保護(hù)產(chǎn)品的作用。</p><p>　　廢棄物處理。物流過程中的活動也應(yīng)當(dāng)包括高效快速地對廢棄物進(jìn)行裝卸、運(yùn)輸和倉儲。如若廢棄物能夠重新利用或回收，物流企業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)合理安排并將其運(yùn)送到再生產(chǎn)或再加工地點。</p><p>　　退貨處理。退貨處理通常叫做反向配送。買方可能因各種原因

55、將產(chǎn)品退回賣方。多數(shù)物流系統(tǒng)未能對此類事件作出足夠妥善的處理。在很多行業(yè)，消費(fèi)者因維修保證、更換或回收而退回產(chǎn)品，因而反向配送的成本可能會很高。由于顧客對退貨政策的要求更加靈活、更加實惠，反向配送將更加重要。</p><p><b>　　5.第三方物流</b></p><p>　　第三方物流提供了所有的物流活動。他們在第一方（供應(yīng)商或生產(chǎn)商）和第二方（買方或顧客）之間

56、扮演著橋梁或設(shè)施供應(yīng)商的角色。第三方物流提供商的基本目標(biāo)是降低供應(yīng)商的整體物流成本，提高顧客服務(wù)水平。</p><p>　　第三方物流增長十分迅速。成本降低和對更好更便宜的服務(wù)的需求是增長背后的動力。第三方物流提供商能夠?qū)碜詭准移髽I(yè)的業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)行整合，并能提供頻繁的提貨和交貨，而企業(yè)內(nèi)部運(yùn)輸無法做到。（第三方物流發(fā)展的）其它原因如下：</p><p>　　* 企業(yè)并不專長于物流</p&

57、gt;<p>　　* 企業(yè)自身沒有足夠的物流資源</p><p>　　* 對實施更好的物流運(yùn)作的期盼，或沒有時間開發(fā)內(nèi)部物流所需要的能力</p><p>　　* 企業(yè)正投資一項新領(lǐng)域，該領(lǐng)域有著不同的物流需求</p><p>　　* 外包物流運(yùn)營可能比整合物流運(yùn)營更加有吸引力</p><p><b>　　6.全球物流&

58、lt;/b></p><p>　　發(fā)達(dá)國家常在兩個方面實施全球化:在第三世界國家謀求更大的成本優(yōu)勢,以及在其他國家尋找新的合作伙伴生產(chǎn)零配件、半成品甚至制成品。這第二個方面迫使發(fā)達(dá)國家不得不進(jìn)入一個叫做“全球物流”的新領(lǐng)域。</p><p>　　全球經(jīng)營的利益包括(獲得)廉價的原材料和終端產(chǎn)品,降低的勞動成本,更好的質(zhì)量,提升國際競爭力以及更好的客戶服務(wù)。其缺點主要是交貨的不可靠性,

59、艱難的溝通以及從產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計到產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)完成需要更長的時間。面臨的挑戰(zhàn)經(jīng)常來自于文化和語言的差異,法律要求,物流支持,尋求合適的全球供應(yīng)商或生產(chǎn)商,外匯匯率等。</p><p>　　全球物流涉及到三種流轉(zhuǎn):物料流轉(zhuǎn),單據(jù)流轉(zhuǎn)和資金流轉(zhuǎn)。</p><p><b>　　7.物流走向未來</b></p><p>　　物流正以高速改變著。其高速增長原因有

60、二:</p><p>　　第一,因自身系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展而被迫變革</p><p>　　(1)高速計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)和數(shù)據(jù)交換系統(tǒng)能持續(xù)地對用戶需求實行流轉(zhuǎn)和操作</p><p>　　(2)通過計算機(jī)和數(shù)據(jù)加工能實現(xiàn)更加靈活的精確的物流計劃和管理</p><p>　　(3)柔性計算機(jī)設(shè)施有助于問題的解決和提高決策的精確度</p><p&g

61、t;　　(4)對整體成本衡量和財務(wù)管理的清醒認(rèn)識</p><p>　　第二,來自范圍經(jīng)濟(jì)變革的壓力。</p><p>　　(1)為了謀求更大競爭力,對于不同規(guī)模市場的處理需要有靈活性</p><p>　　(2)市場規(guī)格和零售增長的大幅度提升</p><p>　　(3) 產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)周期縮短。物流系統(tǒng)就要更高效、更快、更靈活</p>

62、<p>　　(4) 從規(guī)模生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)向柔性生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)(FMS) 。這些系統(tǒng)能使企業(yè)從一種產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)迅速轉(zhuǎn)向另一種產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)</p><p>　　(5)競爭的壓力導(dǎo)致企業(yè)更加努力地提高客戶服務(wù)水平。</p><p>　　8.物流整合的過程可分為四個階段:</p><p>　　第一階段:開始于0世紀(jì)60年代的美國,涉及到所有相關(guān)的配送活動的整合。分離的經(jīng)銷部門得協(xié)

63、調(diào)與貨物配送管理(PDM)相關(guān)的所有過程的管理。</p><p>　　第二階段:PDM應(yīng)用于物流、部件和半成品的往返流轉(zhuǎn)活動,通常稱之為“物料管理”。至20世紀(jì)70年代晚期,很多企業(yè)業(yè)已建立了“物流部門”以全權(quán)負(fù)責(zé)與生產(chǎn)運(yùn)作相關(guān)的上游和下游產(chǎn)品的搬運(yùn)、倉儲和裝卸等。</p><p>　　第三階段:因其成為面對眾多功能的接口,物流承擔(dān)起重要的協(xié)調(diào)作用。隨著20世紀(jì)90年代早期業(yè)務(wù)流程再造(B