外文翻譯—電子商務(wù)

1、<p>　　字?jǐn)?shù)：英文2060單詞，11447字符；中文3455漢字</p><p>　　出處：?eri? Slavko.ELECTRONIC COMMERCE[J]Economics.2017,4:133-141</p><p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)：　</b></p><p>　　ELECTRONIC COMMERCE</p

2、><p>　　SUMMARY Electronic commerce can be defined in different ways. Any definition helps to understand and explain that concept as better as possible. Electronic commerce is a set of procedures and technologi

3、es that automate the tasks of financial transactions using electronic means. Also, according to some authors, electronic commerce is defined as a new concept, which is being developed and which includes process of buying

4、 and selling or exchanging products, services or information via computer net</p><p>　　Keywords: electronic commerce, development, purchase, sale, economy, Internet</p><p>　　INTRODUCTION</p&g

5、t;<p>　　Today, development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, which radically change the existing power relations and the power on the global market, have a significant role in more evident p

6、rocess of globalization. The magnitude of impact of the development of communication and information resources on the world economy may be implied by the fact that it goes into traditional labor intensive activities, whe

7、re before there were not opportunities for the application of modern inform</p><p>　　Managers of large companies, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, need to understand first of all the importance

8、, as well as many advantages that use of modern digital technology enables them in the creation of new business ideas and their realization. In the new digital era the benefits and opportunities of e-business represent a

9、 significant potential that should be used in the best and the most efficient way. Thanks to the internet there are some changes in the way of business, geogr</p><p>　　ELECTRONIC COMMERCE</p><p>

10、;　　Today’s way of doing business is completely changed, mostly thanks to the Internet. E-commerce has a great role in the process of globalization and in the development of modern means of communication, especially elect

11、ronic, by radically changing the existing power relations and the power on the global market. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business. Besides the technological aspect it

12、is necessary to emphasize the economic aspect and define e-comm</p><p>　　Electronic commerce is the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions

13、between different organizations via telecommunication networks and is more than a set of Internet technologies.</p><p>　　E-commerce can be viewed from the narrower and wider point of view. In the narrow sens

14、e electronic commerce involves buying and selling through the Internet, and in a broader sense it includes the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions by

15、 means of telecommunications networks. In fulfilling tasks it uses electronic communication media such as the Internet, extranets, e-mail, database and mobile telephony. Electronic commerce incl</p><p>　　Ele

16、ctronic commerce creates new markets and economic activities, which are characterized by rapid information processes and market dynamics. Electronic networks provide the infrastructure for collecting and disseminating in

17、formation. They also serve as a new channel for the sales, promotion of products and services delivery. Moreover, network integrate information for managing business activities at all levels of the company and provide ne

18、w electronic connections with customers and partners in t</p><p>　　ELECTRONIC MARKET</p><p>　　Milicevic (2002) states that the Internetand new information technologies are leading to restructuri

19、ng of markets on a global level and some industrial and service sectors. As well as on traditional (physical) market, also in electronic market, customers and sellers exchange goods and services for money or other goods

20、or services, but only electronically. Electronic market uses electronic transactions leading to a new way of distribution of products and services to ultimate consumers. Electronic</p><p>　　MODELS OF ELECTRO

21、NIC COMMERCE</p><p>　　There are many models of electronic commerce that vary according to the relations which exist between participants in trade (companies, customers, employees, government). Some of the mo

22、dels are: B2B, B2C, B2E, C2C, C2B, but lately there are also more complex forms that are created as a combination and updating of existing models such as B2B2C and C2B2C.</p><p>　　B2B (Business to Business)

23、is the automated exchange of information between different organizations;</p><p>　　B2C (Business to Consumer) means the sale of goods and services to end consumers; </p><p>　　B2E (Business to Em

24、ployee) is a model which is also known as Intranet, or the Web site that gives products or information to employees;</p><p>　　C2B (Consumer to Business) is a model where the consumer requests a product or se

25、rvice from the seller;</p><p>　　C2C (Consumer to Consumer) is a model in which customers sell to each other;</p><p>　　B2B2C (Business to Business to Consumer) is a model that is realized using B

26、2B model that supports the company’s operations on the model of B2C;</p><p>　　C2B2C (Consumer to Business to Consumer) is a model that connects consumers using on-line company as an intermediary.</p>

27、<p>　　LEGAL ISSUES SPECIFIC TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCE</p><p>　　The most important legal issues specific to e-commerce are: assigning domain names, tax collection from incomes generated electronically and i

28、ntellectual property protection. When assigning Internet addresses or domain names, problems arise when several companies that have similar names compete around the domain. The problem is solved in court or before an int

29、ernational arbitration system. Federal, state and local authorities are trying in every way to calculate how to get a share of revenue gen</p><p>　　ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE</p&g

30、t;<p>　　The main characteristic of e-commerce is a profound and very rapid change in the way trade is conducted. Today, e-commerce has many advantages over traditional conducting commercial transactions. Extensive

31、 use of e-commerce leads to new advantages. A set of interactive, content-rich and personalized messages can be delivered tospecifically selected consumers to increase sales. Today companies have a lot more information t

32、han before, which allows them to take advantage of this information as effi</p><p>　　The impact of e-commerce is especially expressed in industries engaged in the production of computers, software and comput

33、er equipment and other elements necessary for realization of e-commerce. E-commerce has enabled companies to choose suppliers all over the world regardless of their geographical location, and to sell and market their pro

34、ducts or services anywhere in the global market.</p><p>　　Compared to traditional commerce the advantages of Internet commerce are numerous because properties are not necessary, as well as window dressing, s

35、ales staff is reduced to a minimum, there is a possibility of selling around the world, instant communication, presentation of interactive multimedia catalog that can provide the information that the customer wants (ther

36、e is no classic catalog and postal shipping), promotion is much cheaper, it is easier to achieve publicity on the internet, there a</p><p>　　CONCLUSION</p><p>　　With the advent of the Internet a

37、 lot has changed in terms of business and trade. Once the operating was based on the principle of face-toface, but now with the advent of the Internet participants in trade do not need to know, nor meet and see each othe

38、r. With the advent of e-commerce there are no more geographical borders, nor language barriers and currency constraints. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business, which lea

39、ds to more rapid penetratio</p><p><b>　　中文譯文：</b></p><p><b>　　電子商務(wù)</b></p><p>　　摘要 電子商務(wù)可以用不同的方式進(jìn)行定義。任何定義都有助于更好地理解和解釋這一概念。電子商務(wù)是利用電子手段實(shí)現(xiàn)金融交易自動(dòng)化的一套程序和技術(shù)。另外，根據(jù)一

40、些作者的說(shuō)法，電子商務(wù)被定義為一個(gè)正在發(fā)展的新概念，其中包括，通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)以及互聯(lián)網(wǎng)進(jìn)行的買(mǎi)賣(mài)、交換產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)或信息的過(guò)程，電子商務(wù)不僅僅局限于買(mǎi)賣(mài)，還包括供應(yīng)鏈中的所有售前和售后服務(wù)。在商業(yè)中，引進(jìn)電子商務(wù)，利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了一種全新的經(jīng)濟(jì)形式——互聯(lián)網(wǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：電子商務(wù)，開(kāi)發(fā)，采購(gòu)，銷(xiāo)售，經(jīng)濟(jì)，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)</p><p><b>　　引言

41、</b></p><p>　　今天，現(xiàn)代通信手段的發(fā)展，特別是電子技術(shù)，徹底改變了現(xiàn)有的權(quán)力關(guān)系和全球市場(chǎng)的力量，在全球化的進(jìn)程中發(fā)揮了重要作用。通信與信息資源的發(fā)展對(duì)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響，可能暗示出這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，它正在滲入到之前沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)的傳統(tǒng)勞動(dòng)密集型活動(dòng)中。</p><p>　　大型企業(yè)以及中小企業(yè)的管理者首先需要了解現(xiàn)代數(shù)字技術(shù)的重要性和諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，利用現(xiàn)代數(shù)字技

42、術(shù)，能夠使他們創(chuàng)造出新的商業(yè)理念及成就。在新的數(shù)字時(shí)代，電子商務(wù)的優(yōu)勢(shì)和機(jī)遇代表了一個(gè)巨大的潛力，應(yīng)該以最好和最有效的方式使用。由于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，商業(yè)方式發(fā)生了一些變化，地理邊界正在消失，語(yǔ)言障礙和貨幣限制正在下降。</p><p><b>　　電子商務(wù)</b></p><p>　　如今做生意的方式被徹底改變了，這主要得益于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。在全球化的進(jìn)程中，在現(xiàn)代通信手段特別是電子

43、技術(shù)的發(fā)展中，電子商務(wù)通過(guò)從根本上改變現(xiàn)有的權(quán)力關(guān)系和全球市場(chǎng)的力量，從而發(fā)揮著重要作用?，F(xiàn)代商業(yè)正處在從機(jī)械到電子商務(wù)的過(guò)渡時(shí)期。除了技術(shù)方面，還應(yīng)該要強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)濟(jì)方面，將電子商務(wù)定義為一個(gè)提供新型商品和服務(wù)的新市場(chǎng)，例如通過(guò)數(shù)字化流程的數(shù)字產(chǎn)品。實(shí)體商品賣(mài)家也被納入到數(shù)字化流程，如在線訂購(gòu)、市場(chǎng)調(diào)研與支付，這些都是新市場(chǎng)的組成部分。</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)不僅是一套互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)，而且還是以通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)為媒介而進(jìn)行

44、的商業(yè)信息交換，商業(yè)關(guān)系維護(hù)，以及不同組織之間的商業(yè)交易。</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)可以從狹義上和廣義上來(lái)理解。從狹義上來(lái)講，電子商務(wù)是指通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)進(jìn)行的商業(yè)買(mǎi)賣(mài)；而從廣義上來(lái)講，電子商務(wù)包括以通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)為媒介而進(jìn)行的商業(yè)信息交換，商業(yè)關(guān)系維護(hù)，以及商業(yè)交易。在履行任務(wù)時(shí)，電子商務(wù)使用電子傳播媒介，如互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、外聯(lián)網(wǎng)、電子郵件、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和移動(dòng)電話。電子商務(wù)包括多種活動(dòng)，例如商品和服務(wù)的電子銷(xiāo)售與采購(gòu)、數(shù)字內(nèi)容的在線

45、支付、電子資金轉(zhuǎn)賬、公共采購(gòu)、直面消費(fèi)者營(yíng)銷(xiāo)，以及其他售后服務(wù)。電子商務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)通常被稱(chēng)為全數(shù)字化業(yè)務(wù)，它包括三個(gè)部分：產(chǎn)品、過(guò)程和參與者；它有兩個(gè)組成部分：實(shí)體和數(shù)字。通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)送和接收的所有東西都被認(rèn)為是數(shù)字產(chǎn)品。</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)創(chuàng)造了新的市場(chǎng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)，其特點(diǎn)是快速的信息處理和市場(chǎng)動(dòng)態(tài)。電子網(wǎng)絡(luò)為收集和傳播信息提供了基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，同時(shí)電子網(wǎng)絡(luò)還是產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)銷(xiāo)售與推廣的新渠道。此外，網(wǎng)絡(luò)集成了管理公

46、司各級(jí)商業(yè)活動(dòng)的信息，并與供應(yīng)鏈中的客戶(hù)和合作伙伴建立了新的電子聯(lián)系。通過(guò)遍布全球的電子網(wǎng)絡(luò)，越來(lái)越多的經(jīng)濟(jì)增值活動(dòng)出現(xiàn)在了網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間中?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)擴(kuò)大了企業(yè)的活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所。由于從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)獲得了許多額外的商業(yè)信息，管理者可以發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的商業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。</p><p><b>　　電子市場(chǎng)</b></p><p>　　米利塞維奇（2002）指出，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和新的信息技術(shù)正在導(dǎo)致全球一級(jí)市場(chǎng)以

47、及一些工業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)的重組。除了傳統(tǒng)（實(shí)體）市場(chǎng)，客戶(hù)和賣(mài)家也在電子市場(chǎng)為貨幣或其他商品或服務(wù)進(jìn)行交易，只不過(guò)是以電子方式來(lái)交換商品和服務(wù)。電子市場(chǎng)使用電子交易，為終端消費(fèi)者帶來(lái)了一種新的商品和服務(wù)的配貨銷(xiāo)售方式。電子市場(chǎng)是指進(jìn)行電子商務(wù)的地方，也就是交換信息、產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)和支付的互動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。近年來(lái)，電子市場(chǎng)在現(xiàn)代商業(yè)中越來(lái)越重要。而說(shuō)到電子商務(wù)，商業(yè)中心實(shí)際上只是網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的一個(gè)點(diǎn)，它那里擁有客戶(hù)、賣(mài)家以及其他參與者，他們都通過(guò)電子方式找到彼此

48、并進(jìn)行商業(yè)活動(dòng)。</p><p><b>　　電子商務(wù)模式</b></p><p>　　根據(jù)貿(mào)易參與者（公司、客戶(hù)、員工、政府）之間的關(guān)系，電子商務(wù)的模式可以分為很多種：B2B，B2C，B2E，C2C，C2B，不過(guò)最近還出現(xiàn)了更復(fù)雜的組合形式，更新了現(xiàn)有模式，例如B2B2C和C2B2C。</p><p>　　B2B（企業(yè)對(duì)企業(yè)）是指不同組織之間

49、自動(dòng)交換信息；</p><p>　　B2C（企業(yè)對(duì)消費(fèi)者）是指向終端消費(fèi)者出售商品和服務(wù)；</p><p>　　B2E（企業(yè)對(duì)員工）是一種稱(chēng)為內(nèi)部網(wǎng)的模式，也是向員工提供產(chǎn)品或信息的網(wǎng)站；</p><p>　　C2B（消費(fèi)者對(duì)企業(yè)）是消費(fèi)者要求賣(mài)方提供產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的一種模式；</p><p>　　C2C（消費(fèi)者對(duì)消費(fèi)者）是消費(fèi)者互相推銷(xiāo)的一種模

50、式；</p><p>　　B2B2C（供應(yīng)商對(duì)企業(yè)對(duì)消費(fèi)者）是利用B2B模式實(shí)現(xiàn)，并支持企業(yè)在B2C模式下運(yùn)營(yíng)的一種模式；</p><p>　　C2B2C（消費(fèi)者對(duì)企業(yè)對(duì)消費(fèi)者）是以網(wǎng)絡(luò)企業(yè)為中介的連接消費(fèi)者的一種模式。</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)特有的法律問(wèn)題</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)特有的最重要的法律問(wèn)題是：域名的分配，電子商務(wù)產(chǎn)生

51、的稅收，以及知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的保護(hù)。當(dāng)分配網(wǎng)址或域名時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)這樣的情況，幾家公司存在相似名稱(chēng)，他們會(huì)圍繞域名進(jìn)行競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。這個(gè)問(wèn)題在法庭或國(guó)際仲裁制度之前就已經(jīng)得到解決。聯(lián)邦、州和地方當(dāng)局正在嘗試以各種方式計(jì)算如何獲得電子商務(wù)所產(chǎn)生的收入份額。這個(gè)問(wèn)題在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中尤為突出，特別是在你需要繳納營(yíng)業(yè)執(zhí)照稅、所得稅、增值稅、年度所得稅等，以及誰(shuí)來(lái)監(jiān)管這些費(fèi)用的時(shí)候。軟件和其他無(wú)形創(chuàng)作的保護(hù)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上難以實(shí)現(xiàn)，這就是著作權(quán)和知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)問(wèn)題被頻繁討論的原因所

52、在?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)獨(dú)有的稅收，即所謂的“比特稅”，可能是這個(gè)問(wèn)題的解決方案。這個(gè)稅收的想法是基于這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，即通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳播的每一個(gè)比特都代表著一個(gè)獨(dú)特的稅率。它可以在電話交換機(jī)或服務(wù)提供商處收集，并提交主管稅務(wù)機(jī)關(guān)。但是，這種稅不會(huì)考慮到所購(gòu)買(mǎi)的信息或商品的性質(zhì)。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上最大的比特量屬于兒童電子游戲。在大多數(shù)國(guó)家，發(fā)展電子商務(wù)，免稅或以最低的稅率進(jìn)行征稅。目前還不清楚哪個(gè)政府會(huì)接管跨境數(shù)據(jù)流導(dǎo)致的稅收。除了安全問(wèn)題，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上商業(yè)交易稅收模式不

53、清楚的問(wèn)題，也對(duì)世界各地的財(cái)務(wù)專(zhuān)家造成了極大的困擾。</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)的優(yōu)勢(shì)和劣勢(shì)</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)的主要特點(diǎn)是貿(mào)易方式發(fā)生了深刻而又非常迅速的變化。當(dāng)前，與傳統(tǒng)的商業(yè)交易相比，電子商務(wù)具有很多優(yōu)勢(shì)。電子商務(wù)的廣泛應(yīng)用帶來(lái)新的優(yōu)勢(shì)。一組充滿(mǎn)互動(dòng)、內(nèi)容豐富和個(gè)性化的信息可以被傳遞給特定的消費(fèi)者，從而增加銷(xiāo)售量。如今企業(yè)的信息比以前多得多，這讓他們能夠有效地利用這些信息

54、，細(xì)分市場(chǎng)，并盡可能地使其產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)適應(yīng)潛在客戶(hù)或服務(wù)用戶(hù)。</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)的影響尤其表現(xiàn)在從事計(jì)算機(jī)、軟件和計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)備生產(chǎn)的行業(yè)上，以及實(shí)現(xiàn)電子商務(wù)所需的其他要素方面。電子商務(wù)使得企業(yè)能夠選擇世界各地的供應(yīng)商，而不管其地理位置如何，并可以在全球市場(chǎng)的任何地方銷(xiāo)售和交易其產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)。</p><p>　　與傳統(tǒng)商業(yè)相比，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)商業(yè)的優(yōu)勢(shì)眾多，因?yàn)闆](méi)有必要的屬性，以及門(mén)面、銷(xiāo)售

55、人員減少到最低限度，有可能在世界各地銷(xiāo)售，即時(shí)通訊，交互式的多媒體產(chǎn)品目錄的呈現(xiàn)可以提供客戶(hù)想要的信息（沒(méi)有傳統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)品目錄和郵政運(yùn)輸），促銷(xiāo)便宜得多，在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上宣傳起來(lái)更容易，有更多的機(jī)會(huì)適應(yīng)客戶(hù)需求，而且客戶(hù)坐在椅子上即可進(jìn)行購(gòu)買(mǎi)，沒(méi)有時(shí)間限制（不間斷），不影響銷(xiāo)售人員的決策，以及各種其他好處。由于電子貿(mào)易系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜性，在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的買(mǎi)賣(mài)可能會(huì)發(fā)生問(wèn)題。這些問(wèn)題指的是，許多潛在客戶(hù)仍然不能上網(wǎng)或者不使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，有些沒(méi)有快速的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接，

56、網(wǎng)絡(luò)購(gòu)買(mǎi)涉及到大量的欺詐，隱私受到損害，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上商店實(shí)際存在的問(wèn)題?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)是每個(gè)人都可以訪問(wèn)的公共網(wǎng)絡(luò)，因此有可能有人未經(jīng)授權(quán)就監(jiān)控通信并擅自濫用它。由于這些原因，找到保障信息的完整性、真實(shí)性的保護(hù)機(jī)制勢(shì)在必行。密碼學(xué)是研究信息保密性方法，具有加密、解密、密鑰等特點(diǎn)的一門(mén)學(xué)科。通過(guò)使用數(shù)字簽名和證書(shū)來(lái)確認(rèn)和驗(yàn)證發(fā)送者的身份。數(shù)字簽名的目的是對(duì)消息內(nèi)容進(jìn)行身份驗(yàn)證，以及提供消息發(fā)送者的身份保證。</p><p>&

57、lt;b>　　結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的出現(xiàn)，商業(yè)和貿(mào)易方面發(fā)生了很大的變化。以往的操作是在面對(duì)面的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的，但現(xiàn)在隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)融入到貿(mào)易之中，對(duì)方不需要相互了解，也不需要會(huì)面和接見(jiàn)。隨著電子商務(wù)的出現(xiàn)，地理邊界被打破，語(yǔ)言障礙和貨幣限制也不復(fù)存在。現(xiàn)代商業(yè)正處在從機(jī)械到電子商務(wù)的過(guò)渡時(shí)期，導(dǎo)致了技術(shù)進(jìn)步快速滲透到貿(mào)易中。說(shuō)到電子商店的發(fā)展，這對(duì)終端消費(fèi)者有很大的好處，但是