外文翻譯--生態(tài)旅游對(duì)環(huán)境的影響

1、<p>　　生態(tài)旅游對(duì)環(huán)境的影響（節(jié)選）</p><p>　　原文來(lái)源：Environment Impacts of Ecotourism;Edited by Ralf Buckley</p><p>　　International Centre for Ecotourism Research,Griffith University,Australia </p>&

2、lt;p>　　CAIB Publishing;Oct,2008</p><p>　　生態(tài)旅游由于其實(shí)際或潛在的積極影響受到社會(huì)和保護(hù)區(qū)以及公司和消費(fèi)者廣泛吹捧。例如，在討論進(jìn)入保護(hù)區(qū)方面，旅游說(shuō)客和生態(tài)旅游經(jīng)營(yíng)者宣稱他們不僅將會(huì)采取措施師環(huán)境影響減到最小,而且生態(tài)旅游還會(huì)產(chǎn)生利益。然而,保護(hù)區(qū)也為旅游業(yè)提供了非常重要的好處。</p><p>　　每年被人類消耗或污染的自然資源有很多。

3、人類生存需要飲用水，可呼吸的空氣和可用的生物多樣性。自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是每個(gè)這些領(lǐng)域的主要的蓄水池。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)由于人類活動(dòng)已被不同程度地廣泛地修改了。近原始的荒野地區(qū)和其他小改造的地區(qū)的環(huán)境正在不斷減少，像城市中心，垃圾堆放場(chǎng)，礦場(chǎng)和單一種植區(qū)幾乎完全修改的環(huán)境在繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大。有很多沒(méi)有完全修改而又很重要的地方，如農(nóng)村住宅，布羅德?？四羺^(qū)和被采伐的原始森林在最少修改的地區(qū)也繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大。為制止和扭轉(zhuǎn)這些趨勢(shì)，只在人類的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)和人類行為發(fā)生大規(guī)模和深遠(yuǎn)

4、的變化時(shí)才能成為可能。然而，如果在短期內(nèi)沒(méi)有這種變化，規(guī)模更大的混亂將逼近人類。 </p><p>　　關(guān)于可持續(xù)能力和關(guān)乎人類生存的任何長(zhǎng)期策略唯一最重要的組分，能夠使世界各種各樣的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的代表性區(qū)域保持在一個(gè)合理的原封不動(dòng)的和功能的狀態(tài)。當(dāng)然，這是保護(hù)區(qū)全局系統(tǒng)的主要目標(biāo)，包括世界遺產(chǎn)地區(qū)、生物圈儲(chǔ)備、國(guó)家公園和其他保護(hù)區(qū)域。 然而，這些公園還不能獨(dú)自地防止生物多樣性持續(xù)損失：首先，因?yàn)樗麄兪翘『筒?/p>

5、充分地代表性的；第二，因?yàn)樗麄儾怀浞值乇槐Ｗo(hù)。目前，有公開和私有土地其他地區(qū)在被保護(hù)區(qū)系統(tǒng)之外的，它們對(duì)保護(hù)生物多樣性和空氣和水的質(zhì)量有很大貢獻(xiàn)。它們包括：像極地，高山，沙漠和海洋生態(tài)系一樣很少人的地方；那些為木材和家畜產(chǎn)品使用的但其中很少使用牧場(chǎng)保留其原有的性質(zhì)功能和生物多樣性的森林地和牧場(chǎng)；人類的生活方式?jīng)]有介入對(duì)自然環(huán)境的密集的修改的部族和社區(qū)土地。然后，隨著人口和資源消耗量的繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，所有這些未保護(hù)的區(qū)域卻受到越來(lái)越多的開發(fā)和修

6、改，例如采伐，農(nóng)業(yè)清除和類似的沖擊加速。特別是，其中一些區(qū)域涉及保護(hù)和儲(chǔ)備，而且逐漸增長(zhǎng)的人口壓力正在導(dǎo)致土地清除和移民直到儲(chǔ)備界限，有時(shí)會(huì)在保護(hù)的過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)侵犯。在被保護(hù)區(qū)界限不是明確界定或沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)的地區(qū)，這樣侵犯也許一般包括偷獵，非法收獲，小規(guī)模移民</p><p>　　因此，代表性的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的保護(hù)不僅能夠通過(guò)增加保護(hù)區(qū)財(cái)產(chǎn)，改進(jìn)現(xiàn)存儲(chǔ)備的有效保護(hù)率，而且通過(guò)減少對(duì)儲(chǔ)備區(qū)以外土地的修改得到改進(jìn)，以便改進(jìn)它的保

7、護(hù)價(jià)值。</p><p>　　用純粹財(cái)政術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)，以現(xiàn)在的市場(chǎng)價(jià)購(gòu)買高保護(hù)價(jià)值所有剩余的區(qū)域，在更加富有的政府和公司看來(lái)是在世界范圍內(nèi)的，并且宣稱他們作為保護(hù)區(qū)。然而，由于許多政治原因，這是不太可能發(fā)生得。許多保護(hù)區(qū)管理代辦處沒(méi)有足夠的金錢來(lái)管理他們現(xiàn)有的財(cái)產(chǎn)，更不用說(shuō)發(fā)展它。全世界國(guó)家公園和相似的儲(chǔ)備總面積繼續(xù)慢慢地增長(zhǎng)，并且在最近幾年里給保護(hù)區(qū)的管理代辦處的一些資助增加顯著。然而，在全球范圍內(nèi)，公共的保護(hù)區(qū)越

8、來(lái)越資金短缺。同時(shí)，他們不斷地受到人類的壓力，這種壓力同時(shí)來(lái)自于從在它們的邊界之外的壓力和游客的人數(shù)和期望增長(zhǎng)的壓力。結(jié)果，只有最大和最遠(yuǎn)的保護(hù)區(qū)能夠獨(dú)自地生存。大多需要持續(xù)的管理行動(dòng)來(lái)控制持續(xù)的威脅；而這些管理行動(dòng)要求活動(dòng)資金。 </p><p>　　注意，然而這筆資助的一個(gè)重大組成部分是要求管理游客，多數(shù)公園代辦處不可能為基本的保護(hù)管理，包括火災(zāi)控制、野生動(dòng)物和雜草而通過(guò)關(guān)門和趕走游客來(lái)解決資助赤字。大多數(shù)公

9、園都沒(méi)有門：如果沒(méi)有管理者來(lái)阻止他們，人們將能夠繼續(xù)地合法或非法地進(jìn)入和利用保護(hù)區(qū)。 </p><p>　　另外，除了在非常異常的情況下，少量公園代辦處有一個(gè)對(duì)公眾完全地關(guān)閉公園的法律命令；雖然他們通常有權(quán)力強(qiáng)加各種各樣的具體制約。即使像限制數(shù)目或取締特殊歷史用途，例如騎馬術(shù)或雪上電車的法律命令存在，公園代辦處在實(shí)踐上強(qiáng)加這樣制約是很困難的，除非他們首先召集從支持保護(hù)和低影響休閑的人群的強(qiáng)大政治支持。另外，雖然支

10、持公園和他們的管理代辦處的法律和財(cái)政系統(tǒng)可能產(chǎn)生短期的政治反對(duì)，但是法律和預(yù)算是人類自己的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)并且需要持續(xù)的政治支持才能在較長(zhǎng)時(shí)期內(nèi)生存。 因此公園代辦處需要贍養(yǎng)的政治顧客他們面對(duì)的壓力越大，需要獲得的支持就越多。 </p><p>　　這樣政治支持可能來(lái)自四個(gè)方面，即那些為存在價(jià)值，環(huán)境保護(hù)盒全球性生態(tài)服務(wù)系統(tǒng)而支持保護(hù)區(qū)的人；那些為了像飲用水供應(yīng)的地方生態(tài)系服務(wù)而支持保護(hù)區(qū)的人；那些為了個(gè)人的消遣機(jī)會(huì)而支

11、持保護(hù)區(qū)的人；還有那些為了商業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，例如旅游業(yè)而支持保護(hù)區(qū)的人。第一二這些小組有對(duì)特定的保護(hù)區(qū)具有很少或沒(méi)有消極沖擊。然而，前者提供了相當(dāng)廣泛和廣義支持，卻很少涉及偏遠(yuǎn)選民或?qū)嶋H操作者。 </p><p>　　Environmentai Impacts of Ecotourism</p><p>　　Ecotourism is widely touted for its positive

12、impacts, actual or potential, for communities and conservation as well as for companies and consumers. In arguing for access to protected areas, for example, tourism lobbyists and ecotourism operators commonly argue not

13、only that they will take steps to minimize their environmental impacts, but that ecotourism also generates benefits. However, protected areas also provide very significant benefits for the tourism industry.</p>&l

14、t;p>　　Every year more of the planet's natural resources are consumed or contaminated by its human population. Human survival needs drinkable water, breathable air and usable biological diversity. Natural ecosystem

15、s are the world's primary reservoirs for each of these. Ecosystems worldwide have been modified by human activities to various degrees. Areas of near-pristine wilderness and other little-modified environments are con

16、tinually reduced. Areas of nearly completely modified environments, such as c</p><p>　　The single most critical component of any long-term strategy for sustainability, and indeed human survival, it hence to

17、maintain representative areas of the world's various ecosystems in a reasonably intact and functional state. This, of course, is the principal aim of the global system of protected areas, including World Heritage Are

18、as, Biosphere Reserves, national parks and other conservation areas. However, on their own, parks are not enough to prevent continued loss of biological diversity: </p><p>　　As human population and resource

19、consumption continue to grow, however, all these unprotected areas are subject to increasing exploitation and modification, as logging ,agricultural clearance and similar impacts accelerate. In particular, some of these

20、areas are contiguous with conservation reserves,and increasing population pressures are leading to land clearance and settlement right up to reserve boundaries, and sometimes encroachment within reserves themselves. In a

21、reas where protected area b</p><p>　　Conservation of representative ecosystems can therefore be improved either by adding to the protected area estate, by improving the effectiveness of protection in existin

22、g reserves, or by reducing modification to land outside reserves so as to improve its conservation value.</p><p>　　In purely financial terms,it would be within the scope of the world economy for richer gover

23、nments and corporations simply to buy all the remaining areas of high conservation value worldwide at current market prices,and declare them as protected areas.However, for many political reasons,this is very unlikely to

24、 happen.Many protected area management agencies don't have enough money to manage their existing estate,let alone add to it.The total area of national parks and similar reserves worldwide </p><p>　　Note

25、that whereas a significant component of this funding is required for managing visitors,most parks agencies cannot solve funding shortfalls simply by closing their gates and keeping visitors out,for basic conservation man

26、agement,including control of fire,feral animals and weeds.Most parks don't have gates:and if there are no rangers to stop them,people will continue to enter and exploit protected areas,legally or not.</p><

27、p>　　In addition,few parks agencies have a legal mandate to close parks to the public completely,except in very unusual circumstances;though they generally do have the power to impose a wide variety of specific restric

28、tions.Even where the legal mandate exists, e.g. to limit numbers or ban particular historical uses,such as horse-riding or snowmobiles,it can be difficult for parks agencies to impose such restrictions in practice,unless

29、 they first muster strong political support from groups who favour </p><p>　　Such political support may derive from four major groups,namely those who support protected areas for:existence values,conservatio

30、n and global ecosystem services;local ecosystem services such as drinking water supplies;individual recreational opportunities;and commercial opportunities,such as tourism.The first two of these groups have little or no