金融學(xué)畢業(yè)論文英文資料翻譯--發(fā)展中國農(nóng)村金融監(jiān)管的思考

1、<p><b>　　畢業(yè)論文</b></p><p><b>　　英文資料翻譯</b></p><p>　　學(xué) 院： </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： </p><p>　　班 級： </p>

2、<p>　　姓 名： </p><p>　　學(xué) 號： </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師： </p><p><b>　　2012年 6 月</b></p><p>　　Improve the concept of fina

3、ncial supervision in rural areas</p><p><b>　　Xun Qian</b></p><p>　　Farmers in China's vast population, has some large-scale production of the farmers, but also survival-oriented

4、farmers, huge differences between the financial needs of rural finance intermediation makes complex, together with agriculture itself is the profit low, natural and market risks high risk decision to weak agricultural in

5、dustry characteristics, resulting in the cost of rural financial transactions is far higher than the city, also decided to organize the rural financial system in terms o</p><p>　　China's rural financial

6、regulatory problems</p><p>　　(A) the formation of China's financial regulatory system had "a line three commission " (People's Bank, the Securities Regulatory Commission, Insurance Regulato

7、ry Commission and the Banking Regulatory Commission) financial regulatory structure. Bank</p><p>　　These stringent requirements, different management and diversification of monitoring has its positive role,

8、but it also had some negative effects. First, inefficient supervision, supervision of internal consumption of high costs, limited financial industry business development and innovation space. Second, the regulatory agenc

9、ies, regulatory bodies and the information asymmetry between central banks, banking, securities, and insurance mechanisms of coordination between regulatory bodies are </p><p>　　not perfect. Information betw

10、een central banks and regulatory agencies is difficult to share, is difficult to create effective monitoring force. Basically between the various regulators in their respective state regulators, regulatory policies and m

11、easures to overlapping or conflicting phenomena have occurred, unable to cope with China's current rural financial market complexity and diversity and so on. Third, financial institutions have liquidity risk or out o

12、f the market and so on, may be exce</p><p>　　(B) rural financial ecological environment is not in-depth </p><p>　　The current financial environment in rural county building still remains in the

13、letter the user, village, township, community development credit level, "government-led, human-propelled, departmental interaction" and create a mechanism for financial ecological environment in rural areas lac

14、k. Local governments and authorities the importance of financial knowledge of the ecological environment is not deep, implementation and functions of individual local protectionism and heavy, there is interfere</p>

15、<p>　　(C) China's existing legal system of financial supervision and a number of shortcomings, can not guarantee that financial regulation is reasonable, effective, standardized implementation </p><

16、p>　　First, regulatory lag, supporting regulations are incomplete, the content is too rough, too simple, the banking, securities and insurance supervision laws and regulations more old, a general lack of quantitative s

17、cience. Supervisory regulations and standards, regulatory methods and technical means not meet regulatory requirements in the market. Staff in the actual implementation, not easy to grasp the scale, may of operation. Sec

18、ond, the Chinese regulators and the regulated objects exist some in</p><p>　　(D) of the Rural Financing drifting outside the existing financial regulatory </p><p>　　According to IFAD study, Chin

19、ese farmers from the informal financial institutions, loans from official credit institutions about 4 times. For farmers, the importance of informal financial markets over the formal financial market. China's mainly

20、rural folk form of finance rural credit cooperatives, Cooperation, private lending, private banks, private funds, microfinance, etc., of which only rural credit cooperatives and microfinance in China's financial supe

21、rvision under the rest of the financial</p><p>　　learn from the developed countries </p><p>　　(A) improve coordination of rural finance mechanisms for external supervision </p><p>　

22、　1. The United States "multiple composite" of the coordination mechanism. U.S. financial cooperation system in rural areas by the federal mid-term credit banks, cooperative banks, federal land banks and federal

23、 land bank system composed of three Cooperatives, the Farm Credit Administration (NCUA) leadership, and with the Council under the leadership of the private banks in rural commercial credit, National Rural Credit Bank po

24、licy of the United States shared the task of rural financial intermedia</p><p>　　2. Germany's "comprehensive regulatory model" of coordination mechanisms. Low concentration of the German bankin

25、g system, in the very important parts of the bank, the representative of the financial mixed operation. Commonwealth Bank and the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority the power to regulate the two main regulators of t

26、he banking sector there is a clear division of labor, but also close cooperation. Commonwealth Bank in Germany, nine states have branch offices, using their own network</p><p>　　3. Japan's "compleme

27、nt each other-type" coordination mechanism. In Japan, the dual supervision of the implementation of rural finance: first, the Office of Government financial regulation, supervision on the implementation of various f

28、inancial institutions, to achieve the overall risk control; Second, national and local Forestry and Fisheries Department with the Office of Financial Regulation on the implementation of rural financial institutions super

29、vision, including the Ministry of Agriculture</p><p>　　(B) the establishment of deposit insurance and emergency rescue system to form a three-tier safety net </p><p>　　Developed financial system

30、 generally established strict internal management system, deposit insurance system and the system of three emergency safety net. As a second-class safety net of deposit insurance system has been very satisfactory. The fe

31、deral government on rural finance unified compulsory deposit insurance, the specific business operation by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's Savings Association Insurance Fund, and to assume supervision of

32、the insured financial institutions; th</p><p>　　(C) rural finance within the industry associations to play a regulatory role </p><p>　　1. U.S. Rural Cooperative Finance Association of self-manag

33、ement. In the United States, various credit associations or co-finance up to several dozen, including a long history, nationally renowned for the National Association of Credit (CUNA), a specialized credit services for t

34、he Federal Register Association (NAFCU), there are also special school credit for community service credit unions and associations (CCUC), etc.. While the states also have their own Credit Union Association. The trade as

35、s</p><p>　　2. German credit cooperation and other cooperative system of industry self-regulation of mutual integration. German cooperation in the National Credit Union (BVR) is a cooperative bank industry se

36、lf-regulatory organizations, grass-roots local cooperative banks, cooperative banks and district central cooperative banks, as well as professional co-finance companies, cooperative credit union is a member. Germany 11 c

37、ontributions from the various types of cooperatives set up jointly organized a regio</p><p>　　3. Set supervision and service in one of the Japanese Agricultural Association. Japanese government in 1947 promu

38、lgated the "Agricultural Cooperative Law," agricultural association provides services for members of cooperative organizations, its not for profit, adhere to the rural communities and members for the service ce

39、nters, institutional system based on grass-roots level according to facilitate farmers , established the principle manageable. The main source of funding is to absorb the rural </p><p>　　improve the financia

40、l supervision of the concept of rural China</p><p>　　(A) improve and perfect the legal system of rural financial regulation, supervision according to law </p><p>　　Finance as the core of the eco

41、nomy, the continued growth of rural finance is more in need of legal regulation and a sound legal environment, accelerate the development of rural finance laws, no legal basis to change the situation, has become the stro

42、ng demand of rural financial development. Since the reform and opening up, no one for rural finance, rural financial regulation can serve as a basis for law. To achieve effective supervision, the need for additional prof

43、essional laws, regulations, an</p><p>　　While in strengthening the legal system, adopt effective measures to strengthen the integrity of the whole community education and step up publicity to raise awareness

44、 of the general financial and legal residents, to actively support the work of the national collective finance; education of the population according to lending, and actively with the illegal lending practices fight, rea

45、lly create a sound legal basis, that the law according to the credit environment and legal environment. </p><p>　　(B) give full play to grassroots government, professional regulatory function </p><

46、;p>　　Actively cooperate with local governments at all levels and support the financial regulatory authorities in rural credit markets make an important guarantee for supervision. To actively coordinate local governmen

47、t and non-basic level target consistency, to avoid the expense of national interests and local interests of the occurrence. </p><p>　　The Chinese government should establish a tax system is different from co

48、mmercial banks, a low tax or tax-free policy, by policy banks to provide low-interest or interest-free loans of rural finance, rural finance to increase subsidies and assistance. Those relatively large amount of private

49、credit, shall be approved by local authorities just to strengthen the audit checks to the legitimate rights and interests protected. </p><p>　　China's rural economy, small and dispersed operations, has n

50、ot been large-scale establishment of agricultural insurance, in case of force majeure, the rural financial system will face great risk. Chinese financial institutions in the internal governance structure and risk managem

51、ent system has been initially established, the basic external financial regulation in place of the case, should refer to the experience of developed countries, commercial banks in the country to establish a mandatory dep

52、</p><p>　　(C) strictly rural financial institutions, "access and" to improve the professional standards of financial supervision </p><p>　　Financial regulators should be a good loan co

53、mpanies, postal savings banks, rural credit union funds, village banks and other new-type rural financial institutions, market access, ensure that the new-type rural financial institutions in corporate governance, capita

54、l adequacy ratio to meet the requirements. Kind in the country selected the new rural financial institutions, better internal control system, modified to add a representative of management to form the template to help se

55、t up rural fina</p><p>　　(D) to play the role of industry self-regulatory associations, to promote the vitality and force the formation of the banking sector </p><p>　　China was set up in late 2

56、005, China Banking Association of Rural Financial Working Committee, the current to China Banking Regulatory Commission and the provincial government regulatory framework based on an industry self-regulatory organization

57、 more. Promoting the Development, promoting and developing self-regulatory functions of trade associations, for building a healthy banking system in China is significant. Association to play a functional role to guide th

58、e establishment of liaison mechani</p><p>　　(E) to safeguard the security and financial safety regulation to changes in both the core competitiveness </p><p>　　The nature of financial regulation

59、 is intended to innovation and development of the financial industry to create a favorable internal and external environment, rather than constrained the development and expansion of rural finance. For the monitoring and

60、 supervision, do not speak the efficiency of regulation, which implies the greatest risk, will affect the long-term development of the rural financial sector. </p><p>　　Conclusion</p><p>　　In sh

61、ort, improving financial supervision in terms of its breadth, should be an include government regulation, industry self-regulation, financial institutions, internal control, four levels of social supervision system; its

62、depth, it should be involved in risk prevention, effective access, legal norms, the operation simple and efficient aspects of a systems engineering. Only by striving to improve the new concept of financial supervision, t

63、he introduction of new methods of financial supervision</p><p>　　發(fā)展中國農(nóng)村金融監(jiān)管的思考</p><p><b>　　Xun Qian</b></p><p>　　農(nóng)民在中國人口眾多,有一些大型生產(chǎn)的農(nóng)民,但也自給自足的農(nóng)民,巨大的金融需求之間的差異使農(nóng)村金融需求很是復(fù)雜,連

64、同農(nóng)業(yè)本身是利潤低、自然和市場風(fēng)險高的風(fēng)險決策農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)特性,軟弱的農(nóng)村金融交易的成本遠(yuǎn)高于城市,也決定組織農(nóng)村金融體系的運(yùn)行或市場有其自身的特點(diǎn)。20年的金融改革,而中國金融發(fā)展了令人印象深刻的成就,但農(nóng)村金融體系是整個金融體系仍是最弱的一環(huán)。供應(yīng)不足,農(nóng)村金融競爭依然不足,農(nóng)民和農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)貸款和其他的問題也很突出,落后的農(nóng)村金融體系, 不能再對現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展和改造傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)和社會主義新農(nóng)村建設(shè)提供有效地支持,改善農(nóng)村金融監(jiān)督管理的新課題。

65、 </p><p>　　中國農(nóng)村金融監(jiān)管存在的問題</p><p>　?。ㄒ唬┲袊慕鹑诒O(jiān)管體系形成了“一行三會”（中國人民銀行、證券監(jiān)督管理委員會、保險監(jiān)督管理委員會和銀行監(jiān)督管理委員會）的金融監(jiān)管格局。 </p><p>　　這些嚴(yán)格要求的分業(yè)經(jīng)營和多元化監(jiān)管有它的積極作用，但同時也產(chǎn)生了一些負(fù)面影響。第一，效率低下的監(jiān)督、監(jiān)督的內(nèi)部消費(fèi)金融行業(yè)的高成本,限制商

66、業(yè)創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展空間。第二，監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)之間的信息不對稱,中央銀行、銀行、證券、保險監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)之間的協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制不是完美的。中央銀行之間的不完全信息和監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)共享困難，很難建立有效的監(jiān)控?；旧?，監(jiān)管者在各自的國家部門、管制政策和措施或相互矛盾的現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)發(fā)生重疊，無法面對當(dāng)前中國農(nóng)村金融市場的復(fù)雜性和多樣性等。第三,金融機(jī)構(gòu)的流動性風(fēng)險或退出市場等方面，可能會由于中央銀行救助過度，導(dǎo)致金融機(jī)構(gòu)和金融機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)人的“能力風(fēng)險”和“道德風(fēng)險”，或

67、為金融機(jī)構(gòu)提供監(jiān)管套利的可能性；另外，由于求助不足，可能會影響整個金融穩(wěn)定。 </p><p>　?。ǘ┺r(nóng)村金融生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)還不完善</p><p>　　目前縣域農(nóng)村的金融生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)工作仍然停留于信用戶、村、鄉(xiāng)、信用社區(qū)建設(shè)層面上，“政府主導(dǎo)，人力助推，部門聯(lián)動”的金融生態(tài)環(huán)境創(chuàng)建機(jī)制在農(nóng)村地區(qū)缺失。地方政府和主管部門對金融生態(tài)環(huán)境重要性的認(rèn)識程度不深，個別執(zhí)行和職能部門地方保護(hù)主義較

68、重，還存在干擾金融部門信貸投放等日常業(yè)務(wù)的情況。農(nóng)村信用體系建設(shè)滯后，失信懲戒機(jī)制缺失，農(nóng)村企業(yè)和居民整體信用意識不高，農(nóng)村金融發(fā)展壯大的社會服務(wù)和社會保護(hù)環(huán)境還未形成。 </p><p>　　（三）中國現(xiàn)有金融監(jiān)管的法律體系存在弊端，無法保證金融監(jiān)管合理、有效地實施 </p><p>　　第一，監(jiān)管法規(guī)滯后，配套法規(guī)不完善，內(nèi)容過粗、過于簡單，有關(guān)銀行、證券、保險業(yè)監(jiān)督法律、法規(guī)比較陳舊

69、，普遍缺乏科學(xué)定量。監(jiān)管法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、監(jiān)管方式和技術(shù)手段不適應(yīng)市場監(jiān)管要求。工作人員在實際執(zhí)行中，不易把握尺度，可操作性不強(qiáng)。第二，中國監(jiān)管人員與被監(jiān)管對象之間有的存在著利益關(guān)系，而現(xiàn)行法規(guī)中，缺乏對監(jiān)管執(zhí)行者的監(jiān)督，從而無法保證金融監(jiān)管的公正、合理。最后，中國金融監(jiān)管仍然難以擺脫行政式監(jiān)管的慣性影響。 </p><p>　?。ㄋ模┟耖g金融處于金融監(jiān)管之外 </p><p>　　根據(jù)國際農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)

70、展基金的研究報告，中國農(nóng)民來自非正式金融機(jī)構(gòu)的貸款大約為來自正式信貸機(jī)構(gòu)的4倍。對于農(nóng)民來說，非正式金融市場的重要性超過了正式金融市場。而中國農(nóng)村民間金融的主要表現(xiàn)形式有農(nóng)村信用社、合會、民間借貸、私人錢莊、民間集資、小額信貸等，其中僅有農(nóng)村信用社和小額信貸處于中國金融監(jiān)管之下，其余金融形式都缺少相應(yīng)的監(jiān)管。農(nóng)村民間金融組織總體缺乏規(guī)范，存在較大風(fēng)險，中國現(xiàn)有法律法規(guī)對農(nóng)村民間金融機(jī)構(gòu)實行的是“隔離”政策，使得大量資金從暗中注入農(nóng)村金融

71、市場，更加大了金融監(jiān)管的難度，對農(nóng)村金融安全是一個潛在的威脅。 </p><p>　　發(fā)達(dá)國家農(nóng)村金融監(jiān)管的借鑒</p><p>　?。ㄒ唬┩晟频霓r(nóng)村金融外部監(jiān)管協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制 </p><p>　　1．美國“多元復(fù)合式”的協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制。美國農(nóng)村金融合作體系由聯(lián)邦中期信用銀行、合作銀行、聯(lián)邦土地銀行及聯(lián)邦土地銀行合作社三大系統(tǒng)組成，由農(nóng)業(yè)信用管理局領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，并與該局領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的私營農(nóng)

72、村商業(yè)信貸銀行、國家農(nóng)村政策性信貸銀行共同承擔(dān)著美國農(nóng)村融通資金的任務(wù)。其組織模式屬于典型的多元復(fù)合式體制模式，三大系統(tǒng)都有一套自主經(jīng)營的體制，有明確的職責(zé)范圍。為保證農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)的健康發(fā)展，美國采取了不同于商業(yè)銀行的監(jiān)管模式，專門設(shè)立了比較健全的農(nóng)村金融監(jiān)管體系，包括監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)、行業(yè)自律協(xié)會、資金融通清算中心和互助保險集團(tuán)，這四種機(jī)構(gòu)及其附屬機(jī)構(gòu)各自獨(dú)立、職能各異，但目標(biāo)一致，形成共同的以農(nóng)村合作金融機(jī)構(gòu)為服務(wù)對象的監(jiān)管體系。 <

73、/p><p>　　2．德國“綜合監(jiān)管型”的協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制。德國銀行系統(tǒng)集中程度低，在各地都有很重要的銀行，是金融混業(yè)經(jīng)營的代表。聯(lián)邦銀行和聯(lián)邦金融監(jiān)管局兩個有權(quán)監(jiān)管主體對銀行業(yè)的監(jiān)管既有明確分工，又有緊密合作。聯(lián)邦銀行在德國9個州都有分支機(jī)構(gòu)，利用自身網(wǎng)點(diǎn)優(yōu)勢負(fù)責(zé)每天向聯(lián)邦金融監(jiān)管局傳送各銀行集中的數(shù)據(jù)，為聯(lián)邦金融監(jiān)管局更好行使監(jiān)管職能提供依據(jù)，但它并不直接參與監(jiān)管工作，也不具有行政處罰權(quán)。而聯(lián)邦金融監(jiān)管局在各州沒有分支機(jī)

74、構(gòu)，很難開展日常監(jiān)管工作，需要與聯(lián)邦銀行合作履行其監(jiān)管職能。德國主要依托聯(lián)邦中央銀行和行業(yè)審計的監(jiān)管體制和風(fēng)險防范與保護(hù)系統(tǒng)，保證農(nóng)村金融在規(guī)范的基礎(chǔ)上不斷發(fā)展。 </p><p>　　3．日本“相互配合型”的協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制。在日本，對農(nóng)村金融實施雙重監(jiān)管：一是政府金融監(jiān)管廳，對各種金融機(jī)構(gòu)實施監(jiān)管，以實現(xiàn)整體風(fēng)險調(diào)控；二是全國和地方農(nóng)林水產(chǎn)部門配合金融監(jiān)管廳對農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)實施監(jiān)管，包括農(nóng)林水產(chǎn)省下設(shè)金融科對農(nóng)林中央金

75、庫的監(jiān)管，農(nóng)林水產(chǎn)省在六個大區(qū)設(shè)置農(nóng)政局對轄區(qū)內(nèi)縣信聯(lián)的監(jiān)管，以及都、道、府、縣農(nóng)政部對轄內(nèi)農(nóng)協(xié)合作金融部的監(jiān)管</p><p>　?。ǘ┙⒋婵畋ｋU制度和緊急救援制度，形成三級保護(hù)網(wǎng) </p><p>　　發(fā)達(dá)國家金融體系普遍建立了嚴(yán)格的內(nèi)部管理制度、存款保險制度和緊急救援制度三級保護(hù)網(wǎng)。作為第二級保護(hù)網(wǎng)的存款保險制度已經(jīng)非常完善。美國聯(lián)邦政府對農(nóng)村金融的存款統(tǒng)一實行強(qiáng)制保險，具體業(yè)務(wù)

76、由聯(lián)邦存款保險公司經(jīng)營的儲蓄協(xié)會保險基金承擔(dān)，并承擔(dān)對投保金融組織的監(jiān)督；德國政府對信用合作的存款實行自愿投保，不強(qiáng)制保險，其保險機(jī)構(gòu)是行業(yè)組織的；日本的信用合作存款保險是國家強(qiáng)制的，保險機(jī)構(gòu)是官民合營的，由政府、農(nóng)林中央金庫、日本銀行、信用聯(lián)社和漁業(yè)信用聯(lián)社聯(lián)合組成農(nóng)水產(chǎn)業(yè)保險機(jī)構(gòu)。作為第三級保護(hù)網(wǎng)的緊急救援制度各國的具體實施辦法不同，對于瀕臨破產(chǎn)的存款銀行，一些國家由中央銀行直接提供特別的低利貸款，一些國家由銀行管理當(dāng)局和其他商業(yè)銀

77、行聯(lián)合建立特別機(jī)構(gòu)提供資金援救，一些國家由存款保險機(jī)構(gòu)出面提供資金，更多的是由一個或幾個大銀行在官方的支持下提供支持。 </p><p>　　（三）發(fā)揮農(nóng)村金融內(nèi)部行業(yè)協(xié)會的監(jiān)管作用 </p><p>　　1．美國農(nóng)村合作金融行業(yè)協(xié)會的自律管理。在美國，各種信用社協(xié)會或合作金融多達(dá)幾十個，其中有歷史悠久、全國聞名的信用社全國協(xié)會，有專門為聯(lián)邦注冊信用社服務(wù)的協(xié)會，還有專門為社區(qū)信用社和校園

78、信用社服務(wù)的協(xié)會等。同時各州中還有自己的信用社聯(lián)合協(xié)會。這些行業(yè)協(xié)會從事的主要工作之一就是制定行為規(guī)范，進(jìn)行自律管理。 </p><p>　　2．德國信用合作與其他合作社相互融合的行業(yè)自律體系。德國全國信用合作聯(lián)盟（BVR）是合作銀行的行業(yè)自律組織，基層地方合作銀行、地區(qū)合作銀行及中央合作銀行，以及一些專業(yè)性的合作金融公司，都是信用合作聯(lián)盟的會員。德國11家由各類合作社繳納會費(fèi)共同組織成立的區(qū)域性合作社審計協(xié)會，

79、負(fù)責(zé)一年一次專門對各類合作社機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行審計，其也是各類合作社在地區(qū)一級共同的行業(yè)監(jiān)督組織，發(fā)揮著重要的行業(yè)監(jiān)督作用。 </p><p>　　3．集監(jiān)管和服務(wù)于一身的日本農(nóng)協(xié)。日本政府于1947年頒布了《農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)同組合法》，規(guī)定農(nóng)協(xié)是為社員服務(wù)的合作社組織，其不以贏利為目的，堅持以農(nóng)村社區(qū)和社員為服務(wù)中心，機(jī)構(gòu)體系根據(jù)立足基層、方便農(nóng)戶、便于管理的原則設(shè)立。其資金來源主要是吸收農(nóng)村存款，服務(wù)對象原則上限定在作為會員的農(nóng)

80、戶和農(nóng)業(yè)團(tuán)體。為了保證合作金融安全、健康地運(yùn)行，設(shè)立了農(nóng)村信用保險制度、臨時性資金調(diào)劑的相互援助制度以及政府和信用合作組織共同出資的存款保險制度、農(nóng)業(yè)災(zāi)害補(bǔ)償制度和農(nóng)業(yè)信用保證保險制度等制度措施。 </p><p>　　完善中國農(nóng)村金融監(jiān)管的思考</p><p>　?。ㄒ唬┩晟妻r(nóng)村金融監(jiān)管法律，實現(xiàn)依法監(jiān)管 </p><p>　　金融作為經(jīng)濟(jì)的核心，農(nóng)村金融的持續(xù)成

81、長更需要法律的調(diào)節(jié)和健全的法制環(huán)境，加快制定農(nóng)村金融法規(guī)，改變無法可依的狀況，已成為當(dāng)前農(nóng)村金融發(fā)展的強(qiáng)烈要求。改革開放以來，還沒有一部針對農(nóng)村金融、可以作為農(nóng)村金融監(jiān)管依據(jù)的法律。要實現(xiàn)有效監(jiān)管，需要制定更多的專業(yè)性法規(guī)、條例，以及具體的監(jiān)管辦法、規(guī)定和實施細(xì)則等，從而實現(xiàn)從一般性行政監(jiān)管向健全法制、努力建立信用體系方面改變，最終實現(xiàn)依法監(jiān)管。 </p><p>　　在加強(qiáng)法制建設(shè)的同時，采取有效性措施加強(qiáng)全社

82、會誠信教育，加大宣傳力度，提高廣大居民的金融法律意識，使其積極支持國家集體金融的工作；教育居民依法借貸，積極同違法借貸行為作斗爭，真正地營造一個有法可依、有法必依的信用氛圍和法制環(huán)境。 </p><p>　　（二）充分發(fā)揮基層政府中專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)的監(jiān)管職能 </p><p>　　各級地方政府的積極配合和大力支持是金融監(jiān)管部門做好農(nóng)村信貸市場監(jiān)管的重要保障。要積極地協(xié)調(diào)地方政府和基層人行目標(biāo)的非一

83、致性，避免因地方利益而損害國家利益現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。 </p><p>　　中國政府應(yīng)建立有別于商業(yè)銀行的稅收體系，實行低稅或免稅的政策，通過政策性銀行為農(nóng)村金融提供低息或無息貸款，加大對農(nóng)村金融的補(bǔ)貼和援助。 對那些數(shù)額較大的民間信貸，應(yīng)經(jīng)當(dāng)?shù)毓龣C(jī)關(guān)公正，加強(qiáng)審核把關(guān)，使當(dāng)事人的合法權(quán)益受到保護(hù)。 </p><p>　　中國農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模小且經(jīng)營分散，又尚未大規(guī)模建立農(nóng)業(yè)保險，在遇到不可抗力因

84、素時，農(nóng)村金融會遭遇巨大的系統(tǒng)風(fēng)險。在中國金融機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)部的治理結(jié)構(gòu)和風(fēng)險管理制度已初步建立，外部金融監(jiān)管基本到位的情況下，應(yīng)參照發(fā)達(dá)國家的經(jīng)驗，在全國商業(yè)銀行建立強(qiáng)制的存款保險制度和緊急救援制度，形成三級保護(hù)網(wǎng)。 </p><p>　　（三）嚴(yán)把農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)“準(zhǔn)入關(guān)”，提高金融監(jiān)管的專業(yè)水平 </p><p>　　金融監(jiān)管部門應(yīng)把好貸款公司、郵政儲蓄銀行、農(nóng)村資金互助社、村鎮(zhèn)銀行等新型農(nóng)村金

85、融機(jī)構(gòu)的市場準(zhǔn)入關(guān)，確保新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)法人治理結(jié)構(gòu)、資本充足率等符合要求。在全國同類新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)中選取較好的內(nèi)控制度，修改補(bǔ)充后形成有代表性的管理模板，幫助農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)建立起涵蓋信貸、結(jié)算、儲蓄、現(xiàn)金、保衛(wèi)等風(fēng)險點(diǎn)的內(nèi)控制度。建立對村鎮(zhèn)銀行等中小金融機(jī)構(gòu)的輔導(dǎo)制度，由金融監(jiān)管部門對其進(jìn)行過渡期指導(dǎo)，促使農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)盡快形成內(nèi)控制度健全、經(jīng)營管理完善、風(fēng)險控制和運(yùn)作良好的經(jīng)營機(jī)制。 </p><p>　?。ㄋ?/p>

86、）發(fā)揮行業(yè)協(xié)會的自律監(jiān)管作用，促進(jìn)形成銀行業(yè)的活力和合力 </p><p>　　2005年底，中國成立中國銀行業(yè)協(xié)會農(nóng)村金融工作委員會，現(xiàn)有的以中國銀監(jiān)會和各省級政府為主的監(jiān)管構(gòu)架就多了一個行業(yè)自律組織。加強(qiáng)行業(yè)協(xié)會建設(shè)，促進(jìn)發(fā)揮行業(yè)協(xié)會的自律監(jiān)管職能，對于構(gòu)筑健康的中國銀行業(yè)監(jiān)管體系意義重大。引導(dǎo)協(xié)會發(fā)揮職能作用，建立日常工作聯(lián)系機(jī)制和管理辦法，完善同業(yè)公約及規(guī)章，將那些監(jiān)管部門不宜管，而被監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)又需要的工作

87、，盡量交由協(xié)會負(fù)責(zé)，促進(jìn)形成銀行業(yè)的活力和合力，實現(xiàn)行業(yè)協(xié)會自律管理與國家監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)監(jiān)管相結(jié)合的監(jiān)管體制。 </p><p>　?。ㄎ澹木S護(hù)金融安全監(jiān)管向安全與核心競爭力并重轉(zhuǎn)變 </p><p>　　金融監(jiān)管的本質(zhì)目的是為金融業(yè)的創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展?fàn)I造有利的內(nèi)部和外部環(huán)境，而不是約束農(nóng)村金融的發(fā)展壯大。為監(jiān)管而監(jiān)管，不講效率的監(jiān)管，都有巨大的風(fēng)險，會影響農(nóng)村金融體系的長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展。 </p&g

88、t;<p><b>　　結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　就完善金融監(jiān)管，從其廣度而言，應(yīng)是一個包括政府監(jiān)管、行業(yè)自律、金融機(jī)構(gòu)自我控制、社會監(jiān)督四個層次；從其深度而言，應(yīng)是涉及風(fēng)險防范、效益獲取、法律規(guī)范、操作簡捷高效等方面的一個系統(tǒng)工程。只有努力完善新的金融監(jiān)管理念，使用新的金融監(jiān)管方法，才能收到金融監(jiān)管的理想效果。也只有這樣，才能建立符合中國國情、適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化、國際化要求的