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1、本科畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))外文翻譯PredictingTheCostOfEnvironmentalManagementSystemAdoption:TheRoleOfCapabilitiesResourcesOwnershipStructureSince1996whentheInternationalganizationfStardization(ISO)designeditsenvironmentalmanagementsystem(EMS
2、)stardISO14001EMSshavegainedincreasingattention.EnterprisesthatadoptanEMSsystematicallyconsidertheirimpacttothenaturalenvironmentbydevelopinganenvironmentalpolicyevaluatingtheirinternalprocessesthataffecttheenvironmentcr
3、eatingobjectivestargetsmonitingprogressobtainingmanagementreview.IntheUnitedStatesalonemethan3553facilitieshadcertifiedtheirEMStoISO14001by2003(ISO2004)manymehadadoptednoncertifiedEMS.DespitetheincreasingpaceofEMSadoptio
4、nlittleisknownaboutadoptioncosts.UnderstingthevariationsinEMSadoptionexpendituresisimptantfseveralreasons.Firstmanymanagementscholarshaveinferredthatarelationshipexistsbetweenanganization’senvironmentalstrategyitsinterna
5、lcapabilitiesinthatbasiccompetenciesmustbeinplacebefeganizationscandevelopadvancedenvironmentalmanagementpracticesrequiringhigherderedlearningproficiencies(Hart1995Christmann2000).Secondinstitutionaltheysuggeststhatganiz
6、ationshavingthesameownershipstructuresareexpectedtodevelopsimilarcomplementaryresourcescapabilitiesthatfacilitateEMSadoption.Whilepriresearchhaspointedtotheimptanceofownershipstructures(Marenhas1989)moststudiesinthisarea
7、evaluateonetwoownershipstructures(Meyer1982)ignethegovernmententerprise.Otherresearchhassuggestedthatownershipdifferencesexistastheyrelatetoenterprisedomain(Marenhas1989)butlittleisknownabouttheeffectofstructurealsoencou
8、ragesfacilitiestopreventpollutionbysubstitutingunregulatedfregulatedinputsbyeliminatingsomeregulatedprocessesaltogether.Asaresultsomeenterprisesmaynolongerbesubjecttosomecostlyregulatymates.FurtherEMSassistenterprisestos
9、crutinizetheirinternaloperationsengageemployeesinenvironmentalissuescontinuallymonittheirprogressincreasetheirknowledgeabouttheiroperations.Alloftheseactionsalsocanhelpganizationsimprovetheirinternaloperationsachievegrea
10、terefficienciescreateopptunitiesfimprovingtheirstrategicvaluebecauseatabasicleveltheydependuponintensiveemployeeinvolvement(Lawler1986Hart1995Cole1991)teamproduction(Makower1993Willig1994).Meovereachoftheseactivitiesreli
11、esonknowledgebasedskillsthataredecentralizeddifficultfcompetitstoreplicatetherebycreatingopptunitiestogaincompetitiveadvantage(Hart1995).InotherinstancesEMShavethepotentialtoencourageganizationstoadoptmesophisticatedenvi
12、ronmentalstrategiesthatbuildontheirbasicpollutionpreventionprinciples.FexampleaspartoftheirEMSsomeenterprisesmayimplementlifecyclecostanalysisassesstheiractivitiesateachstepoftheirvaluechain—fromrawmaterialsaccesstodispo
13、sitionofusedproducts(Allenby1991Fiksel1993).Thesemeadvancedenvironmentalstrategiesleveragebasicpollutionpreventionprinciplesbutalsoextendthembyintegratingexternalstakeholdersintoproductdesigndevelopmentprocesses(Allenby1
14、991).Byusingtheseadvancestrategiesganizationscaneliminateenvironmentallyhazardousproductionprocessesredesignexistingproductsystemstoreducelifecycleimpactsdevelopnewproductswithlowerlifecyclecosts(Hart1995).Suchactionsrep
15、resentasignificantdeparturefrombasicpollutionpreventionprinciplesbecausetheyofferavehiclefganizationstoassessallaspectsoftheiroperationsjointlythusminimizingtheshiftofenvironmentalharmsfromonesubsystemtoanother(Shrivasta
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