提單的交付與貨物所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移的法律適用外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文3470字</b></p><p>　　提單的交付與貨物所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移的法律適用</p><p>　　摘要 .由于各國在提單的交付是否導(dǎo)致貨物所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移方面的規(guī)定不一致.因此.在涉外提單法律關(guān)系中.就需要進(jìn)行法律選擇以確定提單的交付是否能導(dǎo)致貨物所有權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)移"國際社會(huì)對(duì)于提單的交付與貨物所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移的法律適用主要有種立法模式&qu

2、ot;中國國際私法對(duì)于提單的性質(zhì)可以適用當(dāng)事人選擇的法律.在當(dāng)事人沒有選擇時(shí)用當(dāng)事人的營業(yè)所所在國法"提單的轉(zhuǎn)讓應(yīng)適用提單轉(zhuǎn)讓時(shí)的所在地法"</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞 .提單 .貨物所有權(quán) .轉(zhuǎn)移 .法律適用</p><p>　　提單是用以證明海上貨物運(yùn)輸合同和貨物已經(jīng)由承運(yùn)人接收或裝船.以及承運(yùn)人保證據(jù)以交付貨物的單證"為了便利國際貿(mào)易的進(jìn)行.大多數(shù)國家都

3、將提單視為一種所有權(quán)憑證.提單能代表提單項(xiàng)下貨物的所有權(quán).因此.提單的交付能導(dǎo)致貨物所有權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)移 但也有的國家認(rèn)為.提單的交付并不必然導(dǎo)致貨物所有權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)移"基于這種沖突.在涉外提單法律關(guān)系中.就需要進(jìn)行法律選擇.以確定提單的交付是否能導(dǎo)致貨物所有權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)移"</p><p>　　一 提單的交付與貨物所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移</p><p>　　法律適用的比較法考察</p>

4、<p>　　提單的交付與貨物所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移的法律適用主要涉及兩個(gè)問題.即提單是否為所有權(quán)憑證的法律適用和提單轉(zhuǎn)讓的法律適用對(duì)于這兩個(gè)問題.各國的規(guī)定有所不同"在澳大利亞.持有提單本身即表明提單持有人對(duì)貨物享有財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán).提單代表著對(duì)貨物的權(quán)利"雖然占有提單授權(quán)占有人占有貨物.但貨物所有權(quán)問題最終由一般的動(dòng)產(chǎn)法律規(guī)則支配.換句話說.提單是所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移的象征.而不是貨物所有權(quán)據(jù)以轉(zhuǎn)移的實(shí)際工具"在國際貿(mào)易中.

5、該理由即足以將提單視為所有權(quán)憑證"在澳大利亞.通常認(rèn)為提單是所有權(quán)憑證的理由是基于/商人習(xí)慣0.這一詞最早來源于古老的英國判例.由于這是一項(xiàng)國際性的習(xí)慣.因 此對(duì)于這一問題的沖突很少"基于此.至今未有關(guān)于澳大利亞法院要求考慮由什么法律支配提單作為所有權(quán)憑證的功能的案例報(bào)道"不過.可以設(shè)想在一些案件中有必要考慮提單是否及如何作為所有權(quán)憑證這一先決法律沖突問題"如果有一批運(yùn)往或者來自其國內(nèi)法不將提單視

6、為所有權(quán)憑證的國家的國際貨物銷售.澳大利亞法院可能必須考慮是否適用那一個(gè)國家的法律"在這種情形中.澳大利亞法院可能會(huì)將其自己的法律作為法院地法適用"其理由是承認(rèn)習(xí)慣屬于程序問題.而這一問題通常由法院地法支配"澳大利</p><p>　　在日本.當(dāng) 諸如提單之類的貨物所有權(quán)憑證的當(dāng)事人在憑證中指定了特定法律作為準(zhǔn)據(jù)法時(shí).則該被選擇的法律將支配單據(jù)的性質(zhì)和功能"如果沒有這種準(zhǔn)據(jù)

7、法條款 .則所適用的法律將依日本基本法律適用法的基本規(guī)則確定"據(jù)此.日本法院將首先適用支配基礎(chǔ)運(yùn)輸合同的法律.東京地區(qū)法院"如果這一法律不明確.則法院將考慮合同締結(jié)地等因素 .以 此確定當(dāng)事人的意圖.日本基本法律適用法第.條"依荷蘭國際私法.對(duì)于某一憑證是否能稱為所有權(quán)憑證的問題.由憑證簽發(fā)人的營業(yè)地所在國法律支配對(duì)于憑證上的所有權(quán)如何轉(zhuǎn)移的問題.適用憑證轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)所在地法"應(yīng)該注意的是.原則上.貨物

8、所有權(quán)由憑證所在地法支配而不管貨物本身位于何處"據(jù)此.在已對(duì)貨物發(fā)布所有權(quán)憑證時(shí).并不會(huì)發(fā)生對(duì)適用于運(yùn)輸中的貨物的法律不明確的問題"有可能某人主張?jiān)谔釂畏秶?直接取得了依提單運(yùn)輸?shù)膶?duì)貨物的權(quán)利"如果該人是基于善意而不知道提單的存在的話.則該人是否確實(shí)取得該權(quán)利將由貨物所在地法支配.否則將優(yōu)先適用支配提單的法律。</p><p>　　依俄羅斯法轉(zhuǎn)讓提單或其他所有權(quán)憑證被認(rèn)為是與轉(zhuǎn)讓

9、貨物等同.俄羅斯聯(lián)邦民法典第 ... 條第.款"提單是海上貨物承運(yùn)人發(fā)布的一張憑證 .</p><p>　　據(jù)此.提單的法律地位由適用于海上貨物運(yùn)輸合同法的法律支配"這種法律選擇取決于運(yùn)輸合同當(dāng)事人的協(xié)議"如果當(dāng)事人沒有就準(zhǔn)據(jù)法的選擇達(dá)成一致.則適用承運(yùn)人的主營業(yè)所所在地法"當(dāng)所有權(quán)憑證的占有者和貨物的實(shí)際占有者發(fā)生沖突時(shí).前者向后者要求貨物的可能受貨物所在地法或者向其提交

10、訴訟請(qǐng)求的法院的所在地法支配"選擇權(quán)由貨物的所有人.即所有權(quán)憑證的持有人行使"南非沒有關(guān)于適用于確定有關(guān)所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移中提單的性質(zhì)和功能的法律的判例法"法院最可能采取的裁決與解釋提單有關(guān)的問題是依提單合同的自體法.該法是提單當(dāng)事人選擇的法律.通常是在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提</p><p>　　單格式中由承運(yùn)人選擇."其他諸如提單的轉(zhuǎn)讓問題將可能依提單所在地法律支配"可能但未必會(huì)發(fā)生的

11、是提單問題將由提單所代表的貨物的所在地法律支配在瑞典 .提 單與其他憑證一樣.都將由憑證自體法支配"不過物之所在地法可能會(huì)有效地支配有關(guān)貨物的憑證的法律效果.例如有關(guān)通過占有提單而處置貨物的問題。</p><p>　　在瑞士有關(guān)對(duì)貨物的所有權(quán)憑證問題.憑證中提到的法律將決定憑證是否代表貨物"如果憑證中沒有指定準(zhǔn)據(jù)法.則由憑證發(fā)布方的主營業(yè)所所在國法支配"如果憑證代表貨物.則對(duì)憑證和對(duì)

12、貨物的物權(quán)支配由有關(guān)動(dòng)產(chǎn)所有權(quán)憑證的法律支配"如果幾個(gè)當(dāng)事人都對(duì)貨物主張物權(quán).其中一些是直接的通過實(shí)際占有.其他的以所有權(quán)憑證為基礎(chǔ).則適用于貨物本身的法律決定他們?cè)V訟請(qǐng)求的優(yōu)先性.瑞士國際私法第5國際有體動(dòng)產(chǎn)買賣所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移法律適用的公約6于 .... 年 . 月 .. 日訂立于海牙"該公約第 .條規(guī)定.在出賣代表出賣物的單據(jù)時(shí).如果買受人收到單據(jù)時(shí)的所在國.其國內(nèi)法確認(rèn)買受人已取得所有權(quán).則買受人仍取得其所有權(quán) &

13、quot;第 . 條規(guī)定 .在 出賣代表出賣物的單據(jù)時(shí).出賣人就買受人尚未付款的出賣物上享有的權(quán)利對(duì)買受人的債權(quán)人是否有抗辯權(quán).依最先提出有關(guān)要求或扣押時(shí)單據(jù)所在地國家的內(nèi)國法"第.條規(guī)定.第三人對(duì)標(biāo)的物主張所有權(quán)或其他物權(quán)時(shí).買受人可否向該第三人提出抗辯應(yīng)依提出該主張時(shí).該出賣物所在地國家的國內(nèi)法"但是買受人已占有該出賣物.而依該出賣物所在國的國內(nèi)法又確認(rèn)買受人所取得的各種權(quán)利時(shí).則買受人的權(quán)利仍保持不變"

14、;在出賣代表</p><p>　　On the applicable law of delivery of bill of lading and transfer of ownership</p><p>　　Because of the differences of whether delivery of bill of lading leads transfer of ownershi

15、p among countries,we must choose applicable law to decide whether delivery of bill of lading leads transfer of ownership in foreign bill of lading legal relationship. There are seven legislative models about it in intern

16、ational society. The private international law of China should provide the nature of bill of lading as being applicable to the law chosen by the parties and to the law where the parties hav</p><p>　　The tran

17、sfer of bills of lading is the core of the system concerning bills of lading. Via the negotiability of bills of lading, the international trade develops into the actively document transaction which confer on the internat

18、ional trade convenience, efficiency, swiftness and the substantially development. Bills of lading play an essential part in the carriage of goods by sea. What"s more, they function effectively in the international t

19、rade. The transfer of bills of lading is the core of the </p><p>　　It has been disputed for a long time whether the Bill of Lading rise real right with it. As per this issue, some scholars gave a positive an

20、swer ,the other scholars gave a negative answer. According to negative answer, all the rights rised from the B/L can be ascribed to Creditor"s rights. But the answer can not perfectly interpret the B/L"s functi

21、ons when it is used in international trade, so I consider the positive answer is a better one, and I also think the real right that the B/L rises is a</p><p>　　We should consider both the general rules of tr

22、ansfer of ownership and the rules of bills when analyzing the problem of the relationships between the bills and transfer of ownership. Moreover, we must explore the problem in respective of the rules of each country as

23、different countries have different rules. The result may be unscientific due to the defection in the method of study, if we discuss this problem only from the perspective of Maritime Law or Civil Law. The legal effects a

24、re not the sa</p><p>　　The transfer of the cargo"s proprietary rights which involves the benefits of the trade partners is the essence of the cargo business in the international trade. But presently, th

25、e academic studies reach no unanimous understanding on this legal matter. The main reason for this legal matter lies in different laws on proprietary rights transfer in different countries and no unanimous international

26、regulation, so it leads to uncertainty and complexity in solving the dispute of trade partners in the</p><p>　　We should consider both the general rules of transfer of ownership and the rules of bills when a

27、nalyzing the problem of the relationships between the bills and transfer of ownership. Moreover, we must explore the problem in respective of the rules of each country as different countries have different rules. The res