[教育]浙師大文獻(xiàn)檢索與科技論文寫作科技論文寫作

1、第十講 科技論文寫作,一、科技論文的特征,(1) 科學(xué)性內(nèi)容科學(xué)性：指選題必須有理論和事實(shí)根據(jù)，論點(diǎn)應(yīng)能揭示客觀實(shí)際，經(jīng)得起實(shí)踐檢驗(yàn)。論文中采用的數(shù)據(jù)、資料必須是真實(shí)可靠的，對(duì)各種概念的描述、專業(yè)術(shù)語的應(yīng)用都是準(zhǔn)確無誤的。方法科學(xué)性：論證嚴(yán)密，合乎邏輯。善于利用歸納與演繹、分析與綜合、比較與分類等邏輯思維方法，從嚴(yán)密的邏輯推理中引出正確結(jié)論。態(tài)度科學(xué)性：即堅(jiān)持實(shí)事求是的科學(xué)態(tài)度。表達(dá)科學(xué)：文體以議論為主，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、語言精確。

2、學(xué)術(shù)論文的范圍限制在科學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域，非此領(lǐng)域的文章，不能算學(xué)術(shù)論文，如新聞報(bào)道、報(bào)告文學(xué)、散文科幻和科普作品等都不能算作學(xué)術(shù)論文。,(2)創(chuàng)新性開拓新的研究領(lǐng)域,提出前人所無的全新論斷深化和發(fā)展前人的研究成果從不同的角度,或以新的論證方式 ,或利用新資料來研究老問題,提出新見解等.(3)專業(yè)性：即學(xué)術(shù)性所提出和論述的問題是在學(xué)科不同層次的研究中產(chǎn)生的問題應(yīng)介紹比較專門系統(tǒng)的理論知識(shí)或?qū)嵺`知識(shí)，揭示事物的現(xiàn)狀或發(fā)展規(guī)律或者是對(duì)

3、某一學(xué)科的某一問題（或幾個(gè)問題）進(jìn)行研究探討，針對(duì)某個(gè)或幾個(gè)學(xué)科專業(yè)來論證闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)。 (4)形式規(guī)范性：包括論文的容量、論證步驟、寫作格式、寫字的規(guī)范、參考文獻(xiàn)的規(guī)范、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的規(guī)范等。,二、科技論文的類型期刊論文：指作者根據(jù)某期刊載文的特點(diǎn)和取向（表現(xiàn)為學(xué)科特征及專業(yè)特色），將自己撰寫的學(xué)術(shù)論文進(jìn)行有針對(duì)性地投稿，并被所投刊物采用、發(fā)表的論文。會(huì)議論文：指作者根據(jù)即將召開的各種學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議（國際、國家、省、市、行業(yè)學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體

4、等）的研討主題及相關(guān)規(guī)定，撰寫專題論文并投寄給會(huì)議主辦單位，經(jīng)有關(guān)專家審查通過后被錄用的學(xué)術(shù)論文。這些論文將在會(huì)議期間進(jìn)行大會(huì)交流，并由主辦單位匯集出版，成為一種重要的文獻(xiàn)資源。學(xué)位論文：作者為了取得高等學(xué)校及科研院所的相應(yīng)學(xué)位，通過專門的學(xué)習(xí)、從事科學(xué)研究所取得的創(chuàng)造性或創(chuàng)建性的認(rèn)識(shí)、觀點(diǎn)，并以此為內(nèi)容撰寫而成、作為提出申請(qǐng)授予相應(yīng)學(xué)位時(shí)評(píng)審用的論文。學(xué)位論文分學(xué)士學(xué)位論文、碩士學(xué)位論文及博士學(xué)位論文三種。,篇名(Title)：題目

5、就是你論文的招牌，好的招牌可以引起讀者的注意，最起碼會(huì)讓讀者有興趣來閱讀你的論文，所以題目的訂立非常重要，即使有好的內(nèi)容而沒有好的題目，也會(huì)使得整篇論文的價(jià)值大打折扣。題目旨在告訴讀者這篇論文在談?wù)撔┦裁词?，并為其主要研究成果提出暗示，因此。而題目的訂立必須貼切、兼具新鮮感和創(chuàng)意且能確實(shí)反映論文內(nèi)容，題目長短及字詞精準(zhǔn)度的掌握，要有減一字則太少，多一字則太多的拿捏，要使讀者在看到題目時(shí)，就能深受吸引并對(duì)內(nèi)容有所期待。切忌題目太長，因?yàn)檫@

6、會(huì)大大的降低了你論文的吸引力。因此訂立一個(gè)好的題目便是吸引讀者來閱讀這篇文章的第一步。 對(duì)英文標(biāo)題，每個(gè)重要單詞首字母都要大寫。2) 作者和地址(Authors and addresses);,三、科技論文的格式,3) 摘要(Abstract)：是整篇論文的縮影………….. i) 陳述主要內(nèi)容、描述你使用方法、概述你的結(jié)果及主要的結(jié)論。 ii)使用第三人稱。 iii) 摘要須要包括中、英文之描述(中國期刊而言)。 iv

7、) 不同類型的論文有不同的格式要求。4) 關(guān)鍵詞(Key words);,5)前言(Introduction);① Open up the subject. ② Survey past work relevant to this paper.③Describe the problem addressed in this paper, and show how this work relates to, or augments

8、 previous work.④Describe the assumptions made in general terms, and state what results have been obtained. (This gives the reader an initial overview of what problem is addressed in the paper and what has been achieved.

9、)⑤Overview the contents of the paper.,6)實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容、解決問題的公式和方法(Experimental、Calculation method); 7)結(jié)果和討論(Results and discussion); This section presents the detailed results you have obtained. If the paper is theoretical, you

10、 will probably show curves obtained from your equations. If the paper is experimental, you will be presenting curves showing the measurement results. In order to choose the proper curves to present, you must first be cle

11、ar what point you are trying to convey to the reader. The curves can then be chosen to illustrate this point. Whether your paper is theoretical or experimental, you must provide a careful interpretation of what your resu

12、lts mean and why they behave as they do.,8) 結(jié)論 (Conclusions);This section should summarize what has been accomplished in the paper. Many readers will read only the Introduction and Conclusion of your paper. The Conclusi

13、on should be written so they can be understood by someone who has not read the main work of the paper.9) 致謝 (Acknowledgments); 10) 參考文獻(xiàn) (References)。,四、科技論文的寫作方法,Step 1: Start by writing a complete first draft of you

14、r paper, except for the Introduction and Conclusion. (It is easiest to leave the Introduction and Conclusion until after the main body of the paper is written.) In writing your first draft, do not worry if the wording is

15、 not perfect. Polishing the document comes later. When you are finished with your first draft, put it away for a couple of days before you begin Step 2.,Step 2: Make sure the ideas in the paper are in the right order. If

16、 not, move blocks of the paper around with your text editor until they are. Ask yourself: “Can the reader understand every passage strictly from the material up to that point?” If not, add material or move ideas around.,

17、Step 3: Work on the transitions between ideas. Make sure that at each stage the reader has a road map of where he or she is going. The reader must be able to see the big picture. At the beginning of each section, make c

18、lear to the reader in advance what the purpose of that section will be and how that section relates to the preceding material. At the end of each section, you may also want to remind the reader that you have now complet

19、ed what you set out to do in that section. Then point out what the purpose of the next section will be, and so forth. These connecting statements are called transitions. The reader must always be able to see where you

20、 are going and why and how far you have progressed.,Step 4: Check each paragraph for unity.Each paragraph should have one main point. Usually the central point of each paragraph is stated in a topical sentence at the be

21、ginning of the paragraph, but not always. You should not mix different ideas together in the same paragraph. If you are having trouble getting a certain section of your paper to sound right, go through that section one p

22、aragraph at a time and ask yourself what the main point of each paragraph is. Foggy writing is often due tomixed-up paragraphs.,Step 5: Work on the sentences to reduce the fog index. The Fog Index F is defined as F = 0.

23、4(L + P) < 15, where L is the average number of words per sentence and P is the average number of polysyllables per 100 words of text . (A polysyllable is a word with three or more syllables.),Step 6: Get rid of as ma

24、ny passive verbs as possible. Always check your paper for passive verbs. Change as many verbs as possible into the active form. Using too many passive verbs makes your writing boring. Editor’s comment: At their worst, pa

25、ssive verbs can make writing incomprehensible. The reader always needs to know who is doing what to whom, and a passive verb often obscures both the agent and the recipient of an action.,Step 7: Use verbs more than nouns

26、. Do not bury the main action of your sentences in nouns or adjectives. Instead, let the verbs carry the action. Step 8: Get rid of as many abstract words as possible. Step 9: Check for consistent use of verb tense.

27、Step 10: Do not use “this” as a pronoun.Step 11: Check your entire document for subtle grammatical mistakes. Step 12: Polish and polish.,Step 13: Write the Conclusion. This Conclusion section should simply summarize f

28、or the reader what has been presented in the paper.Step 14: Write the Introduction. The Introduction is frequently the hardest part of the paper to write. It must be smoothly written. The Introduction should address ea