戴煒棟《簡明語言學教程》配套筆記-自己整理版

1、Chapter1IntroductionWhatislinguistics什么是語言學什么是語言學[A]ThedefinitionoflinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage(對語言進行的科學研究)Processoflinguisticstudy:①Certainlinguisticfactsareobservedgeneralizati

2、onarefmed②Hypothesesarefmulated③Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations④Alinguistictheyisconstructed.[B]ThescopeoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics普通語言學普通語言學:thestudyoflanguageasawhole從整體研究1.Phoics:thegeneralstudyoftheacter

3、isticsofspeechsounds(thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage)(Howspeechsoundsareproducedclassified)2.Phonology:isessentiallythedeionofthesystemspatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.(Howsoundsfmsystemsfunctiontoconveymeaning)3.M

4、phology:thestudyofthewayinwhichmphemesarearrangedtofmwds(howmphemesarecombinedtofmwds)4.Syntax:thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwdstofmpermissiblesentences(howmphemeswdsarecombinedtofmsentences)5.Semantics:t

5、hestudyofmeaninginabstraction6.Pragmatics:thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseSociolinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyPsycholinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetothewkingsofthemindAppliedlinguistics:th

6、eapplicationoflinguisticsprinciplestheiestolanguageteachinglearningAnthropologicallinguisticsneurologicallinguisticsmathematicallinguisticsmathematicallinguisticscomputationallinguistics[C]Someimptantdistinctionsinlingui

7、stics①Preivevs.Deive規(guī)定性與描寫性規(guī)定性與描寫性②Synchronicvs.Diachronic共時性與歷時性（現(xiàn)代英語多研究共時性）共時性與歷時性（現(xiàn)代英語多研究共時性）ThedeionofalanguageatsomepointintimeThedeionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.③Speechwriting言語與文字言語與文字Spokenlanguageisprimar

8、ynotthewritten④Langueparole語言和言語語言和言語ProposedbySwisslinguistsF.deSausse(sociological)Chapter2Phonology音位學音位學[A]Thedefinitionofphoics（語音學）（語音學）Phoics:thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage:itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoc

9、curinthewld’slanguages.（是指對語言的語音媒介進行的研究，它關(guān)注語言世界中的所有語音）Articulatyphoics:thestudyofhowspeechsoundsaremadearticulated.（發(fā)音語音學）Acousticphoics:dealswiththephysicalpropertiesofspeechassoundwavesintheair.（聽覺語音學）Audity(perceptual

10、)phoics:dealswiththeperceptionviatheearofspeechsounds.（聲學語音學）[B]gansofspeech（發(fā)音器官）（發(fā)音器官）Voiceless:清音whenthevocalcdsarespreadaparttheairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Voiced(Voicing):濁音whenthevocalcds聲帶aredrawntog

11、ethertheairfromthelungsrepeatedpushesthemapartasitpassesthroughcreatingavibrationeffect.AlltheEnglishvowels元音元音aretypicallyvoiced(voicing).Theimptantcavities:Thepharyngealcavity咽腔Thealcavity口腔Thenasalcavity鼻腔其他部位：Lips唇1t

12、eeth齒2teethridge(alveolus)齒齦3hardpalate硬腭4softpalate(velum)軟腭5uvula小舌6tipoftongue舌尖7bladeoftongue舌面8backoftongue舌后9vocalcds聲帶10[C]thographicrepresentationofspeechsounds：Broadnarrowtranions（語音的正字法表征：寬式（語音的正字法表征：寬式窄式標音）窄式標

13、音）IPA(InternationalPhoicAlphabetAssociation國際語音協(xié)會國際音標)Broadtranion:thetranionwithlettersymbolsonly（代表字母的符號）Narrowtranion:thetranionwithlettersymbolstogetherwiththediacritics（變音符）E.g.:[l]?[li:f]?aclear[l](nodiacritic)[l]?

14、[bild]?adark[l](~)[l]?[help]?adental[l]()[p]?[pit]?anaspirated[ph](h表示送氣表示送氣)[p]?[spit]?anunaspirated[p](nodiacritic)[n]?[?b?tn]?asyllabicnasal[n](?)[D]ClassificationofEnglishconsonants（英語輔音的分類）（英語輔音的分類）Intermsofmannerof

15、articulation根據(jù)發(fā)音方法分(themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated)①Stops閉塞音閉塞音:theobstructionistotalcompletethengoingabruptly[p][b][t][d][k][g]②Fricatives摩擦音摩擦音:theobstructionispartialtheairisfcedthroughanarrowpassageinthemonth[f

16、][v][s][z][∫][з][θ][δ][h](approximant)③Affricates塞擦音塞擦音:theobstructioncompleteatfirstisreleasedslowlyasinfricatives[t∫][dз]④Liquids流音流音:theairflowisobstructedbutisallowedtoescapethroughthepassagebetweenpartpartsofthetong

17、uetheroofofthemouth[l]?alateralsound[r]?retroflex⑤Glides滑音滑音:[w][j](semivowels)Liquidglides[h]?approximants⑥Nasals鼻音鼻音:thenasalpassageisopenedbyloweringthesoftpalatetoletairpassthroughit[m][n][η]Byplaceofarticulation根據(jù)發(fā)音

18、部位分根據(jù)發(fā)音部位分(theplacewhereobstructioniscreated)①bilabial雙唇音雙唇音:upperlowerlipsarebroughttogethertocreateobstructions[p][b][w]?(velar)②labiodentals唇齒音唇齒音:thelowerliptheupperteeth[f][v]③dental齒音齒音:thetipofthetonguetheupperfro