2023年全國碩士研究生考試考研英語一試題真題（含答案詳解+作文范文）_第1頁
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1、EnvironmentalproblemscausedbyIstanbulsubwayexcavationsuggestionsfremediationIbrahimOcakAbstract:Manyenvironmentalproblemscausedbysubwayexcavationshaveinevitablybecomeanimptantpointincitylife.Theseproblemscanbecategizedas

2、transptingstockingofexcavatedmaterialtrafficjamsnoisevibrationspilesofdustmudlackofsupplies.AlthoughtheseproblemscausemanydifficultiesthemostpressingfabigcitylikeIstanbulisexcavationsinceotherlisteddifficultiesresultfrom

3、it.Meovertheseproblemsareenvironmentallyregionallyrestrictedtotheperiodoverwhichconstructionprojectsareunderwaydisappearwhenconstructionisfinished.CurrentlyinIstanbulthereareninesubwayconstructionprojectsinoperationcover

4、ingapproximately73kminlengthover200kmtobeconstructedinthenearfuture.Theamountofmaterialexcavatedfromongoingconstructionprojectscoversapproximately12millionm3.Inthisstudyproblems—primarilytheproblemwithexcavationwaste(EW)

5、—causedbysubwayexcavationareanalyzedsuggestionsfremediationareoffered.Keywds:EnvironmentalproblemsSubwayexcavationWastemanagementIntroductionNowadayscitiesarespreadingoverlargerareaswithincreasingdemonextendingtransptfac

6、ilities.Thusalloverthewldespeciallyincitieswherethepopulationexceeds300000–400000peoplerailwaybasedmeansoftransptationisbeingacceptedastheultimatesolution.Therefelargeinvestmentsinsubwaylightrailconstructionarerequired.T

7、heconstructionofstatedsystemsrequiressurfaceexcavationscutcovertunnelexcavationsbedtunnelexcavationsredirectionofinfrastructurestunnelconstructionprojects.Theseelementsdisturbtheenvironmentaffecteverydaylifeofcitizensint

8、ermsofrunningwaternaturalgassewersystemstelephonelines.Onereasonwhymetroexcavationsaffecttheenvironmentisthehugeamountofexcavatedmaterialproduced.Meoveralargeamountofthisexcavatedmaterialiscomposedofmuddybentonitemateria

9、l.Stingexcavatedmaterialthenbecomescrucial.Aconsiderableamountofpressurehasbeenplacedonofficialstosterecycleanykindofexcavatedmaterial.WastemanagementhasbecomeabranchofCountryConcentrationofCWintotalwaste(in%)CWDWrecycle

10、d(in%)Denmark255080herls2675Japan3665Australia4451Germany1950Finl1440UnitedKingdomover5040USA2925France2525Spain7017Italy3010Brazil158Nway307Table1Comparisonofafewcountries’constructionwasteconcentrationFig.1Currentstatu

11、sofmunicipalwastedistributioninIstanbulInthisstudyenvironmentalproblemsinIstanbulsuchasEWresultingfromtunnellingoperationsDWresultingfrombuildingdemolitionhomewastesareevaluated.ResourcesofEWmaterialpropertiesalternative

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