胡壯麟語(yǔ)言學(xué)筆記

1、chapterIwhatislanguage[A]TheiginsoflanguageSomespeculationsoftheiginsoflanguage:①ThedivinesourceThebasichypothesis:ifinfantswereallowedtogrowupwithouthearinganylanguagethentheywouldspontaneouslybeginusingtheiginalgodgive

2、nlanguage.Actuallychildrenlivingwithoutaccesstohumanspeechintheirearlyyearsgrowupwithnolanguageatall.②ThenaturalsoundsourceThebowwowthey:thesuggestionisthatprimitivewdscouldhavebeenimitationsofthenaturalsoundswhichearlym

3、enwomenheardaroundthem.The“Yoheaveho”they:thesoundsproducedbyhumanswhenexertingphysicalefftespeciallywhencooperatingwithotherhumansmaybetheiginsofspeechsounds.Onomatopoeicsounds③ThealgesturesourceItisclaimedthatiginallya

4、setofphysicalgestureswasdevelopedasameansofcommunication.Thepatternsofmovementinarticulationwouldbethesameasgesturalmovementhencewavingtonguewoulddevelopfromwavingh.④Glossogeics(言語(yǔ)遺傳學(xué))Thisfocusesmainlyonthebiologicalbasi

5、softhefmationdevelopmentofhumanlanguage.PhysiologicaladaptationdevelopnamingabilityinteractionstransactionsPhysicaladaptation:Humanteethareuprightroughlyeveninheight.Humanlipshaveintricatemuscleinterlacingthusmakingthemv

6、eryflexible.Thehumanmouthissmallcontainsaveryflexibletongue.Thehumanlarynxisloweredcreatingalongercavitycalledthepharynxmakingiteasierfthehumantochokeonthepiecesoffoodbutmakingthesoundspeechpossible.Thehumanbrainislatera

7、lized.Thoseanalyticfunctions(toolusinglanguage)arelargelyconfinedtothelefthemisphereofthebrainfmosthumans.Twomajfunctionsoflanguage:Interactional:asocialfunctionoflanguage.Transactional:afunctioninvolvingthecommunication

8、ofknowledgeinfmation[B]ThepropertiesoflanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedfhumancommunication.a)System:combinedtogetheraccdingtorulesb)Arbitrary:nointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewd“pen”thethinginthewldwhich

9、itreferstoc)Vocal:theprimarymediumissoundfalllanguagesd)Human:languageishumanspecific(交際性與信息性)Communicativevs.Infmative:Communicative:intentionallyusinglanguagetocommunicatesomethingInfmative:throughviaanumberofsignalsth

10、atarenotintentionallysentDesignfeatures(uniqueproperties):thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunicationBC)④Alphabeticwriting(字母書寫法)Semiticlanguages(ArabicHebrew):firstappliedthis

11、ruleTheGreeks:takingtheinherentlysyllabicsystemfromthePhoeniciansviatheRomansLatinalphabetCyrillicalphabet(Slaviclanguages)⑤RebuswritingRobuswritingevolvesaprocesswherebythesymbolusedfanentitycomestobeusedfthesoundofthes

12、pokenwdusedfthatentity.ChapterIIwhatislinguistics[A]ThedefinitionoflinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Processoflinguisticstudy:①Certainlinguisticfactsareobservedgeneralizationarefmed②H

13、ypothesesarefmulated③Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations④Alinguistictheyisconstructed.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedfhumancommunication.[B]ThescopeoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics:thestudyoflanguageasaw

14、holeMainbranchesofLinguistics:Phoics:thegeneralstudyoftheacteristicsofspeechsounds(thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage)(Howspeechsoundsareproducedclassified)Phonology:isessentiallythedeionofthesystemspatternsofspeechsoun

15、dsinalanguage.(Howsoundsfmsystemsfunctiontoconveymeaning)Mphology:thestudyofthewayinwhichmphemesarearrangedtofmwds(howmphemesarecombinedtofmwds)Syntax:thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwdstofmpermissiblesente

16、nces(howmphemeswdsarecombinedtofmsentences)Semantics:thestudyofmeaninginabstractionPragmatics:thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseBranchesofMacrolinguistics:Sociolinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyPsycholingu

17、istics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetothewkingsofthemindAppliedlinguistics:theapplicationoflinguisticsprinciplestheiestolanguageteachinglearningAnthropologicallinguisticsneurologicallinguisticsmathematicallinguisticsma