筆記新編簡明英語語言學教程復習資料

1、ChapteroneIntroduction一、定義1.語言學LinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.普通語言學GeneralLinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.3.語言languageLanguageisasystemofarbi

2、traryvocalsymbolsusedfhumancommunication.語言是人類用來交際的任意性的有聲符號體系。4.識別特征DesignFeaturesItreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.語言識別特征是指人類語言區(qū)別與其他任何動物的交際體系的限定性特征。Arbitra

3、riness任意性Productivity多產性（創(chuàng)造性）Duality雙重性Displacement移位性Culturaltransmission文化傳遞5.語言能力Competence（抽象）Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.6.語言運用perfmance（具體）Perfmanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowled

4、geinlinguisticcommunication.語言運用是所掌握的規(guī)則在語言交際中的具體體現(xiàn)。7.歷時語言學DiachroniclinguisticsThestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahisticalstudywhichstudiesthehisticaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.8

5、.共時語言學SynchronicallinguisticsThestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.9.語言langue（抽象）Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.10.言語parole（具體）Therealizationoflangueinactualuse.11.規(guī)定性PreiveItaimstolaydown

6、rulesf”crect”behavitotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsaywhatshouldnotsay.12.描述性DeiveAlinguisticstudydescribesanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.二、知識點1.languageisnotanisolatedphenomenonit’sasocialactivitycarriedoutinacertainsoc

7、ialenvironmentbyhumanbeings.語言不是一種孤立的現(xiàn)象，而是人類在一定的社會環(huán)境下進行的一種社會活動。2.幾種觀點和現(xiàn)象的提出者：Modernlinguisticsisdeiveitsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticmainlyspokenlanguagedate.現(xiàn)代語言學是描述性的，其研究以確實可靠的、主要以口語形式的資料為基礎。traditionalgrammarispre

8、ive.itisbasedon’high’writtenlanguage.傳統(tǒng)語法是規(guī)定性的，研究‘高級’書面語。4.IsmodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicdiachronicwhyModernlinguisticsismainlysynchronicfocusingonthepresentdaylanguage.unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessful

9、lystudieditwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.現(xiàn)代語言學主要是共時性的，重點研究現(xiàn)代語言。除非對語言的各種狀態(tài)都進行成功的研究，否則很難從歷時性角度對語言進行描述。5.whichenjoyspriityinmodernlinguisticsspeechwritingsSpeechenjoysfthefollowingreasons:⑴Sp

10、eechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution.⑵Alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechthaninwriting.⑶speechisthefminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage.6.howisSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueparolesimilartoChomsky’s

11、BothSaussureChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemtheactualuseoflanguage.theirpurposeistosingleoutthelanguagesystemfseriousstudyTwolinguistsideadifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguageChomsk

12、ylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.6.thedistinctionbetweenlangueparole⑴langueisabstractrelativelystable⑵paroleisconcretevariesfrompersontopersonfromsituationtositu

13、ation.1Whatislinguistics什么是語言學？Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguagebutlanguagesingeneral.2Thescopeoflinguistics語言學的研究范疇Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgener

14、allinguistics.(普通語言學)Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphoics.（語音學）Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.（音位學）Thestudyofthewayinwhichmphemesarearrangedtofmwdsare

15、calledmphology.（形態(tài)學）Thestudyofhowmphemeswdsarecombinedtofmsentencesiscalledsyntax（句法學）Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.（語義學）Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.（語用學）Thestudyoflanguagewithreferen