南宋孝宗朝宰相群體研究_19820.pdf

1、摘要南宋是權(quán)相輩出的時(shí)期，權(quán)臣政治是南宋政治的一大特色。而孝宗朝卻是唯一沒(méi)有權(quán)相，且宰相的任用狀況呈現(xiàn)出新的特征的朝代，孝宗朝還出現(xiàn)了一些前所未有的“新氣象”，并造就了南宋歷史上的黃金時(shí)代—“乾、淳盛世”的局面。因此，孝宗朝是南宋社會(huì)由初期的動(dòng)蕩、粗安到中期伊始的平穩(wěn)發(fā)展，且呈蒸蒸日上之勢(shì)，國(guó)家政策逐漸由對(duì)外轉(zhuǎn)向治內(nèi)的轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期。本文通過(guò)對(duì)孝宗朝政治狀況與作為權(quán)力中樞的宰相群體狀況的分析和考察，以及對(duì)宰相群體在孝宗朝對(duì)外關(guān)系和對(duì)內(nèi)政治中的

2、作用及影響的論述，力圖揭示出宰相群體與孝宗朝政治特點(diǎn)與發(fā)展走向的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系及深刻影響。本文共由六章組成。第一章為序論。本章敘述了本文的研究目的與研究現(xiàn)狀，以及材料的使用、研究的方法及本文的構(gòu)想。第二章為孝宗朝政治概況。本章分兩節(jié)論述了孝宗朝政治的演進(jìn)及孝宗朝政治的特點(diǎn)與時(shí)代風(fēng)貌。第三章為孝宗朝宰相群體狀況。本章分為三節(jié)對(duì)孝宗朝宰相群體的概況、宰相群體的類(lèi)型、孝宗朝相權(quán)與皇權(quán)的關(guān)系及其意義進(jìn)行了論析。第四章為宰相群體與孝宗朝的對(duì)外關(guān)系。本章

3、分為三節(jié)論述了孝宗朝對(duì)外路線、方針的轉(zhuǎn)變、宰相群體與對(duì)外軍事的發(fā)展以及宰相對(duì)宋金外交的影響。第五章為宰相群體與孝宗朝的對(duì)內(nèi)政治。本章分四節(jié)論述了宰相群體與近習(xí)的關(guān)系、宰相群體與孝宗朝法制建設(shè)的關(guān)系、宰相群體與朋黨的關(guān)系以及孝宗朝皇權(quán)與相權(quán)的關(guān)系。第六章為結(jié)語(yǔ)。本章對(duì)全篇寫(xiě)作的意旨進(jìn)行了總結(jié)和概況。本文通過(guò)考察孝宗朝宰相群體的政治主張與作為，揭示出孝宗朝對(duì)于高宗朝政治的反動(dòng)傾向，及其在實(shí)踐中的成敗，以及孝宗朝政治乃至南宋前期政治重心由對(duì)外

4、轉(zhuǎn)向內(nèi)政的內(nèi)在原因，從而對(duì)孝宗朝乾淳盛世局面的出現(xiàn)做出了診釋?zhuān)磳?duì)外雖北伐不成而達(dá)成和議，但卻顯示出一種主動(dòng)的、積極進(jìn)取的態(tài)勢(shì)，從而在一定程度上提高了孝宗朝的軍事、外交地位。對(duì)內(nèi)則實(shí)現(xiàn)了穩(wěn)定的局面，使一度遭到破壞的士大夫政治體制得以恢復(fù)和重建，從而使孝宗朝的政治達(dá)到了一種較為清明而向上的局面，為孝宗朝經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了良好的環(huán)境。因此，本文對(duì)于研究孝宗朝乃至南宋中后期政治發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)，對(duì)于深入了解南宋時(shí)期“士大夫”政治的面貌、特點(diǎn)與趨

5、勢(shì)，乃至南宋的權(quán)臣政治都具有一定的積極作用。關(guān)鍵詞:孝宗朝宰相群體政治AbstractTheSouthernSongDynastywasanageofpowerfulministersandpoliticswithpowerfulministerspresentedasoneofthegreatfeaturesofSouthernSongDynasty.ButtherewasnopowerfulministerduringEmperor

6、Xiaozongperiod.ItistheonlyperiodthatwentwithoutpowerfulministersintheSouthernSongDynastyduringwhichnewfeatureswereseenintheappointmentofprimeministersandsomeunprecedentednewatmospherecameintobeing.Thisfinallybroughtabout

7、theQiandaoChunxiFlourishing一thegoldenageofthehistoryoftheSouthernSongDynasty.AsaresulttheXiaozongperiodservedasatransformationagefromtheearlySouthernSongDynastysturbulenceandroughstabilityviamidtermssteadydevelopmentandt

8、hrivingtrendtothenewstageofstatepolicychangingfromexternaldefensetointernalconstruction.ThroughtheobservationandanalysisofXiaozongperiodspoliticalsituationandtheprimeministergroupthecenterofauthorityaswellasthediscussion

9、oftheroleandinfluenceoftheprimeministergroupinthisperiodintheouterrelationsandinnerpoliticsthisdissertationstrivestorevealtheinnerlinkandprofoundinfluencebetweentheprimeministergroupandthisperiodspoliticalsituationandits

10、developingtrend.The.dissertationconsistsofsixchapters.Chapter1isintroductionstatingthepurposeofwritingthisdissertationthepresentsituationofthestudyonthesametopictheuseofhistoricalmaterialstheresearchmethodsandtheconcepti

11、onofthisdissertation.Chapter2presentsanoveralintroductionofthepoliticalsituationintheXiaozongperiodwhichconsistsoftwosectionsdiscussingrespectivelytheevolutionofthepoliticsintheXiaozongperiodanditsfeatures.Chapter3states

12、thegeneralconditionsoftheprimeministergroupwhichismadeupofthreesectionsanalyzingseparatelythegeneralconditionofXiaozongperiodsprimeministergroupitscategoryandtherelationbetweentheprimeministersauthorityandthatofthekingsa

13、ndthemeaningofthisrelation.Chapter4focusesonthelinksoftheprimeministergrouptoXiaozongperiodsexternalrelationswhichconsistsofthreesectionsdiscussingoneafteranotherthediplomaticpolicychanges恤theXiaozongperiodtheevolutionof

14、theprimeministergroupsmilitarylineeandtheinfluenceoftheprimeministeronthediplomaticrelationsbetweenSongandtheJinkingdoms.Chapter5concentratesonbetweentheprimeministergroupandtheinnerpolitics.Itisdividedintofoursectionsce

15、nteringontherelationsoftheprimeministergrouptotheemperorsfavoritecourtierstothisperiodslegalconstructionandtothecliqueaswellastherelatedrelationbetweentheprimeministersauthorityandthatofthekings.Chapter6servesasaconclusi

16、onsumminguptheintentionofwritingthisdissertation.ThroughtheobservationoftheprimeministergroupspoliticalpropositionsandbehaviorsthisdissertationstrivesforarevelationofthecontrarypoliticalpracticeinXiaozongperiodagainsttha

17、tinGaozongperioditsactualsuccessorfailureandtheinnerreasonsoftheshiftofpoliticalfocusesfromtheexternaltotheinternalandthenproceedstoajustificationofthecomingoftheQiandaoChunxiFlourishingthatisfortheexternalthoughfailedin

18、thenorthernexpeditiontheystruggledforapeaceagreementwhichdisplayedtheiractiveandpositiveenterprisingspiritandtosomeextentupgradedtheSongsmilitaryanddiplomaticpositionfortheinternalontheotherhandtheyachievedastabilitywhic

19、hhadtheoncedamagedscholarofficialpoliticalsystemrecoveredandreconstructedthereforemadethepoliticsduringXiaozongperiodwellorderedandpromisedwhichprovidedafavorableenvironmentfortheXiaozongperiodseconomicandculturaldevelop

20、ment.TosumupthisdissertationsstudyontheevolutionofthepoliticsintheXiaozongperiodoreventhemidandlateperiodoftheSouthernSongDynastywillplayapositiveroleforthefurtherunderstandingoftheSouthernSongDynastysscholarofficialpoli