通信噪聲類外文翻譯-nm2：噪聲地圖和監(jiān)測

1、<p><b>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)</b></p><p><b>　　外文資料翻譯 </b></p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué) 號： </p><p>　　所在學(xué)院： 電子與信息工程學(xué)院 </p><p&g

2、t;　　專 業(yè)： 電子信息工程 </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師： </p><p>　　2013年 03月 28 日</p><p><b>　　英文原文：</b></p><p>　　NM2: No

3、ise Mapping and Monitoring</p><p>　　Abstract: Noise mapping has been recognized as a useful tool for city planning and management. However, its reliability and people’s confidence to a noise map depends very

4、 much on whether it can be validated and updated based on noise monitoring data. Moreover, a noise map shall be able to reflect the ever-changing scenario of real traffic. This paper aims to provide a concise review of n

5、oise mapping, including its methodological issues and the extent of its application worldwide. The paper also</p><p>　　0 INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　According to the United Nations (UN) Report on the

6、development in Asia and the Pacific, entitled “Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2008”, it was expected that people in Asia and the Pacific continue to migrate from rural to urban areas. In China, it was proj

7、ected that rural urban migration would be around 10-12 million per year until 2020, and then decline sharply to less than 4 million by 2030. As a result, urbanization is projected to increase from 35.8% in 2000 to 59.

8、5% in 203</p><p>　　As a physiological stressor, von Békésy meticulously showed how noise affects human hearing in a peculiar way. Von Békésy also illustrated how human responds to sound p

9、sychologically. As his works have a significant influence on the development of audiology and the treatment of diseases of the ear, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1961. In fact, numerous rese

10、arches confirmed that noise affects hearing, heart rate and mental wellbeing. In order to keep environmental noi</p><p>　　The reminder of this paper is structured as follows. Section 1 presents a concise rev

11、iew of noise mapping including the requirements of the European Union Directive on environmental noise and discusses the difference between the source terms and geo- graphical conditions in Europe and China. Section 2 de

12、scribes a real-time noise monitoring system and how this system can be utilized to validate and update noise maps in a long run. Section 3 presents some concluding remarks and the implications of</p><p>　　1

13、NOISE MAPPING-A CONCISE REVIEW</p><p>　　A noise map can be created by taking noise measurements at multiple locations in an area. However, the time, human and equipment resources involved normally prohibit t

14、he application of such methodology to produce a sizable noise map for city planning and management. And such type of noise maps was produced primarily from consultancy studies, government projects or academic researches.

15、</p><p>　　On the other hand, noise maps can be produced from computer models, especially for scenarios that may bring substantial impacts on community. The most noticeable ones were those noise maps created

16、 by INM models for aircraft noise. With the advance of computer and acoustic technology, the modeling of road traffic noise, rail noise, and industrial noise in cities were also getting popular in the 1990s. In 2002, the

17、 European Union (EU) led the world by publishing Directive 2002/49/EC relating to t</p><p>　　(1) Undertaking strategic noise mapping to determine exposure to environmental noise;</p><p>　　(2) En

18、suring that information on environmental noise and its effect is made available to the public; </p><p>　　(3) adoption of action plans, based upon noise mapping results, with a view to preserving and reducing

19、 environmental noise where necessary and particularly where exposure levels can induce harmful effects on human health.</p><p>　　More specifically, the Directive defines noise mapping and strategic noise map

20、 as follows: ‘noise mapping’ shall mean the presentation of data on an existing or predicted noise situation in terms of a noise indicator, indicating breaches of any relevant limit value in force, the number of

21、people affected in a certain area, or the number of dwellings exposure to certain value of a noise indicator in a certain area (note: two noise indicators, Lden (day-evening-night equiv</p><p&

22、gt;　　The Directive also mandates Member States of the EU to produce strategic noise maps for the main sources of noise, i.e. roads, railways, airports, industrial and commercial buildings, with a population of more than

23、250,000 in 2007 and those with a population of more than 100,000 in 2010. It recommends the following four interim computation methods:</p><p>　　(1) The French national method ‘NMPB-Routes96 (CSTB)’ referred

24、 to as ‘XPS 31-133’ in the French standard for modeling of road traffic noise;</p><p>　　(2) The Netherlands national computation method published in ‘Rekenen Meetvoorschrift Railverkeer slawaai’ referred to

25、as RMR for modeling of ail way noise;</p><p>　　(3) The ECAC standard method of computing noise contours around civil airports referred to as ECAC Doc.29 for modeling of aircraft noise; and</p><p&g

26、t;　　(4) The general method of calculation described in ISO9613-2 ‘Acoustical abatement of sound propagation outdoors’ for modeling of industrial noise.</p><p>　　As the characteristics of road, rail, aircraft

27、 and industrial noise sources vary considerably across Member States of the EU, the Directive allows each country to use other methods, such as its national standards, for producing noise maps.</p><p>　　In o

28、rder to establish a more uniform approach across Member States, the European Commission funded two research projects, Harmonoise and Imagine. Harmonoise was aimed to review state-of- the-art noise modeling techniques, p

29、rimarily for roads and rails. Imagine was aimed to standardize the Harmonoise methods and develop new calculation methods for road, rail, aircraft, and industrial noise. The outcomes of these projects included review rep

30、orts and a database of noise modeling software that com-</p><p>　　It is interesting to note that not all software incorporate interim computation methods or other standards to compute aircraft and industrial

31、 noise. Besides, some software do not accept or produce common geographic information system (GIS) formats such as ArcGIS, MAPinfo, etc. while some software do not produce files that can be linked to databases such as Or

32、acle, ACCESS, etc. Nevertheless, there have been numerous papers reporting noise mapping undertaken in the EU and other places over the pas</p><p>　　In China, the central government takes a more pragmatic ap

33、proach in protecting environment including environmental noise management and planning. It allows freedom to each provincial government to ask for the production of noise maps if and when necessary. Some noise consultant

34、s proposed the adaptation of EU approach in creating noise maps to represent noise scenarios in China cities. However, one shall bear in mind that although acoustical principles are physical laws, there are a number of a

35、sp</p><p>　　2 NOISE MONITORING</p><p>　　Noise monitoring is different from noise measurement as the latter normally refers to a short-term exercise with an aim to characterize the level of noi

36、se at a particular location caused by some specific sources under a set of meteorological conditions. Noise monitoring, however, consists of long-term and systematic noise measurements and take into account

37、the variations of influencing factors that affect the temporal characteristic of noise levels at the recorded locations.</p><p>　　In fact, the European Commission’s Working Group on the Assessment of Exposur

38、e to Noise (known as WG-AEN) published a Position Paper entitled, “Good Practice Guide for Strategic Noise Mapping and the Production of Associated Data on Noise Exposure”. The Paper recognizes that noise measurements ar

39、e essential to the development (e.g. for the determination of source terms) and validation (or verification) of computation methods and noise mapping results. It also points out that noise measurements </p><p

40、>　　In Asia, many countries/cities such as Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR, etc have installed noise monitoring stations to determine the long-term noise exposure in the heart of cities or vic

41、inity of airports. The governments of these countries/cities also use the recorded noise levels to monitor the long-term trends of environmental noise. As Asian citizens become more educated, some local governments inclu

42、de ‘noise’ as a part of pollution monitoring and management issues</p><p>　　In major cities of China, local governments have installed thousands of surveillance cameras to monitor road and rail traffic condi

43、tions. Vehicle speeds and types can be easily identified with the help of image processing software. By integrating traffic information system, noise monitoring system, and municipal weather system, it is possible for a

44、government to log a huge amount of traffic, noise, and meteorological data simultaneously, providing an opportunity to analyze noise emission due to </p><p>　　3CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE RESEARCH</p&

45、gt;<p>　　Urbanization is a global phenomenon. In the Year of 2008, for the first time in history, the urban population equaled the rural population of the world and, from then on, the world population is urban in

46、its majority. In realizing the numerous challenges associated with urbanization, the EU led the world by implementing the Environmental Noise Directive to tackle the ever-growing problem of noise pollution in built envir

47、onments. Noise mapping, the presentation of data on an existing or predicted</p><p>　　In this paper, we provide a concise historical re- view of noise mapping and describe the methodological issues and the e

48、xtent of its use. As the source terms, meteorological, geographic, and demographic characteristics vary considerably from country to country, we recommend that researchers in mainland China have to identify the characte

49、ristics of noise sources, i.e. roads, railways, aircrafts/airports, industrial, commercial and residential buildings, and characteristics of propagation paths </p><p>　　In addition to traditional approach, w

50、e suggest that researchers can explore the use of artificial neural network (ANN) and wavelet-ANN to model environ- mental noise. With sufficient training and learning, ANN and wavelet-ANN have been proved as accurate an

51、d efficient algorithms for modeling and forecasting in a wide of engineering problems, especially for non-normal distributions such as traffic and traffic noise.</p><p>　　In fact, noise is one of a host of p

52、ollution problems people encounter in built environments. Air pollution, thermal pollution, and light pollution at night all come from the same set of sources, i.e. roads, railways, aircrafts/airports, industrial, commer

53、cial and residential buildings. It is possible for a municipal government in China which have the complete set of information, such as city map, details of roads, the number and type of vehicles running on the roads, det

54、ails of railways and air</p><p>　　References</p><p>　　[1]ESCAP. Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2008[D].Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations. 200

55、8.</p><p>　　[2]DESA. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 Revision[D]. The Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY. 2002.</p><p>　　[3]DESA. World Urbanization P

56、rospects: The 2007 Revision – Highlights [D]. The Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY. 2008.</p><p><b>　　中文譯文</b></p><p>　　NM2：噪聲地圖和監(jiān)測</p>

57、<p>　　摘要：噪聲地圖被公認(rèn)是城市規(guī)劃和管理的得力工具。不過它的可靠性和大眾對它的信心在很大程度上取決于噪聲 地圖是否可以通過利用噪聲監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)來校正和更新。此外，噪聲地圖應(yīng)能反映因不斷變化的交通情況而產(chǎn)生的噪聲水平。通過回顧噪聲地圖在世界上在制作和應(yīng)用上面對的問題，討論其擁有噪聲監(jiān)測功能的必要性，與作為協(xié)助決 策者和廣大群眾做出合適決定的工具的重要性。最后建議進一步對噪聲地圖加以研究，以制定一個綜合的方法來評 估和管理城市

58、環(huán)境。</p><p><b>　　0 簡介</b></p><p>　　根據(jù)聯(lián)合國題為“亞洲及太平洋2008年統(tǒng)計年鑒”的報導(dǎo)，可以預(yù)期，在亞洲和太平洋地區(qū)的人將繼續(xù)從農(nóng)村向城市遷移。在中國，預(yù)計城鄉(xiāng)遷移將從2020年的每年10~12萬左右，然后急劇下降到2030年的不到400萬。因此，城市化進程預(yù)計將從2000年的35.8％增加至2030年的59.5％ ，而總?cè)?/p>

59、口將在相同的時間內(nèi)從1.28億增長到1.45億。在中國的主要城市，如北京的人口將從2007年的1450萬增加到到2025年的1110萬，上海人口將從2007年的1500萬增加到2025年的1940萬，廣州的人口將從2007年的780萬增加到2025年的1180萬。城市噪音將繼續(xù)增加，和具有高人口密度有關(guān)，因為更多的流量，更多的商業(yè)和社會活動。</p><p>　　作為一個生理強調(diào)者，馮Béké

60、sy精心表明：噪聲如何以一種特殊的方式影響人的聽力。馮Békésy也說明人類如何響應(yīng)心理上的聲音。由于他的作品而發(fā)展的聽力學(xué)對耳部疾病的治療上有顯著的影響，他在1961年被授予諾貝爾醫(yī)學(xué)和生理學(xué)獎。事實上，許多研究證實，噪聲影響聽力，心臟率和心理健康。為了保持環(huán)境噪聲在控制下，有必要考慮在中國發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃和管理工具，</p><p>　　1 噪音映射的簡要回顧</p><p

61、>　　可以創(chuàng)建在多個地點的區(qū)域噪聲測量的噪聲地圖。然而所花費的時間，人力和設(shè)備資源禁止了這種方法。這種類型的噪聲地圖的主要顧問研究是政府項目或?qū)W術(shù)研究。</p><p>　　另一方面，噪聲地圖，可以從計算機模型產(chǎn)生的，尤其是對于可能對社會帶來很大的影響的情況下。其中最引人注目的是那些由INM模型飛機噪音創(chuàng)建的噪聲地圖。在20世紀(jì)90年代隨著計算機技術(shù)和聲學(xué)技術(shù)的進步，道路交通噪聲，鐵路噪聲和工業(yè)噪聲在城市的

62、造型也越來越受歡迎。在2002年，歐盟領(lǐng)導(dǎo)發(fā)布了有關(guān)評估和管理環(huán)境噪聲的指令，被稱為世界環(huán)境噪聲指令。本指令的目的是在防止或減少有害的影響優(yōu)先的基礎(chǔ)上，給暴露于環(huán)境噪聲定義一個通用的方法。為此三個階段：</p><p>　?。?）從事戰(zhàn)略噪聲的映射來確定暴露于環(huán)境的噪聲;</p><p>　　（2）確保信息的環(huán)境噪音，其作用是向公眾提供的;</p><p>　　（3

63、）通過行動計劃，根據(jù)噪聲的測繪成果，在必要時，尤其是在暴露水平可誘發(fā)對人體健康有害的影響來維護和減少環(huán)境噪聲。</p><p>　　具體而言，該指令定義的噪音映射和戰(zhàn)略的噪音地圖如下：“噪音映射”是指現(xiàn)有的或預(yù)計的噪音情況的噪音指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)的顯示，指示違反任何有關(guān)限制值有效，在一定的區(qū)域，或暴露于一定的價值在一定區(qū)域內(nèi)的噪聲指標(biāo)（注：兩個噪聲指標(biāo)， LDEN （一天晚上晚同等水平）和Lnight （夜同等水平的住宅的

64、數(shù)量影響人的數(shù)量） ，建議他們可以用來分別評估多少人惱火了，睡眠不安） ; “戰(zhàn)略噪音地圖”是指一個地圖設(shè)計進行全球性評估在一個給定的區(qū)域，由于不同的噪聲源的噪聲暴露或為這樣一個區(qū)域，整體預(yù)新詞語。該指令還要求成員國的歐盟戰(zhàn)略的主要噪聲源的噪聲地圖，如道路，鐵路，機場，工業(yè)和商業(yè)建筑，在2007年，人口超過25萬，人口超過2010年的10萬。建議以下四個中期的計算方法：</p><p>　?。?）法國國家法“ N

65、MPB Routes96 （CSTB） ”簡稱為“ XPS 31-133在法國道路交通噪聲建模標(biāo)準(zhǔn);</p><p>　?。?）荷蘭國家計算方法載于“簡稱為RRMR;</p><p>　　（3） ECAC ECAC Doc.29標(biāo)準(zhǔn)民用機場周圍噪聲的計算方法；</p><p>　　（4）所描述的一般方法，計算在ISO9613 -2'聲學(xué)消減戶外聲音傳播

66、9;工業(yè)噪聲建模。</p><p>　　由于公路，鐵路，飛機和工業(yè)噪聲源的特點，在歐盟成員國之間有很大的不同，該指令允許每個國家使用其他的方法，如國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，產(chǎn)生的噪聲地圖。</p><p>　　為了建立一個更加統(tǒng)一的方法，成員國之間，歐盟委員會資助了兩個研究項目，Harmonoise和想象。Harmonoise的目的是審查國家的最先進的噪聲建模技術(shù)，主要用于道路和鐵路。想象一下，旨在規(guī)范的

67、Harmonoise的方法和開發(fā)新的計算方法，為公路，鐵路，飛機和工業(yè)噪聲。這些項目的成果，包括審查報告和數(shù)據(jù)庫的噪聲建模軟件，適用的指令。在寫這篇文章的時候，11個軟件被認(rèn)為是適合產(chǎn)生的噪聲地圖;有趣的是要注意，并非所有的軟件納入的臨時計算方法或其他標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來計算飛機和工業(yè)噪聲。此外，一些軟件不接受或產(chǎn)生共同的地理信息系統(tǒng)（GIS）格式如ArcGIS ， MapInfo的等，而有些軟件不產(chǎn)生文件，可以連接到數(shù)據(jù)庫，如Oracle ，ACC

68、ESS等。然而，有多篇論文報告，在過去的幾年里噪音映射在歐盟及其他地方進行。這包括在英國的伯明翰和利物浦，西班牙的潘普洛納中，在立陶宛考納斯杯小屋在巴西，香港特區(qū)等。</p><p>　　在中國，中央政府采取更務(wù)實的態(tài)度，在保護環(huán)境，包括環(huán)境噪聲管理和規(guī)劃。它允許生產(chǎn)噪聲地圖在有需要時要求各省級政府的自由。創(chuàng)建噪聲地圖在中國城市的代表噪聲的情況，提出了適應(yīng)歐盟的做法在一些噪音顧問。但是，應(yīng)當(dāng)牢記，雖然聲學(xué)原理是物

69、理定律，但有一些不同的方面，不同國家和地域的懸而未決。舉一些關(guān)鍵要素，源項在歐盟中期的計算方法通過統(tǒng)計得出的車輛噪聲測量（或火車/飛機）在歐洲的噪音。大部分來源是汽車，公共汽車和卡車設(shè)計，制造和維護歐洲公司和歐洲道路的表面上的一個特定的氣候條件下運行。例如，來源英國計算的道路交通的噪聲（ CRTN ）的特性得到了20世紀(jì)70年代中后期。大多數(shù)交通噪聲測量發(fā)生在4至15米，從左邊邊緣的運輸方式和在空曠地方的路面1.2米以上的位置，但并沒有

70、考慮采取地面干擾和噪聲的方向性等。道路建筑環(huán)境噪聲測量，并進行了報道， CRTN經(jīng)常高估噪音2~6分貝，這可能是由于在CRTN偏高的源項（根據(jù)聯(lián)合國發(fā)表題為“噪聲客車1974年到1999的水平”，客車，輕型卡車，重型卡車的速度為50公里/小時，噪音排放降低了2分貝，2分貝和4.5分貝。 1974年至1999年戴姆勒報道，公交車的噪</p><p><b>　　2 噪聲監(jiān)測</b></p

71、><p>　　噪音監(jiān)測與噪聲測量不同，后者通常是指一個短期的運動與表示噪聲的電平，目的是在一個特定的位置，引起的一些特定的氣象條件的下一組來源。然而，噪聲監(jiān)測，包括長期和系統(tǒng)的噪聲測量，并考慮到影響因素的變化影響的時空特征的噪音水平在記錄的位置。</p><p>　　事實上，歐盟委員會的工作組評估暴露于噪聲（稱為WG- AEN ）發(fā)表的立場文件“ 戰(zhàn)略噪聲映射和生產(chǎn)相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)噪音的良好實踐指南

72、”。該文件承認(rèn)噪音測量是必不可少的發(fā)展（如源項的測定）和驗證的計算方法和噪音測繪結(jié)果。還指出噪聲的測量有一定的作用，發(fā)揮在當(dāng)?shù)氐男袆佑媱澓蛯嵤┬袆佑媱澋挠行赃M行評估的發(fā)展。</p><p>　　在亞洲，如日本，韓國，臺灣，新加坡，香港特區(qū)，澳門特區(qū)等許多國家和城市已經(jīng)安裝了噪音監(jiān)察站，以確定長期噪聲暴露的心臟地帶的城市或機場附近。這些國家和城市的政府也使用記錄噪音水平，來監(jiān)測環(huán)境噪聲的長期趨勢。隨著亞洲公民接受

73、一些地方政府更多的教育，包括“噪音”的一部分，污染監(jiān)測和管理問題，如空氣污染，臭氧濃度等氣象條件，如溫度，相對濕度，雨量，盛行風(fēng)的條件下等，通過公共信息系統(tǒng)宣傳。</p><p>　　在中國的主要城市，當(dāng)?shù)卣寻惭b了數(shù)千臺監(jiān)控攝像機，監(jiān)控公路和鐵路交通條件。在圖像處理軟件的幫助下，通過整合交通信息系統(tǒng)，噪聲監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)以及城市的天氣系統(tǒng)，可以容易地確定車輛的速度和類型以及城市的天氣系統(tǒng)，它在一個政府登錄了大量的交通

74、，噪音，和氣象數(shù)據(jù)的同時，提供了一個分析噪聲排放的機會。在各種交通組合物，交通的條件，駕駛模式和統(tǒng)計方法的天氣條件下使用。除了噪音映射使用一個長時間的噪聲監(jiān)測結(jié)果進行驗證，這種綜合的方法應(yīng)是能夠不斷更新一個城市的噪音地圖，給我機會，政策制定者和廣大人民作出明智的決定。此外，時間和光譜特性也可以被納入這樣的“動態(tài)”的噪聲映射圖以反映一個更逼真的噪聲暴露在監(jiān)測地點。</p><p>　　3 結(jié)束語和未來的研究<

75、/p><p>　　城市化是一個全球性的現(xiàn)象。在歷史上是第一次，在2008年，城鎮(zhèn)人口相當(dāng)于世界人口的63%，從那時候起，世界人口以城市中的為大多數(shù)。在實現(xiàn)與城市化相關(guān)的諸多挑戰(zhàn)，歐盟領(lǐng)導(dǎo)世界，通過實施建筑環(huán)境噪聲污染的環(huán)境噪聲指令，以解決日益嚴(yán)重的問題。噪聲分布圖在一個現(xiàn)有或預(yù)測噪聲的情況下，使用數(shù)據(jù)的計算機模型，說明違反任何有關(guān)限值力或影響在一定區(qū)域內(nèi)的住宅或人的介紹，成為一種戰(zhàn)略工具，為公眾的環(huán)境和健康管理。然而

76、，這樣的工具的應(yīng)用也不是沒有爭議，它需要一個全面的了解計算機模型的假設(shè)和限制。</p><p>　　在本文中，我們提供了一個簡明的歷史重新的噪音測繪和描述的方法論問題和其使用的程度。由于源項，氣象，地理，人口特征有很大的不同，我們建議從國家到國家，研究人員在中國大陸有識別噪聲源，如道路，鐵路，飛機或機場，工業(yè)，商業(yè)和住宅建筑的特點，和自己的傳播路徑上的特性。我們也建議，在中國大陸的研究人員可以整合交通信息系統(tǒng)，噪

77、聲監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)，以及城市的天氣系統(tǒng)，使他們能夠找出更具體的交通組成，交通狀況，司機的行為，以及氣象條件對道路交通噪音的影響一個長期運行。噪聲監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)也可用于動態(tài)更新一個城市的噪音地圖。可以被納入噪聲地圖的時間和光譜特性，給一個真實的感覺（使用校準(zhǔn)入籍技術(shù)） ，比如在嘈雜的監(jiān)測地點。這有助于決策者和廣大人民作出明智的決定是否需要更改到什么程度。</p><p>　　除了傳統(tǒng)的做法，我們認(rèn)為研究人員可以探索利用人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)

78、絡(luò)（ANN）和小波神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)模擬環(huán)境噪聲。有了足夠的培訓(xùn)和學(xué)習(xí)，神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和小波神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)已被證明準(zhǔn)確，高效的算法，在很寬的工程問題，特別是對非正常分布，如交通和道路交通噪聲的建模和預(yù)測。</p><p>　　事實上，噪音的污染問題是人們在建筑環(huán)境中遇到的主機之一。晚上的空氣污染，熱污染，光污染都來自相同的源，如道路，鐵路，飛機和機場，工業(yè)，商業(yè)和住宅樓宇。這是市委，市政府在中國，擁有一套完整的信息，如城市地圖，詳細(xì)的

79、道路，道路上行駛的車輛的數(shù)量和類型，鐵路和機場的詳細(xì)信息，詳情工業(yè)，商業(yè)和住宅各種設(shè)施，氣候條件，其居民的社會經(jīng)濟特征等建筑物使用全面的方法來評估環(huán)境問題。隨著建模技術(shù)的地理信息系統(tǒng)和集聚的快速發(fā)展，我們提出了，中國先鋒基于GIS的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略環(huán)境管理體系。此系統(tǒng)可以解決一系列的環(huán)境問題（噪聲是其中之一） 。此外，該系統(tǒng)可以支持交通運輸，土地利用總體規(guī)劃，節(jié)約能源，減少碳足跡。</p><p><b>　　

80、參考文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　[1] 亞太經(jīng)社會.亞洲及太平洋統(tǒng)計年鑒 2008[D].亞洲和太平洋地區(qū).美國的經(jīng)濟和社會委員會聯(lián)合國. 2008.</p><p>　　[2] 經(jīng)社事務(wù)部.世界城市化展望 2001[D]. 經(jīng)濟和社會事務(wù)部.聯(lián)合國.紐約.NY. 2002.</p><p>　　[3] 經(jīng)社事務(wù)部.世界城市化前景

81、2007年修訂版 [D]. 經(jīng)濟和社會事務(wù)部.聯(lián)合國.紐約.NY. 2008.</p><p><b>　　原文來源： </b></p><p>　　Delany M E, Harland D G, Hood R A, Scholes W E. The prediction of noise levels L10 due to road traffic[J]. Jo