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1、<p><b>  中文6335字</b></p><p>  GSM移動(dòng)通信系統(tǒng)綜述</p><p><b>  GSM的歷史</b></p><p>  在十九世紀(jì)八十年代,蜂窩電話系統(tǒng)在歐洲迅速發(fā)展起來(lái),特別是在斯堪的納維亞和聯(lián)合國(guó),還有法國(guó)和德國(guó)。每個(gè)國(guó)家發(fā)展自己的系統(tǒng),在設(shè)備和運(yùn)營(yíng)方面和別的其他國(guó)家不相

2、同。這是一個(gè)不受歡迎的情況,因?yàn)橐苿?dòng)設(shè)備不僅受國(guó)界的限制,(這在統(tǒng)一的歐洲變的越來(lái)越不重要),而且還受每種設(shè)備類型的市場(chǎng)限制,以至于如此的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模和儲(chǔ)蓄不能被實(shí)現(xiàn)。</p><p>  歐洲首先認(rèn)識(shí)到這種情況,在1982年歐洲郵電行政大會(huì)成立了一個(gè)歐洲移動(dòng)特別小組,簡(jiǎn)稱GSM,形成這個(gè)小組為了研究和發(fā)展歐洲的移動(dòng)陸地通信系統(tǒng),所提出的這個(gè)系統(tǒng)必須遵循以下幾個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn);</p><p><

3、b>  好的話音質(zhì)量。</b></p><p><b>  低的終端服務(wù)成本。</b></p><p><b>  支持國(guó)際漫游。</b></p><p><b>  支持手持終端。</b></p><p>  支持新的服務(wù)和設(shè)備。</p>&l

4、t;p><b>  高效的光譜。</b></p><p><b>  ISDN兼容性。</b></p><p>  在1989年,GSM的責(zé)任是被歐洲電訊學(xué)會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所接受。GSM規(guī)范的第一階段于1990年被公布,商業(yè)服務(wù)在1991年被推行,到1993年 ,在22個(gè)國(guó)家有36個(gè)GSM網(wǎng)絡(luò)。雖然標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定型在歐洲,但GSM不只是歐洲的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),超過(guò)200

5、個(gè)GSM網(wǎng)絡(luò)(包括DCS1800和PCS1900)在世界上110個(gè)國(guó)家運(yùn)營(yíng)。。在1994年初,世界上有1.3百萬(wàn)個(gè)用戶,到1997年10月已經(jīng)超過(guò)了55百萬(wàn)個(gè)用戶。 北美洲進(jìn)入GSM領(lǐng)域比較晚,而且隨之有一個(gè)GSM派生物叫PCS1900,GSM在每個(gè)大陸存在,而縮寫詞GSM代表了全球移動(dòng)通信系統(tǒng)。</p><p>  GSM 的發(fā)展選擇了一個(gè)(在時(shí)間上)被分割的數(shù)字系統(tǒng),相反的是,像美洲的AMPS和聯(lián)合國(guó)TACS

6、 一樣標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的模擬的細(xì)胞系統(tǒng)。他們相信那個(gè)處于壓縮狀態(tài)的算法和數(shù)字信號(hào)處理器的進(jìn)展,允許實(shí)現(xiàn)原來(lái)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和在連續(xù)不斷改進(jìn)的系統(tǒng)方面的質(zhì)量和費(fèi)用。超過(guò)八千頁(yè)的GSM系統(tǒng)介紹盡量允許給中間供給者以靈活性和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性,但是足夠的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化保證在系統(tǒng)組成部分之間互相交織。這個(gè)被通過(guò)為每個(gè)在系統(tǒng)中的定義的功能實(shí)體提供功能和交織描述。</p><p>  GSM所提供的服務(wù)</p><p>  從開始,GSM的

7、計(jì)劃者想在提供的服務(wù)和信號(hào)使用的控制方面考慮ISDN 的兼容性。然而,無(wú)線傳輸限制,帶寬方面和費(fèi)用,不允許ISDNB標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的通道點(diǎn)率64KPS被實(shí)際達(dá)到。</p><p>  使用ITU-T定義,電訊服務(wù)被劃分為送信人服務(wù),電話服務(wù)和其它補(bǔ)充服務(wù)。最基本的電話是被GSM支持的電話。比如其它通信,語(yǔ)音被進(jìn)行數(shù)字化編碼,作為數(shù)字流通過(guò)GSM網(wǎng)絡(luò)被傳輸。有一種緊急服務(wù),在最近的緊急事件發(fā)生處,服務(wù)提供者被通知撥打三位電話

8、號(hào)碼(比如911)。 </p><p>  各種各樣的數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù)被提供。GSM使用者可以發(fā)送和接收數(shù)據(jù)給使用者通過(guò)POPTS(普通的老的電話服務(wù))、ISDN、轉(zhuǎn)換公共數(shù)據(jù)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)包和轉(zhuǎn)換公共數(shù)據(jù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的電路,使用多樣化的接口方法和協(xié)議,比如X.25或X.32。速率可以達(dá)到9600bps,由于GSM是一個(gè)數(shù)字網(wǎng)絡(luò),在用戶和GSM網(wǎng)之間是不需要調(diào)制解調(diào)器的,但是調(diào)制解調(diào)器要求在GSM網(wǎng)和POTS里交織工作。

9、 </p><p>  其他數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù)包括組3傳真,作為在ITU-T協(xié)議T.30中被描述,這個(gè)被傳真編劇的使用者所支持,GSM的唯一特性就是在較老的類似系統(tǒng)中找不到,是短信息系統(tǒng)(SMS),SMS是一種字母數(shù)字的雙向的信息服務(wù)。消息被傳輸采用一種存儲(chǔ)轉(zhuǎn)交的形式。對(duì)于點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)的SMS,一條信息被發(fā)送到另一個(gè)用戶,收到的謝意被提供給發(fā)送人。SMS能被用于細(xì)胞—播送模式,用來(lái)發(fā)送諸如交通更新資料或消息更新資料。消息能被存

10、儲(chǔ)在SIM卡里。</p><p>  補(bǔ)充的服務(wù)被提供在電話服務(wù)或送信人服務(wù)之上。在第一階段的說(shuō)明中,他們包括若干形式的呼叫轉(zhuǎn)接如呼叫轉(zhuǎn)接當(dāng)移動(dòng)用戶不能到達(dá)網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)),外出呼叫,或入局呼叫,比如在其它國(guó)家漫游時(shí)。在第二階段的規(guī)范中許多補(bǔ)充服務(wù)將被提供,比如呼叫者識(shí)別,呼叫等待,多政黨談話。</p><p><b>  信道控制</b></p><p

11、>  普通的信道模式能被分為兩類:專用呼叫信道模式和標(biāo)明空閑信道模式。普通的信道被空閑模式使用,從而改變要求變成專用信道的信號(hào)信息。專用信道方式監(jiān)控周圍的基站和其它信息,普通信道被定義在51幀,以及專用信道使用26幀,TCH結(jié)構(gòu)仍然能監(jiān)控信道,普通信道包括:</p><p>  廣播控制信道(BCCH) 連續(xù)不斷的發(fā)送,在下行鏈路上,消息包括基站識(shí)別,頻率分配和跳頻序列 </p><p

12、>  頻率校正信道(FCCH)和同步信道(SCH) 同步突發(fā)脈沖序列用于移動(dòng)臺(tái)的時(shí)間同步。在GSM蜂窩網(wǎng)絡(luò)中,廣播確切的指一個(gè)頻率校正信道和一個(gè)同步信道。</p><p>  隨機(jī)接入信道(RACH) 被移動(dòng)臺(tái)使用的時(shí)隙提出入網(wǎng)。</p><p>  尋呼信道(PCH) 對(duì)下一個(gè)呼叫向移動(dòng)臺(tái)發(fā)出報(bào)警。</p><p>  傳輸基站準(zhǔn)許接入信道(AGCH

13、) 尋呼移動(dòng)臺(tái)的信息。分配獨(dú)立專用信道(為了獲得一個(gè)獨(dú)立專用信道),對(duì)RACH作出應(yīng)答。</p><p><b>  信道編碼和調(diào)制</b></p><p>  由于自然的和人為的電磁干擾,語(yǔ)音編碼或數(shù)據(jù)信號(hào)通過(guò)無(wú)線電接口傳輸必是從差錯(cuò)保護(hù)的。GSM使用編碼,并阻塞交錯(cuò)達(dá)到這個(gè)保護(hù),這個(gè)算法使用由于語(yǔ)音和不同的數(shù)據(jù)率而不同,用于語(yǔ)音的方法塊將被描述如下:</p

14、><p>  取消語(yǔ)音編碼每20ms產(chǎn)生一個(gè)260點(diǎn)塊的抽樣,從主觀測(cè)試來(lái)看,一些點(diǎn)塊感知的語(yǔ)音量比其他人感知的更重要。這些點(diǎn)被分為3類:</p><p>  Ia類 50比特 對(duì)點(diǎn)差錯(cuò)最敏感</p><p>  Ib類 132比特 對(duì)點(diǎn)差錯(cuò)適中敏感</p><p>  II類 78比特 對(duì)點(diǎn)差錯(cuò)最不敏感</p><p&g

15、t;  Ia類為錯(cuò)誤檢測(cè)出有3比特的循環(huán)冗余碼,如果一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤被檢測(cè)出,偵被判定被損壞,而需要被丟棄。如果它稍微被削弱而被換以前正確接收到的偵。這53個(gè)比特,和Ib類132比特以及4比特尾巴序列一起(總數(shù)189比特)被輸入1/2長(zhǎng)度為4的譯碼。每個(gè)輸入比特被兩個(gè)輸出比特譯碼,是基于以前4輸入比特的譯碼。譯碼器輸出378 比特,在保持II類位的基礎(chǔ)上增加了78個(gè)比特這是不被保護(hù)的。每20ms語(yǔ)音采樣被作為456比特譯碼。</p>

16、<p>  進(jìn)一步為了避免無(wú)線電接口帶來(lái)的突發(fā)誤差,每一個(gè)采樣被隔行掃描,456比特輸出被譯碼劃分為8個(gè)點(diǎn)塊的,這些點(diǎn)塊被8個(gè)連續(xù)的時(shí)間傳輸,時(shí)隙脈沖。每一個(gè)時(shí)隙攜帶兩個(gè)57點(diǎn)塊,每個(gè)脈沖從兩個(gè)不同的語(yǔ)音采樣中開始。</p><p><b>  話音編碼</b></p><p>  GSM是一個(gè)數(shù)字系統(tǒng),所以語(yǔ)音被固定的模擬而且被數(shù)字化。這種方法被ISD

17、N和采用在高速中繼線和光纖上的多路復(fù)用技術(shù)的當(dāng)前的電話系統(tǒng)所使用,被稱作脈幅調(diào)制。從PCM流出的信息流是64KBPS,太高的速率通過(guò)無(wú)線電線路不是切實(shí)可行的。GSM小組在主觀語(yǔ)音質(zhì)量和復(fù)雜性上研究若干語(yǔ)音編碼。(這關(guān)系到費(fèi)用,延遲處理和消費(fèi)力量的執(zhí)行)基本上,來(lái)自以前的采樣信息不會(huì)迅速的改變,而是被用來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)當(dāng)前采樣信息。以前的采樣信息的線性結(jié)合的系數(shù),再加上剩余的編碼形式,以及預(yù)測(cè)和實(shí)際的采樣中的不同,來(lái)代表信號(hào)。語(yǔ)音被分為50HZ的采

18、樣頻率間隔,每個(gè)間隔被分為260個(gè)比特,這就是所謂的呼叫充足率語(yǔ)音編碼,近來(lái)提高充足率語(yǔ)音編碼算法被一些美國(guó)GSM1900運(yùn)營(yíng)商所執(zhí)行。這就是說(shuō)通過(guò)使用現(xiàn)有的13bps的點(diǎn)率改進(jìn)語(yǔ)音質(zhì)量。</p><p><b>  功率控制</b></p><p>  有五個(gè)不同的移動(dòng)臺(tái)被定義,根據(jù)它們的高峰傳輸功率,額定功率分別為20,8,5,2瓦特。為了最小化次通道干擾和保持功

19、率,移動(dòng)臺(tái)和基站收發(fā)信臺(tái)以最小功率運(yùn)行,這將會(huì)保持一個(gè)可以接受的信號(hào)質(zhì)量,功率水平能被加強(qiáng)或減弱2dB從最高功率下降到最小功率為13dBm.</p><p>  移動(dòng)臺(tái)測(cè)量信號(hào)強(qiáng)弱和信號(hào)質(zhì)量(主要通過(guò)比特差錯(cuò)率),通過(guò)發(fā)送信息到基站臺(tái)控制器,這將最終決定功率水平是否被改變。功率控制應(yīng)該被細(xì)心處理,因?yàn)槟怯锌赡艿牟环€(wěn)定性,這是因?yàn)橐苿?dòng)臺(tái)在次通道細(xì)胞中不斷增加它們的功率來(lái)回應(yīng)由其它移動(dòng)臺(tái)在增加功率時(shí)造成的次通道干擾。

20、這在實(shí)際中不可能發(fā)生但它可以用于理論研究。</p><p><b>  跳頻</b></p><p>  移動(dòng)臺(tái)已經(jīng)不得不采用跳頻,意味著GSM 可以在一個(gè)TDMA幀內(nèi)接收,傳輸,監(jiān)控時(shí)隙,這樣在不同的頻率間改變從而使用頻率靈活性來(lái)執(zhí)行慢頻率跳變。這里移動(dòng)臺(tái)和收發(fā)信臺(tái)在不同的載波頻率上傳輸TDMA幀。跳頻算法在廣播控制通道上進(jìn)行。由于多徑衰落是依靠載頻,緩慢的頻率跳躍

21、來(lái)提高抗干擾性能的,此外,次通道實(shí)際上是干擾隨機(jī)化。</p><p><b>  多路均衡</b></p><p>  在900MHZ頻段,無(wú)線電波受建筑物,汽車,飛機(jī)等等的影響。許多反射信號(hào),都有不同的頻段,可以到達(dá)一個(gè)天線。平等被用來(lái)從不需要反映的信號(hào)中提取想要得到的信號(hào)。它通過(guò)查明一個(gè)已知發(fā)射的信號(hào)怎樣通過(guò)多徑衰落被改進(jìn),建造一個(gè)反轉(zhuǎn)的濾波器去提取想要得到的信號(hào)

22、。這個(gè)已知的信號(hào)是26比特點(diǎn)序列在中間所有的時(shí)間突發(fā)。這個(gè)均衡器的實(shí)際執(zhí)行不是被指定在GSM中。</p><p><b>  間斷傳輸</b></p><p>  最大限度的減少通道干擾是蜂窩系統(tǒng)的目標(biāo),由于它允許給一個(gè)特定的小區(qū)提供更好的服務(wù),或者為更小的小區(qū)使用,從而增加系統(tǒng)的容量。不連續(xù)的傳輸(DTX)是一種方法,利用一個(gè)人在正常交談中講話不少于40%的時(shí)間,通

23、過(guò)在無(wú)語(yǔ)音信號(hào)時(shí)關(guān)閉發(fā)射器。DTX的另一個(gè)增加的好處是功率在移動(dòng)單元中被保存。DTX最重要的組成部分是語(yǔ)音激活檢測(cè)。它必須在聲音和噪音輸入時(shí)區(qū)分開,一個(gè)任務(wù)就是不和它出現(xiàn)時(shí)一樣考慮到背景噪音。如果一個(gè)聲音信號(hào)被作為噪音信號(hào)曲解,立即關(guān)閉發(fā)射機(jī)。一個(gè)非常討厭的稱作剪輯的東西被在接收端聽到。如果,另一方面,噪音也會(huì)被做為一種聲音信號(hào)曲解,間斷傳輸?shù)墓πЬ蜁?huì)被減小。要考慮的另一個(gè)因素是當(dāng)發(fā)射機(jī)關(guān)閉時(shí),在接收端就完全無(wú)話音,這是由于數(shù)字GSM的

24、性質(zhì)。為了保證接收者檢測(cè)出的是無(wú)話音,通過(guò)盡力與發(fā)射端背景噪聲相匹配在接受端建立舒適噪聲。</p><p><b>  間斷接收</b></p><p>  另一種在移動(dòng)臺(tái)上保存功率的辦法是間斷接收。尋呼信道通過(guò)一個(gè)入局的呼叫給基站一個(gè)信號(hào),被構(gòu)造成次通道。每一個(gè)移動(dòng)臺(tái)僅僅需要聽到自己的次信道。這時(shí)在連續(xù)的尋呼次信道中,當(dāng)沒(méi)有被使用的功率時(shí),移動(dòng)臺(tái)可以進(jìn)入休眠模式。&

25、lt;/p><p>  在GSM中的信號(hào)協(xié)議結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p>  在GSM中,信號(hào)協(xié)議被分為三層,依賴于接口,當(dāng)時(shí)引入了數(shù)字3,第一層是物理層,它為物理層提供無(wú)線信道,第二層是數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層,通過(guò)Um接口,數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層使用在ISDN中被LAPD協(xié)議,叫做LAPDm,通過(guò)A接口,7號(hào)信令的信息傳輸層被使用,GSM的第3層,被分為3個(gè)子層。</p><p>  無(wú)線資源管理

26、 控制建立,維持,終止無(wú)線電裝置和固定信道,包括轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器。</p><p><b>  連接控制功能</b></p><p>  處理呼叫控制 與CCITT協(xié)議的Q.931相似,管理補(bǔ)充服務(wù)和短信息服務(wù)。</p><p>  信號(hào)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)的固定部分的不同實(shí)體之間,比如歸屬位置寄存器和訪問(wèn)位置寄存器,它們通過(guò)移動(dòng)應(yīng)用部分協(xié)議完成。移動(dòng)應(yīng)用協(xié)議是

27、被建立在7號(hào)信令部分的最高層。MAP的說(shuō)明非常復(fù)雜,超過(guò)了500頁(yè),是GSM協(xié)議中最長(zhǎng)的文件。</p><p><b>  無(wú)線資源管理 </b></p><p>  無(wú)線資源管理層在移動(dòng)臺(tái)和移動(dòng)交換中心之間的一層接口協(xié)議。主要的功能組成部分是移動(dòng)臺(tái),和基站控制器,還有移動(dòng)交換中心。無(wú)線資源管理層與無(wú)線資源管理-會(huì)議的管理有關(guān),這里移動(dòng)臺(tái)有一個(gè)專門的功能,無(wú)線通信信

28、道的結(jié)構(gòu)包括無(wú)線信道的分配。一個(gè)無(wú)線管理層協(xié)議總是移動(dòng)臺(tái)通過(guò)接口協(xié)議開始,或者是一次向外的呼叫,或者是調(diào)度信息的接口,這個(gè)接口和調(diào)度程序的細(xì)節(jié),如同當(dāng)一個(gè)專用信道被分配在移動(dòng)臺(tái)上和調(diào)度次信道結(jié)構(gòu)被在無(wú)線資源管理層被處理。另外,它處理無(wú)線電特性包括功率控制,間斷傳輸和接收。</p><p><b>  轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器</b></p><p>  在一個(gè)蜂窩網(wǎng)中,無(wú)線電和固定聯(lián)系

29、不是永久的被分配在依次呼叫間。轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器是一個(gè)對(duì)向外呼叫給不同的信道和蜂窩的開關(guān),轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器所需要的執(zhí)行器和測(cè)量方法是無(wú)線資源管理層最基本的功能之一。</p><p>  在GSM系統(tǒng)中有四個(gè)不同類型的轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器,包括轉(zhuǎn)移呼叫:</p><p>  在一個(gè)蜂窩網(wǎng)中的信道(時(shí)隙)。</p><p>  在同一基站控制器下的基站移動(dòng)臺(tái)。</p><p>  

30、在不同基站控制器控制下的細(xì)胞,但是屬于在相同的移動(dòng)交換中心</p><p>  在不同的移動(dòng)交換中心。</p><p>  前兩種類型的轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器,叫內(nèi)部轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器,只包括基站控制器,為了節(jié)省信號(hào)帶寬,它們利用基站控制器不包括移動(dòng)交換中心,除此之外在完成轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)時(shí)通知它。最后兩種轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器稱做外部轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器,被移動(dòng)交換中心所處理。GSM一個(gè)重要的方面是原始移動(dòng)交換中心,仍然對(duì)其余的呼叫相關(guān)功能起作用。除了后來(lái)

31、的內(nèi)部基站控制器外,轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器在新的移動(dòng)交換中心控制下,被稱作中繼器。</p><p>  轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器能被其它移動(dòng)臺(tái)或移動(dòng)交換中心所啟動(dòng)。在一個(gè)空閑時(shí)隙里,移動(dòng)臺(tái)掃描相鄰的16個(gè)蜂窩中的廣播控制信道,對(duì)于可能的轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器形成一張六個(gè)最好的侯選列表,基于收到的信號(hào)的強(qiáng)度。這個(gè)信息通過(guò)基站控制器和移動(dòng)交換中心運(yùn)用轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)算法被使用,至少每秒一次,</p><p>  算法適用在當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器決定應(yīng)該被用在GSM協(xié)議

32、中時(shí)。有兩個(gè)基本的運(yùn)算法則被使用,都密切被束縛在功率控制中,這是因?yàn)榛究刂破魍ǔ2恢廊跣盘?hào)是否因?yàn)槎鄰剿ヂ浠蛞苿?dòng)臺(tái)移動(dòng)到另一個(gè)蜂窩網(wǎng)中了。這種情況在郊區(qū)蜂窩網(wǎng)中確實(shí)是存在。</p><p>  最小的可以接受的性能算法為轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器優(yōu)先,以致于在一定的點(diǎn)上,當(dāng)信號(hào)減弱時(shí)移動(dòng)臺(tái)的功率在增強(qiáng)。如果功率一直增加而不改變信號(hào)的話,這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器是可以考慮使用的。這是一個(gè)既簡(jiǎn)單又普通的方法,但是當(dāng)一個(gè)移動(dòng)臺(tái)以很高的功率從一段距離

33、的原始的蜂窩邊界進(jìn)入另一個(gè)蜂窩時(shí),它‘抹去’了一些蜂窩邊界。功率預(yù)算法使用轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器在相同或更小的功率水平上去維持或改進(jìn)信號(hào)質(zhì)量。它優(yōu)先于功率控制法。避免了‘抹去’細(xì)胞邊界的問(wèn)題,減少了次信道的干擾,但是非常復(fù)雜。</p><p><b>  移動(dòng)管理</b></p><p>  移動(dòng)管理層是建立在無(wú)線資源管理的上一層,和處理用戶移動(dòng)和安全,鑒權(quán)方面的問(wèn)題。位置管理與程序

34、有關(guān),這程序是使系統(tǒng)能夠知道當(dāng)前加強(qiáng)移動(dòng)臺(tái)功率的程序,這樣的話,入局呼叫路由選擇能被完成。</p><p><b>  位置更新</b></p><p>  信號(hào)最強(qiáng)的基站被入局呼叫通過(guò)尋呼信號(hào)通知。一個(gè)極端就是在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的一個(gè)尋呼對(duì)應(yīng)一次呼叫,這顯然是一種資源的浪費(fèi)。另一個(gè)極端就是為了移動(dòng)用戶通知系統(tǒng),經(jīng)當(dāng)前位置更新信息使它的當(dāng)前位置在一個(gè)單獨(dú)的細(xì)胞中。這將需要尋呼信

35、息被確切地發(fā)送到一個(gè)細(xì)胞中,但是這將會(huì)對(duì)于大量更新的位置信息造成浪費(fèi)。一個(gè)折衷的被使用在GSM系統(tǒng)中的辦法就是在位置區(qū)域組成蜂窩網(wǎng)。當(dāng)在位置區(qū)域之間移動(dòng)時(shí),要求更新信息。移動(dòng)臺(tái)在它們當(dāng)前位置的區(qū)域中被尋呼。</p><p>  位置更新程序和后來(lái)的呼叫路由選擇,使用移動(dòng)交換中心和兩個(gè)位置寄存器:歸屬位置寄存器,訪問(wèn)位置寄存器。當(dāng)移動(dòng)臺(tái)在一個(gè)新的位置區(qū)域被轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)或者它移動(dòng)到一個(gè)新的位置區(qū)域時(shí)或不同運(yùn)營(yíng)商的公共陸地移

36、動(dòng)網(wǎng),它必須向網(wǎng)絡(luò)登記表明它當(dāng)前的位置。在正常情況下,一個(gè)位置更新信息被發(fā)送到新的移動(dòng)交換中心/訪問(wèn)位置寄存器,這時(shí)記錄當(dāng)前位置然后發(fā)送當(dāng)前位置信息給用戶歸屬位置寄存器。被送到歸屬位置寄存器的信息正常是新的訪問(wèn)位置寄存器的SS7地址,雖然它只可能是一個(gè)路由選擇數(shù)字。路由選擇數(shù)字的原因不是正常的被指定,甚至它將減少信號(hào)。是在新的移動(dòng)交換中心/訪問(wèn)位置寄存器里可以得到的路由選擇數(shù)字里的有限的數(shù)字,它們按入局呼叫的要求分配。如果用戶有權(quán)享受服

37、務(wù),歸屬位置寄存器發(fā)送用戶信息的一個(gè)子集,為了呼叫控制需要新的移動(dòng)交換中心/歸屬位置寄存器。然后發(fā)送信息到舊的移動(dòng)交換中心/訪問(wèn)位置寄存器去取消舊的登記信息。由于可靠性的原因,GSM也有一種位置更新程序,如果一個(gè)歸屬位置寄存器或移動(dòng)交換中心不能工作了,同時(shí)有每一次移動(dòng)臺(tái)登記更新新的數(shù)據(jù)將造成超載的情況,然而當(dāng)更新位置信息發(fā)生時(shí),數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)也被更新,且能夠周期性的更新,且被運(yùn)</p><p>  一個(gè)關(guān)系到位置更新的過(guò)

38、程是IMSI的附加且派遣。派遣讓網(wǎng)絡(luò)知道移動(dòng)臺(tái)是不可能到達(dá)的,并避免不必要的分配信道和發(fā)送尋呼信息,附加類似于位置更新,通知系統(tǒng)移動(dòng)用戶是可以到達(dá)的。IMSI附加/派遣激活到一個(gè)單獨(dú)的細(xì)胞基礎(chǔ)上運(yùn)行。</p><p><b>  鑒權(quán)與安全</b></p><p>  由于無(wú)線媒介能被任何人訪問(wèn),使用者的鑒定為了證明他們是誰(shuí),這是一個(gè)移動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中非常重要的部分,鑒定包括

39、兩個(gè)功能實(shí)體,SIM卡和認(rèn)證中心。每一個(gè)用戶被一把秘密的鑰匙,一部分被儲(chǔ)存在SIM卡里,其它的儲(chǔ)存在認(rèn)證中心,在認(rèn)證期間,認(rèn)證中心產(chǎn)生一個(gè)隨機(jī)號(hào)碼把它發(fā)送到移動(dòng)用戶,然后認(rèn)證中心和移動(dòng)終端使用這個(gè)隨機(jī)號(hào)碼。一種秘密算法稱作A3算法,產(chǎn)生一個(gè)回應(yīng)信號(hào)(SRES)被返回到認(rèn)證中心。如果被移動(dòng)用戶發(fā)送的數(shù)字和被認(rèn)證的一樣,那么用戶被鑒別。同樣的初始隨機(jī)碼和用戶鑰匙被使用一種的秘密鑰匙叫A8,這個(gè)秘密鑰匙與TDMA偵一道,使用A5算法去創(chuàng)建一個(gè)

40、114突發(fā)點(diǎn)序列,譯成密碼是相當(dāng)大膽的選擇,由于信號(hào)已經(jīng)被以一種TDMA偵方式編碼,掃描和傳輸。這樣以免受到所有的保護(hù),而采用專用竊聽器。</p><p>  另一個(gè)水平的安全是在移動(dòng)設(shè)備本身執(zhí)行,與移動(dòng)用戶相反。正如以前提到的,每一個(gè)移動(dòng)終端被唯一的國(guó)際移動(dòng)設(shè)備識(shí)別號(hào)碼辨別,網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的一張IMEIS</p><p>  在識(shí)別登記設(shè)備中被存儲(chǔ),狀態(tài)回應(yīng)到EIR的IMEI是下列之一:<

41、/p><p>  白色單:合法的移動(dòng)設(shè)備識(shí)別號(hào)。</p><p>  灰色單:是否允許由運(yùn)營(yíng)商所決定。</p><p>  黑色單:終端既沒(méi)有被報(bào)告偷竊,也沒(méi)有被類型認(rèn)可,禁止使用的移動(dòng)設(shè)備識(shí)別號(hào)。</p><p>  Overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications</p>

42、;<p>  History of GSM</p><p>  During the early 1980s,analog cellular telephone systems were experiencing rapid growth in Europe, particularly in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, but also in F

43、rance and Germany. Each country developed its own system , which was income paible with everyone else's in equipment and operation .This was an undesir-</p><p>  able sitution, because not only was the

44、 mobile equipment limited to operation within national boundaries, which in a unified Europe were increasingly unimportant , but there was also a very limited market for each type of equipment , so economies of sca

45、le and the subsequent savings could not be realized. </p><p>  The Europeans realized this early on , and in 1982 the Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) formed a study group called the Group

46、e Spécial Mobile (GSM) to study and develop a pan-European public land mobile system .The proposed system had to meet certain criteria: </p><p>  Good subjective speech quality </p><p>  Lo

47、w terminal and service cost </p><p>  Support for international roaming </p><p>  Ability to support handheld terminals </p><p>  Support for range of new services and facilities &l

48、t;/p><p>  Spectral efficiency </p><p>  ISDN compatibility </p><p>  In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the EuropeaTelecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI), and phase

49、 I of the GSM specifications were published </p><p>  in 1990. Commercial service was started in mid-1991 , and by 1993 there were 36 GSM networks in 22 countries.Although standardized in Europe, GSM is n

50、ot only a European standard. Over 200 GSM networks ( including DCS1800 andPCS1900) are operational in 110 countries around the world. In the beginning of 1994, there were 1.3 million subscribers worldwide which had

51、 grown to more than 55 million by October 1997. With North America making a delayed entry into the GSM field with derivative</p><p>  The developers of GSM chose an unproven (at the time)digital system,a

52、s opposed to the then-standard analog cellular systems like AMPS in the United States TACS in the United Kingdom. They had faith that advancements in compressionalgorithm and digital signal processors would allow the

53、fulfillment of the original criteria and the continual improvement of the system interms of quality and cost . The over 8000 pages of GSM recommendations try to allow flexibility and cometitive innovation am</p>

54、;<p>  Services provided by GSM</p><p>  From the beginning, the planners of GSM wanted ISDN compatibility in terms of the services offered and the control signalling used . However, radio transmis

55、sion limitations, in terms of bandwidth and cost, do not allow the standard ISDN B-channel bit rate of 64 kbps to be practically achieved. </p><p>  Using the ITU-T definitions , telecommunication services

56、be divided into bearer services, teleservices , and supplementary services . The basic teleservice supported by GSM is telephony . As with anothercommunications , speech is digitally encoded and transmitted through the

57、GSM network as a digital stream . There is emergency service , where the narest emergency- service provider is notified by dialing three digits (similar to 911). </p><p>  A variety of data services is offer

58、ed.GSM users can send and receive data,at rates up to 9600 bps , tousers on POTS ISDN, Packet Switched Public Data Networks , and Circuit Switched Public Data Networks using a variety of access methods and protocols, suc

59、h as X.25 or X.32.Since GSM is a digital network,a modem is not required between the user and GSM network,although an audio modem is required inside theGSMnetwork to interwork with POTS. </p><p>  Other data

60、 services include Group 3 facsimile , as described in ITU-T recommend-</p><p>  dation T.30, which is supported by use of an appropriate fax adaptorA unique feature of GSM, not found in older analog systems,

61、 is the Short Message Service (SMS). SMS is a bidirectional service for short alphanumeric messages . Messages are transported in a store-and-forward fashion.For point -to-point SMS, a message can be sent to another su

62、b scriber to the serviceand anacknowledgement of receipt is provided to the sender . SMS can also be used in a cell-broadcast mode , for sending messages</p><p>  Supple mentary services are provided on top

63、of teleservices or bearer services.Inthe current (Phase I) specifications, they include several forms of call forward ( such as call forwarding when the mobile subscriber is unreachable by the network ) , and call barrin

64、g of outgoing or incoming calls , for example , when roaming in another country . Many additional supplementary services will be provided in the Phase 2 specifications , such as caller identification, call waiting, mult

65、i-party conversa</p><p>  Control channels</p><p>  Common channels can be accessed both by idle mode and dedicated mode mobiles. The common channels are used by idle mode mobiles to exchange th

66、e signallinginforma</p><p>  tion required to change to dedicated mode . Mobiles already in dedicated mode monitor the surrounding base stations for handover and other information .The common channels are de

67、fined within a 51frame multiframe , so that dedicatedmobile using the 26-frame multiframe TCH structure canstill monitor control channels .The common channels include: </p><p>  Broadcast Control Channel

68、 (BCCH) </p><p>  Continually broadcasts, on the downlink, information including base station identity, frequency allocations, and frequency-hopping sequences. </p><p>  Frequency Correct

69、ion Channel (FCCH) and Synchronisation Channel ( SCH ) </p><p>  Used to synchronise the mobile to the time slot structure of a cell by defining the boundaries of burst periods , and the time slot numberi

70、ng . Every cell in a GSM network broadcasts exactly one FCCH andone SCH , which are by definition on time slot number 0 (within a TDMA frame). </p><p>  Random Access Channel (RACH) </p><p>

71、  Slotted Aloha channel used by the mobile to request access to the network. </p><p>  Paging Channel (PCH) </p><p>  Used to alert the mobile station of an incoming call. </p><p> 

72、 Access Grant Channel (AGCH) </p><p>  Used to allocate an SDCCH to a mobile for signalling (in order to obtain adedicated channel), following a request on the RACH. </p><p>  Channel coding and

73、 modulation</p><p>  Because of natural and man-made electromagnetic interference,the encoded speech or data signal transmitted over the radio interface must be protected from errors . GSM uses convolutional

74、 encoding and block interleaving to achieve this protection . The exact algorithms used differ for speech and for different data rates .The method used forspeech blocks will be described below. </p><p>  Rec

75、all that the speech codec produces a 260 bit block for every 20ms speechsample. From subjective testing , it was found that some bits of this block were more important for perceived speech quality than others . The bits

76、 are divided into three classes: </p><p>  Class Ia 50 bits - most sensitive to bit errors </p><p>  Class Ib 132 bits - moderately sensitive to bit errors </p><p>  Class II 78 bit

77、s - least sensitive to bit errors </p><p>  Class Ia bits have a 3 bit Cyclic Redundancy Code added for error detection. If an error is detected,the frame is judged too damaged to be comprehensible and itis

78、discarded. It is replaced by a slightly attenuated version of the previous correctly received frame . These 53 bits, together with the 132 ClassIb bits and a 4 bit tail sequence (a total of 189 bits), are input into a 1

79、/2 rate convolutional encoder of constraint length 4 . Each input bit is encoded as two output bits, based on a c</p><p>  Thus every 20 ms speech sample is encoded as 456 bits.</p><p>  To

80、further protect against burst errors commontothe radio interface each sample is interleaved . The 456 bits output by the convolutional encoder are divided into 8 blocks of 57 bits, and these blocks are transmitted in eig

81、ht consecutive time-slot bursts . Since each time-slot burst can carry two 57 bit blocks , each burst carries traffic from two different speech samples. </p><p>  Speech coding</p><p>  GSM is

82、 a digital system, so speech which is inherently analog, has to be digitized.</p><p>  The method employed by ISDN, and by current telephone systems for multiplex-</p><p>  ing voice lines over

83、high speed trunks and optical fiber lines, is PulseCoded Modulation (PCM) . The output stream from PCM is 64 kbps , too high a rate tobe feasible over a radio link. The 64 kbps signal,although simple to implement contai

84、ns much redundancy. The GSM group studied several speech coding algorithms on the basis of subjective speech quality and complexity ( which is related to cost, processing delay, and power consumption once implemented)

85、before arriving at the choice of a Regu</p><p>  Power control</p><p>  There are fiveclasses of mobile stations defined,accordin to their peak transmitter power, rated at 20 , 8, 5, 2, and 0.8

86、watts . To minimize cochannel interference and to conserve power , both the mobiles and the Base Transceiver Stations operate at the lowest power level that will maintain an acceptable signal quality .Power levels ca

87、n</p><p>  be stepped up or down in steps of 2 dB from the peak power for the class down to a minimum of 13 dBm 。</p><p>  The mobile station measures the signal strength or signal quality(base

88、don the Bit Error Ratio), and passes the information to the BaseStationController ,which ultimately decides if and when the power level should be changed. Power control should be handled carefully, since there is the

89、 possibility of instability .This arises from having mobiles in co-channel cells alternatingly increase their powerin response toincreased cochannel interference caused by the other mobile increasing its power</p>

90、<p>  Frequency hopping</p><p>  The mobile station already has to be frequency agile,meaning it can move between a transmit, receive, and monitor time slot within one TDMA frame,which normally are on

91、 different frequencies. GSM makes use of this inherent frequency agility to implement slow frequency hopping , where the mobile and BTS transmit each TDMA frame on a different carrier frequency. The frequency hopping a

92、lgorithm is broadcast on the Broadcast Control Channel. Since multipath fading idependent on carrier freque</p><p>  Multipath equalization</p><p>  At the 900 MHz range, radio waves bounc

93、e off everything – buildings ,hills, cars, airplanes, etc. Thus many reflected signals, each with a different phase , can reach an antenna.Equalization is used to extract the desired signal from the unwanted reflections

94、. It works by finding out howa known transmitted signal is modified by multipath fading, and constructing an inverse filter to extract the rest of the desired signal. This known signal is the 26bit training sequence tr

95、ansmitted in the midd</p><p>  Discontinuous transmission</p><p>  Minimizing co-channel interference is a goal in any cellular system, since it allows better service for a given cell size,or th

96、e use of smaller cells, thus increasing the overall capacity of the system. Discontinuous transmission (DTX) is a method that takes advantage of the fact that a person speaks less that 40 percent of the time in norm

97、al conversation, by turning the transmitter off during silence periods . An added benefit of DTX is that power is conserved at the mobile unit. </p><p>  The most important component of DTX is, of course,

98、Voice Activity Detection. It must distinguish between voice and noise inputs, a task that is not as trivial as it appears, considering background noise.If avoice signal is misinterpreted as noise ,the transmitter is turn

99、ed off and a very annoying effect called clipping is heard at the receiving end. If, on the other hand , noise is misinterpreted as a voice signal too often , the efficiency of DTX is dramatically decreased . Another fac

100、tor to co</p><p>  is turned off, there is total silence heard at the receiving end, due to the digital nature of GSM. To assure the receiver that the connection is not dead, comfort noise is created at the

101、receiving end by trying to match the characteristics of the transmitting end's back--</p><p>  ground noise. </p><p>  Discontinuous reception</p><p>  Another method used to co

102、nserve power at the mobile station is discontinuous reception . The paging channel, used by the base station to signal an incoming call ,is structured into sub-channels. Each mobile station needs to listen only to it

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