外文翻譯---印度服裝紡織行業(yè)的出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力

1、<p><b>　　中文3150字</b></p><p><b>　　畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　出 處： open economies review </p><p>　　作

2、 者 S AMAR VERMAM </p><p><b>　　原 文：</b></p><p>　　Export Competitiveness of Indian Textile and Garment Industry</p><p>

3、　　INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　The international trade in textile and clothing sectors has been a egregious exception to the most favoured nation principle of GATT and, since the early 1960s, has been a case of man

4、aged trade through forced consensus. However, the WTO Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC) marked a significant turnaround. According to the ATC,beginning 1st January 1995, all textiles and clothing products that had

5、been hitherto subjected to MFA-quota, are scheduled to be integrated into WTO over a period of te</p><p>　　Owing to its significant contribution, the Indian textile and clothing industry occupies a unique pl

6、ace in the Indian economy. It contributes about 4% of GDP and 14% of industrial output. Second largest employer after agriculture, the industry provides direct employment to 35 million people including substantial segmen

7、ts of weaker sections of society. With a very low import-intensity of about 1.5% only, it is the largest net foreign exchange earner in India, earning almost 35% of foreign exchang</p><p>　　What Is Competiti

8、veness?</p><p>　　Competitiveness is about productivity, which in turn is a function of factors related to cost of products, as well as those related to non-price factors such as delivery schedules, reliabili

9、ty of producers, and such intangible factors like image of the country/company and brand equity. Together, they define the competitive sinews of a product to compete under conditions of free market.</p><p>　

10、　However, in order to translate industry competitiveness into sales (greater export share in world market), another set of issues- in addition to productivity- need to be examined. These relate to market access condition

11、s. Indeed, industry competitiveness of restrained exporters such as India was not much of an issue during the last almost four decades, ever since the Short Term Arrangement (STA) of 1961. And the reason lay not in price

12、 and non-price factors, but in the ‘managed’ conditions under</p><p>　　For the purpose of this study, industry has been defined as a group of firms manufacturing products that directly or indirectly competes

13、 with each other. It is implied that no nation can be competitive in manufacturing all goods and services. Hence, industry competitiveness of an entire nation is not quite meaningful. Instead, since it is the firms who c

14、ompete in international markets, the entire framework of competitiveness would revolve around the study of the firm. “…industrial success was fo</p><p>　　Objective & Scope Of The Study</p><p&g

15、t;　　The objective of the project is to evaluate the export competitiveness of Indian textile and clothing sectors. Because Indian textile and clothing sector is predominantly cotton based, this study would focus mainly o

16、n the cotton textile and apparel, and look at the entire value chain from fibre to garment and retail distribution.</p><p>　　With the aforementioned objective in mind, this study has first identified the pro

17、ducts in Indian export basket which have shown a promising growth in value, or in unit value and have a considerable weight in the Indian export basket on the basis of recent performance of Indian exports of textile and

18、clothing sectors in the US and EU markets.</p><p>　　Research Methodology</p><p>　　In order to evaluate the demand-side of Indian textile and clothing exports, the study has analysed the competit

19、ive performance of Indian exports of the ‘identified’products in the US and EU markets. It has also been used to highlight the role of emerging trade policy environment- specifically, the role of discriminatory rules of

20、origin in Regional Trading Arrangements [RTAs], tariff peaks and environmental and labour standards- as market access issues relevant to textile and clothing exporting </p><p>　　To assess the supply-side fac

21、tors of export competitiveness, a preliminary interview was conducted with a few exporters. The interview sought their views and opinions chiefly in respect of the supply-side bottlenecks that they are facing in India. T

22、he supply-side framework is based more on opinions than on data/ numbers. The inferences about the supply-side factors are therefore based on the opinions expressed by exporters of identified products.</p><p&g

23、t;　　GLOBAL TRADE IN TEXTILE AND CLOTHING: INDIA’S COMPETITIVE PERFORMANCE</p><p>　　During the MFA period, the textile exporters from industrial countries and those from developing countries merely changed sh

24、ares between themselves during the 24 years period. The share of industrial countries declined by almost as much (19.2%) as was the gain in the share of developing countries (18.8%). Clothing exporters.however, exhibit s

25、ignificant changes, with the share of top 13 exporters having declined by 13.8%. New entrants have come in as well as some old ones have been knocked out. O</p><p>　　During the MFA period, (between 1973 to 1

26、997, to be precise), while in textiles, there was an inexorable shift away from developed countries and to developing countries at large, in clothing the shift away from developed countries is increasingly being grabbed

27、by ‘preferred’ developing countries.Thus, in clothing, the non-preferred group of developing countries is fighting amongst themselves for a pie that is increasingly declining. One should expect a much higher level of int

28、ra-industry and int</p><p>　　India’s Competitive Performance in the US</p><p>　　1.Of the eight cotton apparels, India’s market share (in 2000) in US import market exceeded 10% in cotton dresses

29、(336), W&G woven shirts (341), and cotton skirts (342). Market share grew in 336 and 341. In 336, India exported higher quantity at reduced prices, while in 341, India moved up the value chain. But the US import mark

30、et grew strongly in 341 and 342, and not as much in 336. However, in 341, the size of quota is close to the size of US home market, whereas in 336, about 43% of US home m</p><p>　　2. In descending order of u

31、vr, Indian exports of the chosen cotton apparels belong to between 40 and 50 percentile, among all supplier countries for a given MFA product category. Which means India operates in the low value segment in most cotton a

32、pparels in the US. However, it is interesting to note that there are three cotton apparels whose uvr have been between percentiles 55 and 60. They are knit shirts (cat 338) and trousers for M&B (cat 347) and for W&am

33、p;G (cat 348). Incidentally, US imports o</p><p>　　3. In cotton apparels, the competitor countries- aside from ‘preferred’ developing countries- are Indonesia, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Philippines, Indonesia, Sr

34、i Lanka and Bangladesh. From among these, Bangladesh is the lowest cost supplier in almost all categories. In view of the threat from ‘preferred’ developing countries, India must move away from competing only on the basi

35、s of price, since the share of this segment is any case declining with the ‘preferred’ countries growing rapidly in this seg</p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　印度服裝紡織行業(yè)的出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力</p><

36、;p><b>　　一、簡(jiǎn)介</b></p><p>　　20世紀(jì)60年代初以來，紡織和服裝部門的國(guó)際貿(mào)易一直是在關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定和最惠國(guó)待遇原則之外的，一直都是通過強(qiáng)迫達(dá)成的共識(shí)。然而，從1995年1月1日開始，世界貿(mào)易組織紡織品與服裝協(xié)議（ATC）的實(shí)施標(biāo)志著一個(gè)重大的轉(zhuǎn)變。所有的紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品將在加入WTO 之后有為期十年的配額，這些配額有MFA決定。配額制度的拆除代表的是一種機(jī)遇，也

37、是一種威脅。機(jī)會(huì)是因?yàn)槭袌?chǎng)不會(huì)受到限制；威脅是市場(chǎng)將不再受配額得到保證，甚至將開放國(guó)內(nèi)的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。從2005年1月1號(hào)開始，所有的紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品的國(guó)際貿(mào)易將沒有限額配置。這即將到來的現(xiàn)實(shí)給從印度所有的服裝和紡織行業(yè)公司帶來了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力方面的問題。2005年之后的印度服裝和紡織行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力問題是怎么樣的，當(dāng)務(wù)之急是了解其中的真相。</p><p>　　由于其顯著貢獻(xiàn)，印度的服裝和紡織行業(yè)在印度經(jīng)濟(jì)中占有顯著的地位。它

38、貢獻(xiàn)了大約4%的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值和14%的工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值。其就業(yè)人口達(dá)到了35萬人，是僅次于農(nóng)業(yè)和工業(yè)提供就業(yè)人口的第二大產(chǎn)業(yè)。在印度1.5%的低強(qiáng)度下，它是印度最大的凈收入來源，占有近35%的外匯。這個(gè)行業(yè)是唯一的自給自足的從價(jià)值鏈生產(chǎn)到成品的最佳附加值的產(chǎn)業(yè)。它的增長(zhǎng)是印度經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的關(guān)鍵所在。</p><p><b>　　二、什么是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力</b></p><p>　　競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

39、力是一種生產(chǎn)力，是關(guān)于一組相關(guān)的產(chǎn)品成本因素的作用，以及那些涉及非價(jià)格因素，如交貨時(shí)間，生產(chǎn)商的可靠性，如一個(gè)國(guó)家或者公司的形象等無形因素品牌權(quán)益的生產(chǎn)力。他們是在自由市場(chǎng)條件下一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。</p><p>　　然而，為了將產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力更多的進(jìn)入到一種銷售（更大的世界市場(chǎng)出口份額），另一些的生產(chǎn)力的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力需要被檢查。事實(shí)上，自從1961年的短期安排（STA）開始，這些涉及市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入條件，行業(yè)限制的問題，如印度出

40、口商的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力等在過去40年的問題很多。其原因不在于價(jià)格也非價(jià)格的因素的條件，是在“管理”的條件下，在紡織和服裝產(chǎn)品的全球貿(mào)易中發(fā)生的。事實(shí)上，正是因?yàn)?0世紀(jì)50-60年代一些亞洲出口商的價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的“普遍商定的規(guī)則，并鄭重戰(zhàn)后政策的行為，包括體系的基石，以及不歧視規(guī)則作為務(wù)實(shí)等的原因”。</p><p>　　但是，這種貿(mào)易體系將出現(xiàn)到2004年13月31日底。就本研究的目的，行業(yè)內(nèi)被定義為一個(gè)廠商之間的直接或間

41、接的相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。這是任何國(guó)家和企業(yè)在生產(chǎn)商品或服務(wù)的時(shí)候都隱含的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。因此，整個(gè)名族工業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力就不太有意義了。相反，因?yàn)樗瞧髽I(yè)在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的整個(gè)框架將圍繞在該公司進(jìn)行?！啊I(yè)的成功是建立在企業(yè)的行為，而不是對(duì)政府的決策。”該產(chǎn)品的名單確定在附錄A 。</p><p><b>　　三、目標(biāo)及研究范圍</b></p><p>　　該項(xiàng)目的目的是評(píng)估印度

42、紡織和服裝部門的出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。由于印度紡織和服裝行業(yè)主要是在棉的基礎(chǔ)上的，研究將主要集中在棉紡織品和服裝，并從整個(gè)纖維到服裝的成品等價(jià)值鏈到分銷，零售等上研究。隨著上述的目標(biāo)研究，這項(xiàng)研究首次發(fā)現(xiàn)，印度的出口產(chǎn)品在在美國(guó)和歐盟市場(chǎng)的紡織品和服裝部門在相當(dāng)大的比重的基礎(chǔ)上近期表現(xiàn)出價(jià)值或單位價(jià)值成長(zhǎng)潛力。</p><p><b>　　四、研究方法</b></p><p>

43、　　為了評(píng)估印度紡織品和服裝出口方面的需求，文中研究了印度出口產(chǎn)品在美國(guó)和歐盟的市場(chǎng)所確定的的產(chǎn)品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的性能。它也被用于突出新興貿(mào)易政策具體環(huán)境的作用下，原產(chǎn)地規(guī)則的歧視性區(qū)域貿(mào)易安排[區(qū)域貿(mào)易協(xié)定]，關(guān)稅高峰和環(huán)境的作用 和勞工標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相關(guān)問題的紡織品和服裝出口國(guó)家的市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入。</p><p>　　為了評(píng)估供應(yīng)方面因素的出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，對(duì)一些國(guó)家的紡織品和服裝出口的供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行就勞工標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的相關(guān)問題進(jìn)行初步的訪談。此次

44、訪談主要是尋求他們?cè)谟《裙?yīng)方面的問題，面臨對(duì)他們的意見和看法。供給方面的框架是就基礎(chǔ)之上的意見以數(shù)據(jù)/數(shù)字為準(zhǔn)。關(guān)于供應(yīng)方面因素的推論是根據(jù)所確定產(chǎn)品出口的情況。</p><p>　　五、紡織品和服裝的全球貿(mào)易：印度的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)表現(xiàn)</p><p>　　在MFA 期間，來自工業(yè)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家的紡織品出口只是在24年之間的配額有所改變。其中，工業(yè)國(guó)家的和發(fā)展中國(guó)家的配額下降的幾乎一樣，工業(yè)國(guó)家

45、下降了（19.2%），發(fā)展中國(guó)家下降了（18.8%）。然而，服裝出口自從在出口產(chǎn)品排名13位后的表現(xiàn)了顯著的下降了13.8%。行業(yè)進(jìn)入以及一些舊的已經(jīng)被淘汰了。由于工業(yè)化的國(guó)家的份額在下降，這些新進(jìn)入者都是來自于發(fā)展中國(guó)家。這些國(guó)家正在爭(zhēng)取那些其集成到一個(gè)或通過其他一些政策性優(yōu)惠安排先進(jìn)國(guó)家的工業(yè)在服裝出口中的份額。墨西哥，加勒比海地區(qū)，東歐國(guó)家和地中海國(guó)家抓住了其中大部分的空間。而服裝比紡織品跟有全球化的深度。事實(shí)上，這些都因?yàn)樵跒趵?/p>

46、圭回合談判中被發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家淘汰了。</p><p>　　在MFA 期間（更準(zhǔn)確的說是在1973年到1997年），在紡織品有個(gè)必然的轉(zhuǎn)變，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家的大型服裝更多的從發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家轉(zhuǎn)到了發(fā)展中國(guó)家。因此，在服裝方面，沒被選中的發(fā)展中國(guó)家他們的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)就日益下降了。在服裝行業(yè)和企業(yè)內(nèi)部的貿(mào)易遠(yuǎn)高于紡織業(yè)的水平。這是完全符合事實(shí)的，它是因?yàn)榉b貿(mào)易增長(zhǎng)快于紡織品的兼容。而且這一趨勢(shì)可能加深，以及OPT的流量增加。顯然服裝擁

47、有更多的機(jī)會(huì)，但需要說明的是，出口國(guó)必須達(dá)到的首選的地位，并與其進(jìn)口國(guó)進(jìn)行整合，制造業(yè)為了繼續(xù)出口到受市場(chǎng)的限制。在1995-2005年期間，因?yàn)楫a(chǎn)量增加80％，發(fā)展中國(guó)家的出口的壓力將加強(qiáng)。另一方面，只有50％的額外纖維消費(fèi)量將來自發(fā)展中國(guó)家。</p><p>　　六、印度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力在美國(guó)的評(píng)價(jià)</p><p>　　1、印度在棉服裝方面，綿連衣裙（336）、梭織襯衫（341）和棉裙（342）

48、占美國(guó)進(jìn)口市場(chǎng)份額的10%以上。336和341的市場(chǎng)份額增長(zhǎng)了。在336方面，印度出口量減少，因而價(jià)格走高，而在341方面，印度運(yùn)用了價(jià)值鏈。所以341和342在美國(guó)進(jìn)口市場(chǎng)增長(zhǎng)強(qiáng)勁，而不是336。然而，在341方面，配額大小接近美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)規(guī)模，而在336方面，約43％的美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)開放只能在2005年1月1日。因此，341預(yù)期在美國(guó)的市場(chǎng)規(guī)模應(yīng)該沒有太大的增長(zhǎng)。此外， ' preferred'發(fā)展中國(guó)家在341在方面

49、沒有太大的威脅。因此在印度這是一類應(yīng)該很清楚重點(diǎn)，因?yàn)楦?jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手基本上是亞洲人。中國(guó)將是一個(gè)大威脅，中國(guó)的出口在一定程度上已經(jīng)高于印度。從1995-2000年的證據(jù)表明，中國(guó)341出口已經(jīng)快于印度。如果中國(guó)再這樣下去，由于中國(guó)和印度之間的價(jià)格差異相當(dāng)?shù)拇?，印度還不會(huì)太過于在意，如果印度也升級(jí)其產(chǎn)品，就像中國(guó)升級(jí)314一樣，那么基于價(jià)格的優(yōu)勢(shì)將相當(dāng)危險(xiǎn)。</p><p>　　2、在所有產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)國(guó)的MFA設(shè)定的類別下，

50、由于UVR的逐漸遞減下，印度棉服裝的出口占40到50個(gè)百分點(diǎn)左右。這意味著印度的棉服裝產(chǎn)品在美國(guó)是屬于低價(jià)值產(chǎn)品。然而，有趣的是，有三個(gè)棉服裝產(chǎn)品的占有率在50%-60%之間。它們是針織襯衫(cat 338)，M&B (cat 347)和W&G (cat 348)。順便說一句，這些產(chǎn)品是所有棉制服裝中在美國(guó)進(jìn)口增長(zhǎng)最快的幾種。然而，在1995-2000期間，印度失去了除347之外的所有棉服裝產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)份額。對(duì)于347，其

51、價(jià)格已經(jīng)增長(zhǎng)到了所有供應(yīng)商的前十。而幾乎70％的美國(guó)市場(chǎng)，成為唯一留在05年1月1日配額。印度必須建立在這個(gè)產(chǎn)品類別的實(shí)力來迅速捕捉2005年突然開放的巨大的市場(chǎng)。在一些' preferred'國(guó)家當(dāng)中，巴基斯坦就是一個(gè)在347方面做得很好的一個(gè)國(guó)家，并已經(jīng)非常迅速的建立了國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)設(shè)施。不過，巴基斯坦還不是威脅，因?yàn)樗膯挝粌r(jià)值相比與印度還是較低的。但是，中國(guó)在347方面就是一個(gè)大威脅，因?yàn)樗麄兊腢VR和印度相近，而且，

52、他們也在產(chǎn)品升級(jí)方面做的很快。他們的市場(chǎng)份額下降完全由于配額的限制。但是他們的347因?yàn)樯a(chǎn)數(shù)量少，而質(zhì)量好的</p><p>　　3、在棉服裝的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手國(guó)家，除了' preferred '發(fā)展中國(guó)家之外，還包括印度尼西亞，馬來西亞，香港，菲律賓，印度尼西亞，斯里蘭卡和孟加拉國(guó)。其中，孟加拉國(guó)是幾乎所有類別的成本最低的供應(yīng)商。從' preferred發(fā)展中國(guó)家的威脅中，印度必須擺脫單純?cè)趦r(jià)