外文翻譯--中國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力評(píng)估研究（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　1900單詞，10500英文字符,3100漢字</p><p>　　出處：Fetscherin M, Alon I, Johnson J P. Assessing the export competitiveness of Chinese industries[J]. Asian Business & Management, 2010, 9(3):401-424.</p>

2、<p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　Assessing the export competitiveness of Chinese industries</p><p>　　Marc Fetscherin, Ilan Alon, James P. Johnson</p><p>　　Measuring expo

3、rt competitiveness </p><p>　　The industry is the location where firms win or lose market share and it is the industry level that permits an examination of the dynamic nature of industrial evolution and refor

4、mation in the global business environment (Passemard and Kleiner, 2000). In the academic literature, there is still a general paucity of research on industry export competitiveness, with previous studies consisting mostl

5、y of examinations of a single domestic industry and the use of subjective measures (Makhija et al , 19</p><p>　　Industry specialization (IS ) </p><p>　　The concept of comparative advantage has b

6、een widely accepted as one of the foundations for international trade. A country has a pattern of specialization that is determined by what goods it exports and the volume of each good it exports, both of which change ov

7、er time (Vernon, 1966; Hoskisson and Yiu, 2003; Kelleher, 2003). Krugman (1994) argues that international trade is not a zero-sum game and that the rise or fall of particular industries and nations reflects changing fact

8、or endowments and </p><p>　　Industry growth (IG ) </p><p>　　Studies of industry competitiveness have tended to take a static rather than dynamic or longitudinal perspective, and have provided li

9、ttle insight into globalization trends. As we want to assess the past, present and future export competitiveness of Chinese industries, an assessment of industry trends can shed light on the manner in which Chinese indus

10、try as a whole is globalizing and at what pace (Makhija et al, 1997). Our framework includes industry export growth because, over time, a country </p><p>　　Methodology and data collection </p><p&g

11、t;　　We used data from the UNCTAD and the WTO for the years 2001-2005. The 5-year time period in our data allows for an analysis of changing global dynamics, especially important in the case of China. During the period of

12、 our investigation, China undertook many market reforms and joined the WTO in 2001, events which changed the competitive position of its industries. </p><p>　　We first provide a brief overview of the overall

13、 pattern of international trade for China compared to other Asian countries. Then, for the 97 Chinese industries, we calculate the degree of industry specialization and the industry growth rate in terms of exports over t

14、he selected period of time. Finally, we apply our framework to assess the degree of export competitiveness of the various industries in China. </p><p><b>　　Results </b></p><p>　　Inte

15、rnational trade comparison </p><p>　　Table 1 provides an overview of the total export value in US dollars for various countries from Asia for the years 2005-2010 as well as the corresponding CAGR. </p>

16、<p>　　Overall, during the period 2001–2005, all countries in Table 1 registered a positive CAGR in terms of exports, ranging from 10 per cent in the case of Japan to 30 per cent in case of China (with India the ne

17、xt highest, with 4 per cent). In absolute terms, the highest value of exports for the main Asian countries in 2005 was recorded by China with US$762 billion, followed by Japan with US$595 billion and Hong-Kong (SAR) and

18、South Korea with US$292 billion and US$284 billion, respectively. In the </p><p>　　It also shows that countries from Asia, and specifically China, continue to gain importance in the global market as, for mos

19、t of these countries, the average growth rate of exported products is higher than the average global export growth rate of 14 per cent between 2001 and 2005. The main product groups exported by China were 'Electrical

20、, electronic equipment' (US$172.3 billion); 'Boilers, machinery, nuclear reactors' (US$149.6 billion); 'Articles of apparel, accessories not knit or crochet' (U</p><p>　　However, understa

21、nding international trade data in terms of absolute and relative values at the country level is necessary (Table 1), it is insufficient for assessing the export competitiveness of industries because it lacks specificity

22、and comparative data at the industry level across multiple indicators. Our proposed framework will take these factors into account and this will be discussed in the next section. </p><p>　　Industry export co

23、mpetitiveness </p><p>　　We calculated values for the three key variables for each of the 97 Chinese industries. Figure 2 - See PDF, provides an overview of the different industries from China and their degre

24、e of export competitiveness in terms of industry specialization, growth and size. The reference point for the Balassa Index (horizontal axis) was a threshold value of 1 (which, as mentioned before, has been used in previ

25、ous studies); while for industry growth (vertical axis), the reference point was the world averag</p><p>　　One interesting result is that the majority of Chinese industries (73 per cent) are categorized as ‘

26、dynamic’, either domestic (39 per cent) or global (34 percent), both having a higher than average export growth rate (30 and 28 percent, respectively) compared to the world average of 14 per cent. For the period of the i

27、nvestigation, most Chinese industries grew faster than their world counterparts, not surprisingly, given the higher relative GDP growth of China in general. </p><p>　　In China, the 'global static' ca

28、tegory consists of light manufacturing, such as travel goods, clocks, umbrellas, textiles and commodities such as wool, silk, bird skin, and salt, earth and stone. China has established a specialization in international

29、markets for these types of products, thus exhibiting a high Balassa Index, but the growth rate of these industries lags behind the world average. </p><p>　　Conclusions and Future Research </p><p&g

30、t;　　The purpose of this study was to present a novel framework that allows us to measure, illustrate and compare the export competitiveness of industries. The framework is innovative as it takes into account multiple mea

31、sures: (i) the degree of industry specialization, (ii) the industry export growth rate and (iii) the export market share. Using these variables, this model provides a basis for intra-country comparisons of industries of

32、various competitive postures. It could also be used for inter-co</p><p>　　The proposed framework has been applied to China, a leading emerging economy and one of the largest trading nations in the world. Mos

33、t of China’s industries (73 per cent) are dynamic, showing above-average export growth rates. Many reasons account for this rapid growth, including market liberalization, falling trade barriers and a favorable exchange r

34、ate. Our results show that most Chinese industries have increased their specialization over time, which is in line with various OECD studies (for e</p><p>　　Two important relationships are confirmed by our s

35、tudy. First, there is a positive and significant correlation between degree of specialization and relative market share, and, secondly, there is no significant correlation between degree of specialization and export grow

36、th rate. In other words, industry specialization may affect the relative market share of Chinese exports, but not their rate of growth. Overall, 46 per cent of Chinese industries are categorized as ‘global’ in our framew

37、ork, with </p><p><b>　　譯文 </b></p><p>　　中國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力評(píng)估研究</p><p><b>　　作者:伊蘭</b></p><p><b>　　出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的評(píng)估 </b></p><p>　　產(chǎn)業(yè)是公司贏得或

38、失去市場(chǎng)份額的地方。在當(dāng)前的學(xué)術(shù)界缺乏產(chǎn)業(yè)出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力方面的研究，以往的研究大多是單一的國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)。曼德(1991)年的研究，他建議:要多研究出口的規(guī)?；蚴袌?chǎng)份額的增加，而其他人主要研究的是出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力(例如:巴拉撒，1965; 鮑文斯，1987);價(jià)格比率(例如:杜蘭德和焦?fàn)栔Z，1987)以及成本競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力(例如:西格爾，1995)。我們關(guān)于出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的概念，具體地說(shuō)，這里提供的分析框架，都是有助于現(xiàn)有的研究工作的。因?yàn)樗试S對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)的出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力

39、進(jìn)行內(nèi)部或跨國(guó)的分析。使用多個(gè)維度的分析模型優(yōu)于單一的分析方法，因?yàn)樗鼘⒛軓母玫慕嵌葋?lái)看一個(gè)行業(yè)的出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力(巴拉撒指數(shù))、活力(增長(zhǎng)率)和重要性(出口市場(chǎng)份額)。 </p><p><b>　　產(chǎn)業(yè)專業(yè)化 </b></p><p>　　比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的概念已被廣泛接受，它是國(guó)際貿(mào)易的基礎(chǔ)之一。一個(gè)國(guó)家有其自己特色的產(chǎn)業(yè)專業(yè)化模式?？唆敻衤?1994)認(rèn)為，國(guó)際貿(mào)易并不是

40、一個(gè)零和游戲，特定行業(yè)的上升或下降反映了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的變化。當(dāng)一個(gè)國(guó)家擁有一個(gè)專業(yè)化程度很高的產(chǎn)業(yè)，享有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力方面的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)是很自然的，而公司為了保持這一比較優(yōu)勢(shì)會(huì)進(jìn)一步投資，這又導(dǎo)致一個(gè)相對(duì)高度的專業(yè)化。常用的衡量產(chǎn)業(yè)專業(yè)化的方法，主要是基于出口數(shù)據(jù)，通常被稱為Balassa指數(shù)(BI)。理查森和張(1999)使用Balassa指數(shù)來(lái)分析美國(guó)貿(mào)易模式隨時(shí)間,行業(yè)和地區(qū)而發(fā)生的變化。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)不同的地區(qū)和隨著時(shí)間的推移會(huì)呈現(xiàn)出不同層次的出口數(shù)

41、據(jù)聚合。 </p><p><b>　　行業(yè)增長(zhǎng)(IG) </b></p><p>　　對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的研究大多數(shù)都傾向于靜態(tài)的而非動(dòng)態(tài)的或縱向的研究，這樣一來(lái)，就難以提供全面的信息，以了解全球化的趨勢(shì)。我們要評(píng)估過(guò)去，現(xiàn)在和未來(lái)中國(guó)的產(chǎn)業(yè)出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，對(duì)行業(yè)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)的評(píng)估是很很重要的，它可以揭示中國(guó)行業(yè)的發(fā)展方式，作為一個(gè)整體來(lái)進(jìn)行全球化以及以什么速度來(lái)發(fā)展(馬西加等,

42、1997)。我們的分析框架包括對(duì)行業(yè)出口增長(zhǎng)的分析，因?yàn)殡S著時(shí)間的推移，一個(gè)國(guó)家可能會(huì)更多的開(kāi)始關(guān)注某些行業(yè)的具體情況，并適時(shí)地改變其專業(yè)化的模式。這也突出了動(dòng)態(tài)和靜態(tài)產(chǎn)業(yè)之間的區(qū)別。一些研究(例如西諾和馬西加,2001;亞歷山大里克等,2007)，通過(guò)夏洛克斯(1978)流動(dòng)性指數(shù)，分析研究了這一模式的專業(yè)化變化。不過(guò)，流動(dòng)指數(shù)并沒(méi)有提供足夠詳細(xì)的信息，因?yàn)樗皇菍?duì)一個(gè)國(guó)家的重點(diǎn)行業(yè)或部門(mén)的分析，使用流動(dòng)指數(shù)對(duì)行業(yè)進(jìn)行的分析也被認(rèn)為是

43、靜 態(tài)的而非動(dòng)態(tài)的。其他研究(例如:鮑德溫和顧,2004;阿馬多爾，2006;庫(kù)珀,2006)都使用了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的，但也許更精確的測(cè)量方法，通過(guò)計(jì)算某些領(lǐng)域超過(guò)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的出口的復(fù)合年增長(zhǎng)率(CAGR) ，來(lái)對(duì)專門(mén)化的變化進(jìn)行分析?？梢哉J(rèn)為在一個(gè)給定的國(guó)家的行業(yè)，其出口增長(zhǎng)，高于</p><p>　　研究方法和數(shù)據(jù)收集 </p><p>　　我們使用的數(shù)據(jù)從聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)發(fā)會(huì)議我們使用數(shù)據(jù)使用的數(shù)

44、據(jù)主要來(lái)源于中國(guó)不同行業(yè)的97個(gè)行業(yè)在5年的時(shí)間里(2001 - 2005)的數(shù)據(jù)資料。分析了5年時(shí)間里97個(gè)行業(yè)的數(shù)據(jù)。在我們的調(diào)查期間，中國(guó)進(jìn)行了許多市場(chǎng)改革，并于2001年加入世貿(mào)組織，這一事件改變了其產(chǎn)業(yè)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)地位。我們首先提供一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)要的整個(gè)國(guó)際貿(mào)易格局的概述，研究了中國(guó)與亞洲其他國(guó)家相比，其產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力如何。最后，我們應(yīng)用開(kāi)發(fā)的一個(gè)分析框架來(lái)評(píng)估中國(guó)各個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)的出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力程度。 </p><p><

45、;b>　　研究結(jié)果 </b></p><p><b>　　國(guó)際貿(mào)易的比較</b></p><p>　　本文概述了從2005 - 2010年期間，亞洲各種國(guó)家的出口總額以及相應(yīng)的復(fù)合年增長(zhǎng)率。 </p><p>　　總體而言，在2001 - 2005年期間，所有國(guó)家的數(shù)據(jù)都顯示，其出口有一個(gè)積極狀態(tài)，復(fù)合年增長(zhǎng)率，日本為10%，

46、中國(guó)為30%，印度為4%)。按絕對(duì)價(jià)值計(jì)算，亞洲國(guó)家在2005年的出口最高值，根據(jù)記錄，中國(guó)是7620億美元，其次是日本的5950億美元，和香港2920億美元(SAR)以及韓國(guó)的2840億美元。同年，印度只有價(jià)值1030億美元的出口，是相對(duì)較弱的出口國(guó)。 </p><p>　　然而，了解國(guó)際貿(mào)易數(shù)據(jù)的絕對(duì)和相對(duì)價(jià)值，在國(guó)家層面是必要的，但這對(duì)評(píng)估行業(yè)的出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力是不夠的，因?yàn)樗狈μ禺愋院托袠I(yè)層面跨多個(gè)指標(biāo)的比較

47、數(shù)據(jù)。(完整譯文請(qǐng)到百度文庫(kù))因此，我們研究所建議采用的分析框架將考 慮到這些因素，這將在下一節(jié)中討論。 </p><p>　　研究還表明，來(lái)自亞洲的國(guó)家，特別是中國(guó)，在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)中繼續(xù)扮演者著重要角色，在2001年到2005年期間，中國(guó)的出口產(chǎn)品的平均增長(zhǎng)速度高于全球平均出口增長(zhǎng)率為14%。中國(guó)出口的主要產(chǎn)品包括:電氣、電子設(shè)備(1723億美元);“鍋爐、機(jī)械、核反應(yīng)堆”(1496億美元); 非針織或鉤編性配飾和

48、服裝 (350億美元);針織和鉤編服裝(308億美元)，“光學(xué)、照片、技術(shù)、醫(yī)療器械”(254億美元)。 </p><p><b>　　產(chǎn)業(yè)出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力 </b></p><p>　　我們計(jì)算了中國(guó)的97個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)的三個(gè)關(guān)鍵變量的值。概述了中國(guó)的不同行業(yè)，以及就產(chǎn)業(yè)專業(yè)化、增長(zhǎng)和規(guī)模而言，分析了其出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的程度。參考點(diǎn)是世界平均水平，2001 - 2005年期間的出口增長(zhǎng)

49、平均水平是14%。 </p><p>　　研究得出了一個(gè)有趣的結(jié)果，大部分的中國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)出口(73%)是屬于“動(dòng)態(tài)性”的，國(guó)內(nèi)占到(39%)，全球占到(34%)，出口增長(zhǎng)率高于世界平均水平(世界平均水平，則分別為30 - 28%)，世界平均水平總體是14%。根據(jù)調(diào)查，大多數(shù)的中國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)增長(zhǎng)速度都高于世界同行，這是不足為奇的，因?yàn)橹袊?guó)的GDP增長(zhǎng)，與其他國(guó)家相比，是相對(duì)較高的。 </p><p>

50、　　在中國(guó)，出口涉及到多個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)，比如:輕工業(yè)中的旅游產(chǎn)品、鐘表、雨傘、紡織品。以及大宗商品，如羊毛、絲綢、鹽、石材等。中國(guó)在這些產(chǎn)業(yè)領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了很高的專業(yè)化，在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上，也更好競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，因此，表現(xiàn)出很高的Balassa指數(shù)，但這些產(chǎn)業(yè)的增長(zhǎng)速度還是落后于世界平均水平。 </p><p><b>　　結(jié)論和未來(lái)的研究 </b></p><p>　　本研究的目的是提出一

51、個(gè)新穎的分析框架，用來(lái)評(píng)估、闡述和比較產(chǎn)業(yè)的出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。這一分析框架是創(chuàng)新的，是專門(mén)無(wú)為本研究所開(kāi)發(fā)的，它考慮了多個(gè)指標(biāo)因素:(1)產(chǎn)業(yè)的專業(yè)化程度;(2)產(chǎn)業(yè)的出口增長(zhǎng)率;(3)出口市場(chǎng)份額。通過(guò)這些變量，該分析模型提供了一個(gè)研究的理論基礎(chǔ)，以便抓住亞洲各國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)出口的不同競(jìng)爭(zhēng)態(tài)勢(shì)。它也可以用于跨國(guó)之間的某一產(chǎn)業(yè)的出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。先前的研究普遍采用的是單變量分析法，本研究使用的是多個(gè)變量的分析框架，相比來(lái)看，多變量分析可以為我們提供了更

52、有意義的信息( 凡阿徹等，2008)。使用多個(gè)變量指標(biāo)，如產(chǎn)業(yè)的專業(yè)化程度、產(chǎn)業(yè)的出口增長(zhǎng)率和出口市場(chǎng)份額，通過(guò)對(duì)一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)的這些指標(biāo)的分析，可以使我們透視這個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)的出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力、活力等。我們的分析框架還允許對(duì)一個(gè)子行業(yè)或產(chǎn)品組之間進(jìn)行比較分析。 </p><p>　　我們已經(jīng)將該分析框架應(yīng)用到中國(guó)的產(chǎn)業(yè)出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力研究中，中國(guó)是一個(gè)主要的新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體和世界上最大的貿(mào)易國(guó)之一。中國(guó)大部分行業(yè)(73%)是動(dòng)態(tài)的，其出口增長(zhǎng)

53、率高于世界平均水平。有很多原因可以解釋這種快速增長(zhǎng)，包括市場(chǎng)自由化、貿(mào)易壁壘和有利的匯率下降。我們的研究結(jié)果表明，隨著時(shí)間的推移，中國(guó)的大多數(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)已經(jīng)在逐步地增加其專業(yè)化程度，這是符合經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織(OECD)所進(jìn)行的研究的(格林等人，2006)。然而，我們的研究進(jìn)一步表明，根據(jù)Balassa指數(shù)所顯示的，在這些產(chǎn)業(yè)中，只有不到一半的產(chǎn)業(yè)具有全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。因此，中國(guó)在強(qiáng)化其世界產(chǎn)業(yè)出口領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者地位的路上仍有很長(zhǎng)的路要走。 </p&

54、gt;<p>　　本研究證實(shí)了兩個(gè)重要的關(guān)系。首先，產(chǎn)業(yè)的專業(yè)化程度和市場(chǎng)份額之間有一個(gè)積極和顯著的相關(guān)性關(guān)系。其次，產(chǎn)業(yè)的專業(yè)化程度和出口增長(zhǎng)率之間則沒(méi)有積極和顯著的相關(guān)性關(guān)系。換句話說(shuō)，就是產(chǎn)業(yè)的專業(yè)化可能會(huì)影響中國(guó)出口的市場(chǎng)占有率，但不會(huì)影響其產(chǎn)業(yè)的出口增長(zhǎng)率?？傮w而言，在本文中，46%的中國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)被歸為“具備全球出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的產(chǎn)業(yè)”，占到世界出口市場(chǎng)總額的19 - 24%。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)表明,這些產(chǎn)業(yè)不僅是強(qiáng)勁的全球產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)