外文翻譯--中國(guó)蘇南農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展中的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)特征

1、<p><b>　　中文5200字</b></p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</p><p>　　出 處： International Journal of Social Economics </p><p>　　作 者：

2、 De Wang </p><p>　　Socioeconomic characteristics of rural urbanization in Southern Jiangsu, China</p><p><b>　　De Wang</b></p><p>　　Abst

3、ract Rural urbanization in China has been discussed by many scholars since the 1980s. In this paper, Wuxi and Jiangyin, two counties in China’s most developed area of southern Jiangsu, were selected as target areas. Fou

4、r characteristics of rural urbanization, namely, multilevel transfer of rural population into urban population; dispersed spatial pattern; urbanization lagging behind industrial development; and important role of towns i

5、n rural urbanization, were analyzed.</p><p>　　Through an analysis of the socioeconomic development of Wuxi and Jiangyin, three trends in future development of rural urbanization can be predicted: rural popul

6、ation will continue to progress from lower to higher level and from incomplete to complete form; small towns will continue to develop rapidly and differentially; and rural migrants in regional cities will gradually incre

7、ase.</p><p>　　Keywords China Rural economy Urban economy</p><p>　　1 Introduction</p><p>　　Rural urbanization in China has been discussed hotly by many scholars after the 1980s. W

8、illiam (1990) has reviewed most studies dealing with the broader subject of rural urbanization including rural industry. The main full-length works that emerged from this period were Chang (1990), Griffin (1984), Yao and

9、 Wu (1988) and Yeh (1995). Despite the considerable volume of past and ongoing research on rural urbanization, until recently few studies had concentrated specifically on the micro scale rural</p><p>　　The p

10、rocess of rural urbanization can be generally understood as the transformation of a rural area into an urban one. Its main idea is transferring the population’s status from a rural into an urban one. The motive power of

11、urbanization can be divided into two types: one comes from cities, or rather, from the diffusion of urban industry to outside areas and the construction of state-owned enterprises and key projects. In this case, the moti

12、vating power comes from above, and the process of urban</p><p>　　This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the present process of rural urbanization taking place in Wuxi and Jiangyin, two counties

13、 in China’s most developed area of Southern Jiangsu Province. Specifically, it tries to define the micro socioeconomic characteristics of ongoing rural urbanization.</p><p>　　2 Characteristics of rural urban

14、ization in Wuxi and Jiangyin</p><p>　　The rural urbanization process can be traced back to the 1960s, when the people’s communes began building factories to support their agricultural activities. As agricult

15、ural productivity increased, due to the restriction of rural urban migration, a surplus labor force was formed in the rural areas. Rural industries emerged to employ this surplus labor in the countryside, and rural indus

16、trialization and urbanization thus began. The process started slowly; it accelerated with the commencement of r</p><p>　　Multilevel transfer of rural population into urban population</p><p>　　Th

17、e transfer of rural population into urban population is the major theme of urbanization. During the process of rural urbanization in Wuxi and Jiangyin, there were a number of transfer-forms, as the peasants could not bec

18、ome urban people simply by leaving the countryside[2] (see Table I).</p><p>　　Table I. Three levels of rural urbanization</p><p>　　First, rural people were employed by non-agricultural enterpris

19、es, usually run by the village collective or the individual peasant household, near their homes. Rural people did not leave their village. Both places of residence and work were in the village, but most of their working

20、time was devoted to non-agricultural activities. Through this first-level transfer, rural people changed their occupations and engaged in the non-agricultural activities. Because they did not leave their villages, the<

21、;/p><p>　　Second, rural people were employed by non-agricultural enterprises, usually a township enterprise, but the people involved continued to live in rural areas. Compared with the first group, this second

22、group of people was more “urbanized”, because their workplace had been moved from rural area into a small town, usually township level town, where they could enjoy some urban life after work[4]. But as they still lived i

23、n the countryside, this kind of transfer was not yet complete. The tendency of t</p><p>　　Third, the rural people not only changed their occupation and workplace, but they also moved from the countryside int

24、o the small towns. Through this transfer, rural people were completely transformed into urban population. This transfer started from 1984 onwards, when the central government adopted a new policy which allowed rural peop

25、le to live in small towns or migrate to the city as contract-workers in urban enterprises, if they were able to take care of their own food grain supply. From 1984</p><p>　　There has been relatively little m

26、ovement from a lower level to an upper one. The transferred population seemed to have been satisfied with the initial transfer, not wishing to change their situation once more. </p><p>　　Dispersed spatial pa

27、ttern</p><p>　　Rural industries may be established according to one of two patterns: concentration or dispersal. In Wuxi and Jiangyin, the spatial distribution of rural industries is toward dispersal. This h

28、as contributed to a spatially balanced development of rural urbanization. This dispersed and balanced urbanization has, in turn, made it possible for the whole region to become an urban region.</p><p>　　An u

29、rban region is an area in which urban features dominate. Since 1978, great socioeconomic changes have taken place in Wuxi and Jiangyin counties. Urban functions have been extended, urban land-use is emerging, and the reg

30、ional landscape is undergoing a major transformation.</p><p>　　Urbanization lagging behind industrial development</p><p>　　Urbanization and industrialization are mutually dependent on each other

31、. It is necessary to ensure that the two processes of industrialization and urbanization are complementary, keeping pace with each other, especially during the primary and middle stages of industrialization. If urbanizat

32、ion is too far ahead of industrialization, there will be an excessive expansion of the urban territory, a rapid growth of urban population, serious unemployment, stagnation of agriculture, and disharmony in th</p>

33、<p>　　In Wuxi and Jiangyin, the urbanization process lags behind industrialization. There is a disharmony between industrial growth and the development of small towns. The construction and development of small town

34、s cannot meet the requirements due to the rapid growth of rural industry. There are two reasons: first, rural urbanization is a rather independent process. With a much shorter history and a weaker foundation compared wit

35、h urban industry, rural industry has been developing mainly on the basis</p><p>　　The important role of towns in rural urbanization</p><p>　　Township administration (township towns) play an impo

36、rtant role in rural urbanization as the centers of rural population and industry. </p><p>　　The rural settlement pattern consisted of villages, market towns, and a few designated towns before the establishme

37、nt of the rural people’s communes in 1958. Since then, some of the market towns became the sites of commune administration, gradually evolving into small towns, whereas others degraded into villages because of the declin

38、e of commodity production. Thus, market towns gradually disappeared, and township towns and villages became the two basic types of rural settlement. After 1978, the </p><p>　　Table II.Two different types of

39、rural settlements in Wuxi and Jiangyin counties (village township level town)</p><p>　　The four characteristics of rural urbanization mentioned above only represent an incomplete process. Not only is the tra

40、nsfer of population an incomplete process, but the township towns, as the principal site for industrial cluster, are also incomplete urban settlements. At best, these towns are at a transition stage of urban development

41、because of the high percentage of worker-peasants in their population. On the average, worker-peasants account for 55 percent of the town population, and the fi</p><p>　　3 The future development of the rural

42、 urbanization process</p><p>　　Urbanization is not an isolated social phenomenon, and its development is closely related to the socioeconomic changes in the region. Through an analysis of the socioeconomic d

43、evelopment of Wuxi and Jiangyin, a prediction of the future rural urbanization in these counties can be made.</p><p>　　The rural population will continue to progress from the lower to higher level and from i

44、ncomplete to complete form</p><p>　　In the earlier stage, rural urbanization was developing under the condition of a large surplus of rural labor, and the affected population often remained relatively stable

45、 after its transfer. As the size of surplus labor shrinks, the future transfer of rural labor to non-agricultural sectors will mainly and increasingly involve a newly added labor force. An analysis of the growth of rural

46、 labor indicates that the natural and mechanical growth of rural labor will be limited(see Wang, 1989). Moreo</p><p>　　In the future, the rise of the urbanization level in Wuxi and Jiangyin will mainly invol

47、ve the people who have already been transferred but who have not yet completed the whole process, therefore the increase of people moving into a higher level will be an important indicator of future rural urbanization.&l

48、t;/p><p>　　Small towns will continue to develop rapidly and differentially</p><p>　　The transfer of population from the first to the second level is a process involving a growing number of worker-p

49、easants in small towns, while the transfer of population from the second to the third level will contribute to the rise of population in small towns. Hence, the transfer of population from the lower to higher levels will

50、 naturally accompany the development of small towns. The more people are transferred, the faster the small towns will develop.Meanwhile, due to different geographic co</p><p>　　During the course of different

51、iation, some small towns will move away from the transition status, which is reflected in the decrease of worker-peasants and increase of permanent population. The whole process may take a relatively long time to be comp

52、leted.</p><p>　　Rural migrants in regional cities will gradually increase</p><p>　　Judging from the development tendency in Wuxi and Jiangyin, it seems that the growth of the large and medium-si

53、zed cities in the region is inevitable. Because of the growth of the local economy, enterprises in Wuxi City faced increasingly a shortage of labor supply, and began to accept contract-workers from three surrounding coun

54、ties after 1983. Thus, a legal channel for rural people to move into large and medium-sized cities was opened.</p><p>　　The direct transfer of rural population to large cities is beyond the scope of rural ur

55、banization. At present, the number of people being transferred in this way is small; and rural urbanization is still the dominant process in rural areas. However, there is a trend on the one hand that rural population mi

56、grating to large or medium-sized cities will gradually increase. On the other hand, as rural urbanization accelerates, some township towns might grow into small towns and further become small c</p><p>　　4 Ap

57、plicability of rural urbanization to other areas</p><p>　　Recent development in Wuxi and Jiangyin indicates that rural urbanization is suitable for these counties. But whether or not rural urbanization is su

58、itable to other areas depends on the condition of those areas. From the experience in Wuxi and Jiangyin, it seems that a socioeconomic environment for rural industrialization is also essential for rural urbanization. The

59、 present social and economic conditions in China make it necessary for urbanization to take industrialization as its premise, and s</p><p>　　Rural industrialization does not necessarily mean a scattered deve

60、lopment of rural industry. As a matter of fact, it is a process of rural industrial development on a large scale, where the economic structure of the whole region is gradually transformed. Hence, rural industrialization

61、must rely on convenient transportation, an efficient market system, a high quality of labor, and a close cooperation with the cities. In the case of China, only the rural areas around large cities offer these requi</p

62、><p>　　Besides, urbanization is not an inevitable result of rural industrialization. For instance, in many backward areas, rural industry has developed rapidly, based on local resources, leading to important st

63、ructural changes in local economy and employment. But in these areas, small towns have not been developed, few non-agricultural activities take place, and the rural residents have not become urban population although som

64、e of their jobs have been changed. Therefore, his kind of regional developmen</p><p>　　Having analyzed the requirements that are essential to rural urbanization, we divide the whole country into three types

65、of regions. The first includes the Yangzi delta plain, Pearl River delta, the peninsula of eastern Shandong, and the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region. Among these, the Lake Taihu plain is the most typical region. These re

66、gions are commonly characterized by a highly developed rural economy, a long history of settlement, and a high density of population and cities. Rural urbanizat</p><p>　　The second type of region is located

67、mainly in the interior of China, including the middle basin of the Yangzi River, the Sichuan basin, the Wei-Fen River valleys, the plain of the Huanghe River, the Hueihe River, the Haihe River, and the coast of Fujian an

68、d Cuangdong. Here, the current situation is not suitable for rural urbanization, but future socioeconomic development may create more favorable conditions. In these regions, the density of population and small towns is r

69、elatively high, but the</p><p>　　The third type includes the Northwest, Northeast, Southwest and some parts of South China. All these areas should not take the way of rural urbanization, whether right now or

70、 in the future. In some regions (such as the Northwest), there is sparse population and poor geographic environment, while in others (such as the Northeast), there is already a rather high level of “from the top down” ty

71、pe of urbanization due to a high level of state-organized industrial development.</p><p><b>　　Notes</b></p><p>　　1. So-called rural industry, mainly consists of township and village

72、enterprises.</p><p>　　2. In China, people are divided into urban population and rural population by a household registration system, and movement of rural people to an urban area is somewhat controlled.</

73、p><p>　　3. This is because dependants should share a similar life style with their parents.</p><p>　　4. The nature of village and township level town is quite different.</p><p><b&g

74、t;　　譯 文：</b></p><p>　　中國(guó)蘇南農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展中的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)特征</p><p>　　摘 要：二十世紀(jì)八十年代以后，很多學(xué)者對(duì)中國(guó)農(nóng)村的城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展進(jìn)行研究。本文在中國(guó)最發(fā)達(dá)的蘇南地區(qū)，選取無(wú)錫和江陰兩縣作為研究對(duì)象。對(duì)農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展的四大特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了分析：即城鄉(xiāng)人口的多級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)移、分散的空間格局、城鎮(zhèn)化滯后于工業(yè)化、小城鎮(zhèn)在城鎮(zhèn)化中的重要作用。</p

75、><p>　　通過(guò)分析無(wú)錫和江陰的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，可以預(yù)測(cè)到未來(lái)農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化的三大趨勢(shì)：即農(nóng)村人口將不斷由低水平向高水平、由不完全向完全演進(jìn)；小城鎮(zhèn)將繼續(xù)差異化地迅速發(fā)展；農(nóng)村向中心城市轉(zhuǎn)移人口將逐漸增加。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：中國(guó) 農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì) 城市經(jīng)濟(jì)</p><p><b>　　一、論文簡(jiǎn)介</b></p><p>

76、;　　20世紀(jì)80年代以后，諸多學(xué)者對(duì)我國(guó)農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化的發(fā)展展開(kāi)激烈的論述。威廉姆(1990)對(duì)相關(guān)農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要綜述。這時(shí)期出現(xiàn)的主要作品有張（1990）、格里芬 (1984)、姚和吳(1988)、Yeh(1995)。過(guò)去相當(dāng)多的文章涉及農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化研究,但直至最近才出現(xiàn)一些從微觀視角專門側(cè)重農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的研究。</p><p>　　農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化的過(guò)程,一般可以理解為由農(nóng)村轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌鞘?，其主要目的是推?dòng)人口

77、由農(nóng)村轉(zhuǎn)移到城市。城鎮(zhèn)化的動(dòng)力可分為兩種類型:一種動(dòng)力來(lái)自于城市,或者更確切地說(shuō),是城市產(chǎn)業(yè)向外擴(kuò)散、國(guó)有企業(yè)或重要項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)的傳播。這種動(dòng)力來(lái)源于上級(jí)，表現(xiàn)為自上而下的過(guò)程。另外一種動(dòng)力來(lái)源于農(nóng)村,如農(nóng)村社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,當(dāng)?shù)毓I(yè)的發(fā)展[1]。這種動(dòng)力來(lái)源于下級(jí),表現(xiàn)為漸進(jìn)式的發(fā)展過(guò)程。在農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化的過(guò)程中,農(nóng)業(yè)特色不斷被城鎮(zhèn)特色多取代,直至農(nóng)村完全轉(zhuǎn)化為城市。</p><p>　　本文旨在充分了解目前江蘇省的無(wú)

78、錫、江陰兩縣農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化過(guò)程。確切地說(shuō),本文試圖對(duì)正在進(jìn)行的農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化建設(shè)的微觀社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)特征做一個(gè)定義。</p><p>　　二、無(wú)錫和江陰城鎮(zhèn)化過(guò)程中的特點(diǎn)</p><p>　　農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程可以追溯到20世紀(jì)60年代,那時(shí)人民公社創(chuàng)辦工廠以支持農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)。受人口城鄉(xiāng)轉(zhuǎn)移的限制，隨著農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)率的提高, 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了大量剩余勞動(dòng)力。農(nóng)村工業(yè)雇傭這些剩余勞動(dòng)力，農(nóng)村工業(yè)化和城市化也就開(kāi)始了。這個(gè)過(guò)

79、程一開(kāi)始是緩慢的，而1979年的改革開(kāi)放政策加速了這一進(jìn)程。到1996年,農(nóng)村工業(yè)產(chǎn)值占工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值的95%以上，雇傭了60%的農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力。城鎮(zhèn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的繁榮與城鄉(xiāng)收入比率取得了平衡。詳細(xì)審查農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展,可以總結(jié)出四大特點(diǎn)。</p><p>　?。ㄒ唬┏青l(xiāng)人口的多級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)移</p><p>　　城鄉(xiāng)人口的轉(zhuǎn)移是城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的主題。在無(wú)錫、江陰的農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化的過(guò)程中，有多種轉(zhuǎn)移模式，農(nóng)民們僅僅通

80、過(guò)離開(kāi)農(nóng)村是無(wú)法成為城市居民 [2] (見(jiàn)表I)。</p><p>　　表 I. 農(nóng)村地區(qū)城鎮(zhèn)化的三個(gè)層次</p><p>　　第一,農(nóng)民受雇于非農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)，通常在家鄉(xiāng)周圍，由村集體或農(nóng)戶個(gè)人經(jīng)營(yíng)的。農(nóng)民不離開(kāi)他們的村莊，居住地和工作地都在農(nóng)村,但是他們大部分的工作時(shí)間用于非農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)。通過(guò)這種第一層次轉(zhuǎn)移，農(nóng)民改變了他們?cè)瓉?lái)的職業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)而從事非農(nóng)活動(dòng)。由于他們不離開(kāi)原來(lái)的村莊,這種轉(zhuǎn)移相對(duì)比較方

81、便。從1978-1986,參與這種第一層次轉(zhuǎn)移的人數(shù)由10萬(wàn)增加到27萬(wàn)。如果其家屬[3]都包括在內(nèi)的話,將達(dá)到35萬(wàn)人或占人口總數(shù)的16.9%。</p><p>　　第二,農(nóng)民受雇于非農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè),通常是鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè),但有關(guān)人員繼續(xù)生活在農(nóng)村地區(qū)。與第一層次轉(zhuǎn)移人員相比,第二層次的轉(zhuǎn)移人員更加“城鎮(zhèn)化”,因?yàn)樗麄兊墓ぷ鲌?chǎng)所已經(jīng)由農(nóng)村轉(zhuǎn)移到鄉(xiāng)一級(jí)的小城鎮(zhèn),在那里他們可以在下班后享受一些城市的生活[4]。但他們?nèi)跃幼≡谵r(nóng)村

82、,這種轉(zhuǎn)移還不夠徹底。第二層次人員的轉(zhuǎn)移趨勢(shì)對(duì)小城鎮(zhèn)的發(fā)展是有利的。由于他們?cè)谛〕擎?zhèn)只需要工作空間而不需城鎮(zhèn)住房,因而沒(méi)有擴(kuò)展小城鎮(zhèn)的資金需求，這給了更多人參與這次轉(zhuǎn)移的機(jī)會(huì)。1978年以來(lái), 無(wú)錫,江陰兩縣的64個(gè)小城鎮(zhèn)共接收了2.9萬(wàn)農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力。如果算上他們的家屬，1978年第二層次轉(zhuǎn)移人數(shù)將由16萬(wàn)（占1978年人口總量的7.8%）增加到45萬(wàn)（占1986年人口總量的21.7%）</p><p>　　第三,

83、農(nóng)民不僅改變了工作和工作場(chǎng)所,還由鄉(xiāng)村遷居到小城鎮(zhèn)上。通過(guò)此次轉(zhuǎn)移，農(nóng)村人口完全轉(zhuǎn)化為城市人口。這種轉(zhuǎn)移始于1984年,當(dāng)時(shí)中央政府頒布新政策，如果農(nóng)民能夠解決自己的糧食供應(yīng)問(wèn)題，他們可以以城市企業(yè)的合同工人的身份居住到小城鎮(zhèn)或者城市。從1984年到1986年,無(wú)錫、江陰兩縣大約有2萬(wàn)人屬于第三層次的轉(zhuǎn)移。</p><p>　　相對(duì)少的是由低級(jí)向高級(jí)的轉(zhuǎn)移。轉(zhuǎn)移人口似乎已經(jīng)滿足于最初的轉(zhuǎn)移，而不愿再次改變現(xiàn)狀。&

84、lt;/p><p>　?。ǘ┓稚⒌目臻g格局</p><p>　　農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)成立有兩種模式:集中或分散。無(wú)錫、江陰農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)的空間格局相對(duì)分散。由此引發(fā)的是農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化的均衡發(fā)展。這分散和平衡的城市化反過(guò)來(lái)使得整個(gè)地區(qū)成為一個(gè)城市地區(qū)。</p><p>　　城市是城市特點(diǎn)占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位區(qū)域。1978年以來(lái),無(wú)錫、江陰發(fā)生了巨大的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)變化。城市功能有所延伸,城市土地使用正在出

85、現(xiàn),城市景觀正在發(fā)生重大的轉(zhuǎn)變。</p><p>　?。ㄈ┏擎?zhèn)化滯后于工業(yè)化</p><p>　　城鎮(zhèn)化和工業(yè)化是相互依存的。這就必須確保工業(yè)化和城鎮(zhèn)化這兩個(gè)進(jìn)程是互補(bǔ)的,是同步的，尤其是在工業(yè)化的早期及中期階段。如果城鎮(zhèn)化遙遙領(lǐng)先于工業(yè)化,就會(huì)出現(xiàn)城市范圍的盲目擴(kuò)張,城市人口的快速增長(zhǎng),失業(yè)嚴(yán)重，農(nóng)業(yè)停滯，當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣?huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的不和諧。所有的這些都將會(huì)延誤工業(yè)化的進(jìn)程。從全球范圍來(lái)看,最

86、典型的城鎮(zhèn)化超過(guò)工業(yè)化的是在是拉丁美洲，那里城鎮(zhèn)化水平很高但工業(yè)發(fā)展始終遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后。另一方面,當(dāng)工業(yè)化超過(guò)城鎮(zhèn)化，將會(huì)出現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)人口轉(zhuǎn)移的不充分現(xiàn)象，農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)中也會(huì)出現(xiàn)比例失調(diào)的產(chǎn)業(yè)工會(huì)。城市的發(fā)展將會(huì)減慢,無(wú)法滿足快速增長(zhǎng)的工業(yè)需求。</p><p>　　無(wú)錫、江陰兩縣,城鎮(zhèn)化滯后于工業(yè)化。工業(yè)與小城鎮(zhèn)發(fā)展之間不協(xié)調(diào)。小城鎮(zhèn)的建設(shè)與發(fā)展不能滿足農(nóng)村工業(yè)迅速發(fā)展的需求。主要有兩方面的原因:首先,農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化是一個(gè)相當(dāng)獨(dú)

87、立的過(guò)程。與城市工業(yè)相比，農(nóng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)歷史短、基礎(chǔ)薄弱,在自身積累資金的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展。盡管1978年以來(lái)城市建設(shè)投資急劇增長(zhǎng)，但這仍然不能滿足農(nóng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展的需求。其次，缺少能夠恰當(dāng)?shù)貐f(xié)調(diào)城市發(fā)展和工業(yè)增長(zhǎng)的有效制度。缺少專門開(kāi)發(fā)小城鎮(zhèn)或管理鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的固定或正式基金。缺少留置工業(yè)利潤(rùn)用于城市建設(shè)所需的規(guī)定。</p><p>　?。ㄋ模┬〕擎?zhèn)在城鎮(zhèn)化中的重要作用</p><p>　　鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)行政管理(鄉(xiāng)

88、鎮(zhèn))作為農(nóng)村人口和農(nóng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)中心起著重要的作用。</p><p>　　1958年農(nóng)村人民公社建立前，農(nóng)村聚落模式為鄉(xiāng)村、集鎮(zhèn)以及少數(shù)指定的城鎮(zhèn)。從那以后,一些集鎮(zhèn)成為社區(qū)管理場(chǎng)所,逐步演變成小城鎮(zhèn)，另外一些則由于商品生產(chǎn)的衰落而退化成村莊。這樣,集鎮(zhèn)逐漸消失,鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)和村莊發(fā)展成為農(nóng)村聚落的兩種基本類型。1978年以后,農(nóng)村聚落繼續(xù)發(fā)展，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)迅速發(fā)展然而村莊卻衰落了。鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)和村莊之間的差異也日益擴(kuò)大,后者仍然是農(nóng)村地區(qū)，

89、前者吸收了城市的許多特點(diǎn)。鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)作為城鎮(zhèn)體系的主要節(jié)點(diǎn)，從以下幾個(gè)方面在城鎮(zhèn)化的過(guò)程中發(fā)揮了極其重要的作用(見(jiàn)表2)。</p><p>　　表 II. 無(wú)錫、江陰的兩種不同的農(nóng)村聚落形式（鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)級(jí)村莊）)</p><p>　　上述提及的四大特點(diǎn)是農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化過(guò)程不完全性的體現(xiàn)。不僅人口遷移是不完全的,就連作為主要產(chǎn)業(yè)集群所在地的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)也是不完全的。最好而言,農(nóng)民工所占人口比例較高的小城鎮(zhèn)是城市發(fā)展

90、的一個(gè)過(guò)渡階段。平均而言，農(nóng)民工所占小城鎮(zhèn)人口的55%，有些甚至高達(dá)70%。農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化的不完全性也反映在對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移人口的高選擇性上，轉(zhuǎn)移的人口主要是一些健全的男女。盡管這些都是短暫的特征，這些地區(qū)的農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展迅速,顯示著它適應(yīng)了當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟(jì)與社會(huì)并與之融為一體。</p><p>　　三、農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的未來(lái)發(fā)展</p><p>　　城鎮(zhèn)化不是孤立的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象,它的發(fā)展與所在區(qū)域的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)變化關(guān)

91、系緊密。通過(guò)分析無(wú)錫和江陰的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，可以對(duì)未來(lái)的農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化做一個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)。</p><p>　?。ㄒ唬┺r(nóng)村人口將不斷由低水平向高水平、由不完全向完全演進(jìn)</p><p>　　早期的農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化是在農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力大量過(guò)剩的情況下發(fā)展起來(lái)的，轉(zhuǎn)移人員轉(zhuǎn)移后保持相對(duì)的穩(wěn)定。隨著農(nóng)村剩余勞動(dòng)力銳減,農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力未來(lái)向非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)部門轉(zhuǎn)移,主要涉及到新增的勞動(dòng)力。通過(guò)農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力增長(zhǎng)的分析，自然和機(jī)械的勞動(dòng)力增

92、長(zhǎng)是有限的(見(jiàn)王,1989)此外,農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化需要健全的人。因此,第一層次的農(nóng)村人口轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)量下降，第二和第三層次的相對(duì)增加。</p><p>　　無(wú)錫、江陰未來(lái)的城鎮(zhèn)化水平上升主要涉及那些已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)移但還沒(méi)有完成整個(gè)過(guò)程的人員。因此轉(zhuǎn)向更高水平的人數(shù)增加將是未來(lái)農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化的一項(xiàng)重要指標(biāo)。</p><p>　?。ǘ┬〕擎?zhèn)將繼續(xù)差異化地迅速發(fā)展</p><p>　　人口由第

93、一層次向第二、第三層次轉(zhuǎn)移主要涉及小城鎮(zhèn)中迅速增加的農(nóng)民工。由第二層次向第三層次的轉(zhuǎn)移會(huì)增加小城鎮(zhèn)的人口數(shù)量。因此,人口由低水平向高水平轉(zhuǎn)移自然會(huì)伴隨著小城鎮(zhèn)的發(fā)展。越多的人轉(zhuǎn)移,小城鎮(zhèn)的發(fā)展速度就會(huì)越快。與此同時(shí),由于地理?xiàng)l件和經(jīng)濟(jì)力量的差異，小城鎮(zhèn)間發(fā)展不平衡。一些發(fā)展較快的小城鎮(zhèn)會(huì)變成周圍幾個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的中心,最后在城鎮(zhèn)體系中充當(dāng)縣、鄉(xiāng)間的中介。</p><p>　　在差異化的過(guò)程中,一些小城鎮(zhèn)會(huì)離開(kāi)過(guò)渡狀態(tài),這

94、表明農(nóng)民工數(shù)量的減少，常住人口數(shù)量的增加。整個(gè)過(guò)程可能會(huì)需要較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間來(lái)完成。</p><p>　　（三）農(nóng)村向中心城市轉(zhuǎn)移人口將逐漸增加</p><p>　　從無(wú)錫、江陰的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)來(lái)判斷，似乎大、中型城市數(shù)量的增加是不可避免的。因?yàn)闊o(wú)錫當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)和企業(yè)面臨著勞動(dòng)力供給的短缺，從1983年開(kāi)始接受周圍3個(gè)縣的合同工人。這樣開(kāi)創(chuàng)了農(nóng)民向大型、中型城市轉(zhuǎn)移的合法途徑。</p><

95、;p>　　農(nóng)村人口直接向大城市的轉(zhuǎn)移超出了農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化的范圍。目前,以這種方式被轉(zhuǎn)移的人數(shù)還很少，農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展仍然是農(nóng)村地區(qū)的主導(dǎo)過(guò)程。然而,還有一種趨勢(shì)。一方面農(nóng)村人口向大、中型城市遷移將逐步增長(zhǎng)。另一方面,隨著農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化的加速發(fā)展,一些鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)可能會(huì)變成小城鎮(zhèn)隨后變成小城市。最后,其中的幾個(gè)甚至可能會(huì)變成中型城市。那時(shí),人口轉(zhuǎn)移和城鎮(zhèn)化模式就不會(huì)限制農(nóng)村城市化的發(fā)展?？傊?我們相信當(dāng)農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展到一定階段后，自我否定將會(huì)不可避免

96、，農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化仍是作為過(guò)渡階段的一種形式。</p><p>　　四、農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化對(duì)其他地區(qū)的適用性</p><p>　　無(wú)錫、江陰近年來(lái)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r表明農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化適用于這些鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)。但是否適用于其他地區(qū)的發(fā)展則取決于當(dāng)?shù)氐膶?shí)際情況。從無(wú)錫、江陰的實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)看，農(nóng)村工業(yè)化的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境是推進(jìn)農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化所必須的。從中國(guó)目前的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況來(lái)看,要以工業(yè)化帶動(dòng)城鎮(zhèn)化的發(fā)展，農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)也是如此。沒(méi)有農(nóng)村工業(yè)化，

97、農(nóng)村地區(qū)要發(fā)展就必須依靠副業(yè)部門和第三部門。然而，這并不會(huì)促進(jìn)城鎮(zhèn)化，大量的農(nóng)村人口也不會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移到城市。</p><p>　　農(nóng)村工業(yè)化并不必然意味著農(nóng)村工業(yè)的分散發(fā)展。事實(shí)上,這是農(nóng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)以較大規(guī)模的發(fā)展過(guò)程，在這一過(guò)程中整個(gè)地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)逐漸變化。因此,農(nóng)村工業(yè)化必須依靠便利的交通,有效的市場(chǎng)體系,高品質(zhì)的勞動(dòng)力以及與城市緊密的合作。目前中國(guó)的情形,只有大城市周圍的農(nóng)村地區(qū)可以提供這些條件。</p>

98、<p>　　此外,城鎮(zhèn)化并不是農(nóng)村工業(yè)化不可避免的結(jié)果。比如,在許多落后地區(qū)，農(nóng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)利用當(dāng)?shù)刭Y源迅速發(fā)展,引領(lǐng)著當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)和就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的顯著改變。但在這些非農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)發(fā)生的地方,小城鎮(zhèn)沒(méi)有得到發(fā)展，盡管農(nóng)村居民的工作已經(jīng)發(fā)生了改變，但是他們還是沒(méi)轉(zhuǎn)變成為城市居民。因此,這種發(fā)展不能看做是農(nóng)村地區(qū)城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展?？傊?成功的城鎮(zhèn)化必須依賴于強(qiáng)大的農(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ),較大的人口密度以及引領(lǐng)農(nóng)村工業(yè)化的環(huán)境。</p><p&g

99、t;　　在分析了農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展所需要素后,我們將全國(guó)地區(qū)劃分成三種類型。第一類地區(qū)包括長(zhǎng)江三角洲平原,珠江三角洲, 山東半島東部、和北京-天津-唐山地區(qū)。其中,太湖平原最為典型。這些地區(qū)一般表現(xiàn)為高度發(fā)達(dá)的農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)、歷史悠久的聚落,高密度的人口和城市。農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化最適合這些地區(qū),的確這里城鎮(zhèn)化程度較高。</p><p>　　第二類地區(qū)主要位于中國(guó)的內(nèi)陸,主要包括長(zhǎng)江流域,四川盆地、渭河流域, 黃河流域、淮河流域、海