外文翻譯--制冷劑排放的不合理方式及技術解決方案

1、<p><b>　　中文7200字</b></p><p><b>　　外文翻譯及原文：</b></p><p>　　Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures</p><p><b>　　Wu Zeqiu</b

2、></p><p>　　Wuyi University, Wuyishan Fujian 354300, China</p><p>　　Abstract: Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosph

3、ere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in t

4、he refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and dimi</p><p>　　Key words: unreasonable emission, retriev

5、e refrigerants, countermeasures, economic, technological, management, good-cycle.</p><p>　　1 Introduction</p><p>　　The hole in the earth’s ozone layer is one of the most severe global environmen

6、tal issues (Dowdeswell, 1995; Song,1995); hence, over 180 countries have signed the Montreal Protocol, requiring the diminution of ozone depleting substances(ODS) in order to ‘repair the Ozone Hole’. As the result of ove

7、r 10 years of hard work by many countries, satellite observations have shown signs of partial restoration of the ozone layer, but to entirely restore the ozone layer will require at least 50 years or m</p><p&g

8、t;　　One of the main causes of this problem is the pollution caused by Freon refrigerant pollution. Millions of refrigerators, used by homes, hospitals, restaurants, automobiles and many other users, contain huge amounts

9、of refrigerants; but these refrigerants cannot be contained forever; all of these refrigerants must leave the refrigerators and enter the atmosphere some time, unless they are contained and recycled. Refrigerants go into

10、 the atmosphere in several ways. Some ways can be considered as </p><p>　　The research shows that to retrieve all the refrigerants from refrigerators is not a simple and easy matter. Therefore, comprehensive

11、, effective and scientific countermeasures such as proposed in this paper are necessary and crucial.</p><p>　　2 How are refrigerants used by refrigerators?</p><p>　　To understand the discussion

12、in this paper, we should first illustrate how refrigerants are used by refrigerators. Excluding a small proportion of refrigerators, such as semiconductor refrigeration units, most refrigeration equipment works on the pr

13、inciple of Karno-cycle. Its main components are evaporator, radiator, throttle and compressor. These components are connected with pipes. A certain amount of refrigerant is injected to form a refrigeration cycle system.

14、When the compressor drives the </p><p>　　Since the refrigerant is a gas under high pressure, it must be sealed tightly into the refrigeration system when first injected in, using soldering or welding methods

15、 to prevent it from escaping.</p><p>　　Most refrigerators made in the past years, including many refrigerators made at the present time, use Freon as the refrigerant, posing a major threat to the ozone layer

16、. Over 180 nations have signed the Montreal Protocol, promising to stop producing and using ODS, including Freon. But it will take decades to achieve this, because a fair proportion of newly-made refrigerators still use

17、Freon. For example, China planned to cease the production of refrigerators using Freon by the year 2005 (Nationa</p><p>　　amount already in use here. A main ODS substitute, HFCs, has been identified as a ‘gr

18、eenhouse gas’ in the Kyoto Protocol, but is being widely used in refrigerators today. Since the life of a refrigerator is at least 10 years, this means that millions of refrigerators may still release emissions into the

19、atmosphere when they are junked, or when servicemen attempt to repair them..</p><p>　　As to retrieving the refrigerants of refrigerators, China just planned to conduct an industry investigation in 2006(Wen,

20、 2007), but it has not started in China today. My investigation into the market and the industry of maintenance of refrigerator shows it is the fact, and it must be the same case in most countries.</p><p>　　

21、3 Two means of refrigerant emission</p><p>　　To solve the problem of refrigerant emissions, we must explain some research into the causes of emission. Since the refrigerant is sealed into the pipe system of

22、the refrigerator, and in the end, it must find some way to exit into the atmosphere. Research shows that there are two main ways that this can happen: leaking, and deliberate manual emission.</p><p>　　3.1 Le

23、aking</p><p>　　The evaporator and the radiator are made of pipes, which， together with the compressor, make up the cycle system when the refrigerant is injected in. When the room temperature is normal, the r

24、efrigerant gas will be under a pressure of about 0.4–2MPa. If cracks or holes, even a very tiny passage, develop in the refrigeration system, the high pressure will force the refrigerant gas into the atmosphere, often un

25、noticed by people. This we may call ‘leaking’.</p><p>　　3.2 Manual emission</p><p>　　When a refrigeration system needs repairs, in many cases it will be necessary to open the sealed refrigeratio

26、n ‘pipe system’ to repair the faulty part. To do this, the serviceman will usually cut the broken pipe open, releasing the refrigerant gas under pressure into the atmosphere. Since this leakage is caused by the deliberat

27、e action of the repairman, we call this a ‘manual emission’. ‘Manual emission’ is caused by a traditional method of repairing that has long been in use for repairing refri</p><p>　　tools or equipment to make

28、 repairs without releasing the refrigerant gas.</p><p>　　3.3 ‘Non-rational’ emission is not necessary</p><p>　　Research tells us that manual emission is non-rational, because if we could keep

29、the refrigerant contained</p><p>　　Within the system, there would be two benefits: first, we would have a good chance to retrieve the refrigerant and prevent waste, because we would save the refrigerant, wh

30、ich is reusable; second, we would prevent further pollution of the atmosphere and further spoiling of the ozone zone.</p><p>　　3.4 Most emissions are manually-caused</p><p>　　Research also tells

31、 us that most emissions are caused manually, rather than by natural leaking. That is, most ‘lost’ refrigerants going into the atmosphere can be prevented by proper repairing methods. Below is an analysis.</p><

32、p>　　The amount of refrigerants contained in any refrigerator must be precise in order to produce maximum cooling effect. Therefore, if after repairs are made, the refrigerator contains over or lower than 10% of the re

33、frigerant by the standard, the cooling ability of the refrigerator will noticeably decrease and will be noticed by the user who will then call the repairman. This means that in most cases of leakage, there will be very l

34、ittle loss of the refrigerant before the repairman comes again to m</p><p>　　In some cases the need for repairs is not caused by leaking, but for other reasons. In these cases, such as the disabling of the r

35、efrigerator by tiny particles caught in the pipes, or by ice-block, or damage to the compressor there will be loss of cooling ability, but no loss of refrigerant; 100% of the refrigerant can be contained.</p><

36、p>　　In some cases the refrigerant may be lost, such as the unexpected snapping of a pipe, but these cases are rare.</p><p>　　After considering the analysis above, we can conclude that in most cases where

37、refrigerators need servicing, the refrigerant is largely contained, and could be preserved, but the serviceman will release it. In other words, most refrigerant emissions are manually caused, are needless, and can be pre

38、vented.</p><p>　　4 A gateway for controlling refrigerant emissions, and control techniques</p><p>　　4.1 The gateway</p><p>　　We know from the above discussion that a major proportio

39、n of refrigerants lost into the atmosphere pass through a ‘gateway’ of manual emission. If we can use some means to close this gateway, and divert the would-be lost refrigerant gas into a container rather than into the a

40、tmosphere, then we can change ‘manual emission’ to ‘manual retrieval’. By putting ‘manual retrieval’ into practice, we can retrieve over half of all refrigerants contained in refrigerators currently in use.</p>&l

41、t;p>　　In order to do this, proper tools and technical procedures are necessary. Such procedures and equipment were invented in China (Wu, 1996), called ‘refrigerant retrieval appliance’ technique, which will be descri

42、bed below.</p><p>　　4.2 The technique of refrigerant retrieval appliance</p><p>　　The principle of ‘refrigerant retrieval appliance technique’. First, the retrieval appliance is attached to the

43、refrigerator pipe that contains the refrigerant to be emitted; then the service valves, pipe, compressor and container are connected, in the high-pressure direction of the compressor to the container。Make sure that all c

44、onnections are tight, and then use the cutter in the retrieval appliance to cut the pipe broken. When the pipe is cut, the refrigerant will blow into the retrieval appl</p><p>　　This technique is not complex

45、, as can be seen. It can be simple, effective and easy to operate. For example, in an interview on GXTV, a Chinese TV station in Guangxi Province in July 2003, about 95 grams of refrigerant, about 95% of the total refrig

46、erant in the refrigerator, was retrieved in 10 minutes using this technique and equipment.</p><p>　　For the sake of protecting the environment, we must abandon the manual emission method and use the refriger

47、ant retrieval technique. Now the refrigerant retrieval appliance technique is available, and there is no reason for continuing to use the manual emission method.</p><p>　　It should be pointed out that there

48、are many kinds of refrigerant retrieval techniques, but, as far as we know, they are almost all designed and suited only for the large size refrigeration equipment. Except for the technique described in this paper, there

49、 are a few other suitable techniques for retrieving refrigerant from household refrigerators. These refrigerators are small type equipment, for their refrigeration systems are sealed by soldering or welding methods, with

50、 no valves installed for</p><p>　　Another information is a report from a member of the United Nations Environment Program inspection delegation to Canada. It reports that Canada, a developed country with one

51、 of the best environment protection records, does not retrieve the refrigerant from refrigerators (Song, 2004). An important source for our conclusions is an official website named Ozone Action in China (in Chinese) (Out

52、line of the elimination of refrigeration service industry, 2008), which shows that China is not retrieving </p><p>　　5 Four benefits derived from adopting the refrigerant retrieval system</p><p>

53、;　　5.1 Preventing pollution and creating income</p><p>　　Refrigerants are a substance with high stability; hence they can rise to the ozone layer with no breakup, causing depletion of the ozone layer. Becaus

54、e of this high stability, we know that the retrieved refrigerants do not change properties, except for small amounts of impurities, such as water, air and metallic dust. Except for refrigerators with ice-bulk and gas lea

55、ks, the refrigerants retrieved from refrigerators are of good quality and reusable. Even retrieved refrigerants corrupted with som</p><p>　　Air mixed with the refrigerant is more difficult to remove, so the

56、servicemen should make a good, airtight connection while retrieving the refrigerant. However, research shows that a little air mixed with the retrieved refrigerant does not affect its cooling efficiency.</p><p

57、>　　In summary, most retrieved refrigerants are reusable if the servicemen perform the retrieval procedure properly.</p><p>　　Since the refrigerant retrieval equipment is inexpensive and can be used repeat

58、edly, the cost of retrieval, excluding labor cost, is the electricity used by the procedure. Since almost all retrieved refrigerants are usable, the serviceman who performs the retrieval procedure has an additional sourc

59、e of income, while at the same time contributing to protect environment. Hence, we can say that refrigerant retrieval has the long-term effect of ‘killing two birds with one stone’.</p><p>　　5.2 Seeking long

60、-term beneficial results</p><p>　　There are three reasons for predicting long-term benefits: First, because he can make extra money while protecting the environment, the serviceman has a motive for retrievin

61、g the refrigerant. He knows that the more he retrieves, the more money he can make.</p><p>　　Second, especially in the developing countries, almost all refrigerators in current use, and many new ones being p

62、roduced, use Freon as the refrigerant. Without emission controls, these refrigerators will all release Freon into the atmosphere over the next ten years. The use of refrigerant retrieval will be a major source of environ

63、mental protection.</p><p>　　Third, although in future years, new refrigerators will not use Freon as a refrigerant, it is not true, as some people think, that these refrigerators will be pollution-free. Ther

64、e are lessons to learn from other people’s mistakes. For example, the ‘white pollution’ that comes from plastics seems innocuous, but it is not innocuous. Some people fear that the refrigerators not using Freon may also

65、have a ‘greenhouse effect’. A main ODS substitute, HFCs, has been identified as a ‘greenhouse gas’ in</p><p>　　Since refrigerant retrieval techniques are based on principles of physics, and the retrieval pro

66、cess is unrelated to the chemical properties of refrigerants, they are suited for retrieving other kinds of refrigerants or using other types of refrigeration equipment.</p><p>　　5.3 Controlling manual emiss

67、ions is a ‘good-cycle’ solution</p><p>　　Controlling manual emissions is a ‘good-cycle’ solution, because it increases ozone layer protection while at the same time giving additional income to the serviceman

68、 who is preventing pollution.</p><p>　　As we know from past experience, many environmental protection techniques are difficult to promote because these techniques cost extra money, forcing the users to lose

69、net income and creating a ‘bad-cycle’ dilemma: he who does something good for society suffers a loss. This is the main reason why many environmental protection techniques are difficult to promote, while the ‘good-cycle’

70、technique will have the opposite effect: he who does something good for society get income, the users will welco</p><p>　　It is rare to see environmental protection methods that have the merits of the ‘good-

71、cycle’ techniques described above. Almost all environmental protection methods are put into practice because of pressure from governments or other authorities. Most of these cases encounter severe and insoluble difficult

72、ies, even ending in failure.</p><p>　　The retrieval technique can eliminate manual emissions in other types of refrigeration equipment besides refrigerators.</p><p>　　Because the cooling princip

73、le of other types of refrigeration equipment is the same as refrigerators, such as air conditioners at home, office buildings and automobiles, manual emissions occur in servicing such equipment, and the refrigerant retri

74、eval method will work in the same way.</p><p>　　6 Countermeasures to bring manual emissions under permanent control</p><p>　　In order to eliminate pollution from manual emissions completely and

75、easily, the society must establish economic, administrative and technological countermeasures.</p><p>　　6.1 The economic way</p><p>　　Although the pollution caused by one manual emission is smal

76、l, the total global pollution from many countries is enormous; therefore, we must introduce an economic incentive that is sufficient to motivate the servicemen to adopt refrigerant retrieval techniques, for we can not de

77、pend upon their conscience when they are unsupervised and impossible to supervise the servicemen’s repairing.</p><p>　　It is understandable that the serviceman will abandon retrieval of refrigerants if the c

78、ost of retrieval, including labor, is more than the value of the retrieved refrigerant. To make matters worse, the cost of Freon refrigerant has become cheaper and cheaper, diminishing the motive to retrieve refrigerant.

79、 In China, for example, 10 years ago, the refrigerant used in a home refrigerator was the equivalent of five hours of average wages for working people, while today its value falls short of the</p><p>　　Some

80、public authorities have already noticed this situation and have taken actions. According to a report, there are two examples (Song and Tang, 2006): Italy set a rule that the ODS substitutes manufacturers must pay the cos

81、t to process the Halon and CFC (two kinds of ODS). In France, according to a volunteer plan, all ODS refrigerant buyers must pay about 0.6 Euro/kg. The customer who sends the retrieved refrigerant can get 1.52 Euro/kg fo

82、r return. France holds that it is only when the policy </p><p>　　To decrease the cost of retrieving refrigerants, the society should give full support to all relevant activities, such as promotion of new ret

83、rieval techniques, financial support for research and production of retrieval equipment, development of cheaper and better retrieval equipment, and more and better techniques; only by doing this can the cost of retrievin

84、g refrigerants be brought down.</p><p>　　6.2 Intervention by governments or other administrative authorities</p><p>　　Governments can make laws and policies requiring refrigerator servicemen to

85、replace methods causing lost emissions (manual emissions), with refrigerant retrieval techniques. For example, new laws can ban manual emission methods and require that servicemen use retrieval techniques; if they do not

86、 comply, their license to repair refrigerators will be revoked. This conforms to the principle that ‘he who makes pollution must harness the pollution’, and is a proper use of governmental authority.</p><p>

87、　　According to the ‘good-cycle principle’ (he who retrieves the refrigerant must profit thereby), and with lowcost, reusable equipment readily available, government intervention will not be difficult to practise and will

88、 not fail, as have other anti-pollution measures done.</p><p>　　6.3 Technological countermeasures</p><p>　　Although the refrigerant retrieval equipment technique described above has already been

89、 tested and proven successful, there are still some technical problems to be solved in order to put this technique into practice. For example, the equipment must be easy to use; it must make the retrieval efficiently and

90、 quickly; the cost must be kept down; technical research must continue to develop new techniques. All these must receive aids from the society, for the technical aspect is the primary, necessar</p><p>　　6.4

91、Low costs of the three countermeasures</p><p>　　It is obvious that to put the three countermeasures into practice the social cost is very low, even nothing. Since imposing taxes on refrigerant products can m

92、ake the income more than the cost for supporting retrieve technique research.</p><p>　　7 Conclusions</p><p>　　There are two kinds of loss of refrigerants from refrigerators: manual emissions and

93、 leakage. We can understand that leakage will happen, because the users cannot know it is taking place or what the cause is. But manual emissions are needless, because they are deliberately caused by servicemen who cut t

94、he pipe open and release the gas into the atmosphere while making repairs. Manual emissions may be understandable if the serviceman has no equipment for retrieving the refrigerant, but such emissi</p><p>　　T

95、oday the servicemen have no reason for releasing Freon gas into the atmosphere, for there are proven techniques and equipment for retrieving the refrigerant, and eliminating the total amount of Freon lost globally. Becau

96、se the retrieved refrigerant can be sold and reused, the serviceman can increase his income. This can be called a ‘good-cycle’ method, for ‘whoever prevents pollution receives the money saved’.</p><p>　　To p

97、ermanently abolish the needless loss of Freon (and other pollution refrigerant) from manual emissions, the society can make three countermeasures: economic, technical and government intervention. The economic countermeas

98、ure raises the cost of needless emissions by means such as imposing a tax on Freon refrigerants to raise the price and make the retrieval process economically worthwhile. Government intervention prohibits manual emission