綠色貿易壁壘與中國的農產品出口外文翻譯（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　中文3100字，2000單詞，1.1萬英文字符</p><p>　　出處：Kuppusamy M, Gharleghi B. Green Barriers and China's Agricultural Product Export: Is There Any Relationship?[J]. Asian Social Science, 2014, 10(16):34-41.&l

2、t;/p><p><b>　　原文 </b></p><p>　　Green Barriers and China's Agricultural Product Export: Is There Any Relationship?</p><p>　　Kuppusamy, Mudiarasan; Gharleghi, Behrooz<

3、/p><p><b>　　Abstract </b></p><p>　　As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The posi

4、tive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trade, tr

5、ade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. So the research of influence of green barriers on China's agricultural pr</p><p>　　Keywords: green barriers, agricultural product, e

6、xport, China </p><p>　　1. Introduction </p><p>　　The green barrier is one of the most frequent measures in developed countries from the 1990's (Feng, 2007). As an agricultural coun

7、try, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricu

8、ltural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trading, even cause trade friction, and </p><p>　　Green barriers are also called environm

9、ental barriers and green protectionism, which is a new trade barrier since 1990s. Buyers will impose green barriers on sellers' export when the buyers want to protect their own limited resources, human, animal,

10、plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade. Green barriers take place when importers have strict environmental protection laws and regulations to manage their own environment and techn

11、ology standards. </p><p>　　The green barriers are becoming not only the serious challenges faced by China's agricultural export products but also the biggest obstacle for China's agricultural ex

12、ports (Yu, 2010). To deal with the green barriers, it is important to identify the causes of green barriers on China's agricultural products export, which are from both import and export countries. The limi

13、ted agricultural technology of China is one significant cause. Due to the limited agricultural technology of China, the agricul</p><p>　　As agricultural trade plays a key role in China's foreign tra

14、de, how to break restrictions of green barriers impacted on agricultural export products and how to effectively regulate China's agricultural production with the correct use of the green barriers are the big problems

15、 for China's future development (Wang &Liu, 2007). By changing the negative influence and making use of the positive in influences of green barriers in China, the sustainable development of China's agric

16、ultural trade can al</p><p>　　In most previous researches, the authors focus on the negative influences of green barriers. But the green barriers also have positive influences on the agricultural produc

17、ts export. The most significant issue for further exploration in the study is to effectively take use of the positive influences to improve China's agricultural products export. This study will make an empi

18、rical analysis of the positive influences of green barriers with questionnaires. Therefore, examining the relationship bet</p><p>　　The focus of geographic location is Xi'an of Shaanxi province in C

19、hina. One of the core industries in Xi'an is agricultural products export, and recently the agricultural products export in Xi'an is developing increasingly. So Xi'an is chosen to be the geographic

20、location for this research. The unit of analysis focus of the study is 200 staffs of agricultural trade companies in Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. The agricultural trade companies have comprehensive v

21、iews about the green barriers.</p><p>　　The organization of this paper is as follow: section 2 reviews the literature, section 3 describes the methods used, section 4 presents the empirical results and secti

22、on 5 concludes. </p><p>　　2. Literature </p><p>　　Review Green barriers are also called environment barriers, and green protectionism. Because the importers of products want to pr

23、otect their own limited resources, human, animal, plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade, through the formulation and implementation, they issued strict environmental protection laws an

24、d regulations to achieve environment protection and technology standards. The green barriers prevent foreign products enter into the domestic markets.T</p><p>　　2.1 Causes of Green Barriers </p>

25、<p>　　After China entered into WTO, most of the developed countries set up green restrictions to the export products of China. This leads the dramatic dropping of China's commodities, especially the agricul

26、tural products. The domestic and foreign experts have done a lot of research about the green barriers in China. </p><p>　　As mentioned by Zhu, Guo and Lan (2008), the environmental standards of dev

27、eloped countries are generally much higher than those of the developing countries. Especially a few developed countries make different standards for the imported products and domestic products, which makes the produ

28、cts of developing countries have more difficult to enter into the developed markets. </p><p>　　The comparative advantage of price in developing countries is an indirect cause of green barriers (Ren, 201

29、0). Developing countries are often rich in resources, especially China. The rich natural resources make the lower price of exported products from developing countries. With the comparative advantage of pri

30、ce, the developing and developed countries will have an enormous trade surplus. The developed countries due to the protection of their domestic market, will work out a policy with strict t</p><p>　　2.2

31、Influence of Green Barriers </p><p>　　Song (2009) analyses the formation and the new characteristics of green barriers in the global economic crisis. The author also points out that the new developing d

32、ynamic of each country's green barriers in the global economic crisis, and mainly from the laws and regulations puts forward the measures of green barriers for China. ChenXu (2009), points out that green barrier

33、s has the duality, on the one hand, they are used by some developed countries as a limit or hinder of foreign products or ser</p><p>　　At present many areas of China have make corresponding measures for the

34、green barriers. For example, the implementation of "Definite List System" in Japan has affected the exports of eel and tea in Jiang Xi province. In order to solve the problem, the Inspection and Quara

35、ntine Institutions of Jiang Xi province add a technology group to deal with the "Definite List System" and the new European Food Hygiene Regulations. This technology group specially analyses the influence

36、and measures for Jiang </p><p>　　The WTO accession has significantly lowered the tariff level to an average of 3.8% in developed countries and 14% for developing countries (Huang, 2007).The drop in tariff sh

37、ould presumably increase the market share of Chinese tea in importing countries, but that unfortunately did not happen. China's tea export, with its major markets in EU and Japan, has been substantially affected

38、 by the increasingly stringent pesticide residue control standards promulgated by China's trading partners (Zheng, </p><p>　　2.3 Methods to Deal with Green Barriers </p><p>　　Yu (2010) menti

39、oned that many global experts have done quite a lot research about the negative influence of the green barriers on China agricultural products export and made deeply detailed analysis of the countermeasures, but proposed

40、 less ideas on the positive impact. Only through analyzing both the positive and negative influences, China can put forward the corresponding measures for the green barriers in the light of these influences. &l

41、t;/p><p>　　Yin (2009) argued that developing green industries and enhancing China's international image are the necessary methods to deal with green barriers. At present, China's trade dependence h

42、as been higher than the U.S., Japan, India and Brazil. If China only focuses on improving openness, due to the deteriorating terms of trade, it will result in an outflow of resources. Therefore China should imp

43、rove the quality of trade and optimize trade structure, which make China's products achieve the environm</p><p>　　As a developing country, China has little environmental and security standards and even n

44、o standards for majority products. So an effective measurement to deal with green barriers is to improve the domestic environmental and safety standards. Efforts to integrate the standards of international and devel

45、oped country are still a beginning and continue to advance slowly. The Measures on the Management of Environmental Standards, promulgated by SEPA, reflect a growing awareness and recognition of in</p><p&g

46、t;　　Therefore, based on the literature above quoted and also the objectives of the paper, following hypotheses will be tested: </p><p>　　Hypothesis 1: There is a significant relationship between the causes o

47、f green barriers and China's agricultural product export.</p><p>　　Hypothesis 2: The impact of green barriers influencers toward China's agricultural product export is significant. </p>&

48、lt;p>　　Hypothesis 3: The impact of effective solutions of green barriers toward China's agricultural product export is significant. </p><p>　　2.4 Research Model </p><p>　　In this pap

49、er, the relationship between green barriers and China's agricultural products export (dependent variable) is investigated. In order to vividly show the green barriers in China, this study will identify three asp

50、ects of green barriers, which are causes, influences and methods (independent variables). The three aspects are also the three steps to analyse green barriers in China. To analyse green barriers, the causes are

51、 the first step. Then identifying the influences is the second step.</p><p>　　3. Research Method </p><p>　　Quantitative research is chosen to be the main approach of this research.

52、0;The data collection of this study will use survey, which is a non-experimental method. In survey research, respondents answer questions through interviews or questionnaires. In order to ensure the reliability

53、 of the survey, it is important that the questions are made appropriately. This research will use cross-sectional surveys. Cross-sectional surveys are used to gather information on a population at a single poin

54、t in tim</p><p><b>　　譯文 </b></p><p>　　綠色貿易壁壘與中國的農產品出口:他們的關系是什么?</p><p><b>　　摘要：</b></p><p>　　農業(yè)大國,中國農業(yè)產品的出口往往受到綠色壁壘的限制。積極的綠色壁壘可以調節(jié)中國的農業(yè)生產,和促進農業(yè)和

55、國際貿易發(fā)展;另一方面,消極的綠色壁壘會增加貿易的成本,貿易摩擦,從而會阻礙國際貿易的發(fā)展。因此,研究綠色壁壘對中國農產品的影響是非常有現(xiàn)實意義的。根據(jù)綠色壁壘的影響，中國的農產品出口可以采用相應的對策來應對綠色壁壘以及提高中國在國際市場中的競爭力。本研究基于中國的陜西西安農業(yè)貿易公司的200名員工的問卷調查，主要考察了綠色壁壘對中國農產品出口影響的原因和方法。為了解決這個問題,應用偏最小二乘法,實證結果表明,綠色貿易壁壘對中國農產品的

56、出口有一個積極和顯著的影響。</p><p>　　關鍵詞：綠色貿易壁壘；農產品；出口；中國</p><p><b>　　1.引言</b></p><p>　　從20世紀90年代以來，綠色壁壘是發(fā)達國家最常見的措施之一。作為一個農業(yè)大國,中國的農產品的出口往往遭受綠色壁壘的限制。積極的綠色壁壘可以調節(jié)中國的農業(yè)生產,和促進農業(yè)和國際貿易發(fā)展;另一

57、方面,消極的綠色壁壘會增加貿易的成本,貿易摩擦,從而會阻礙國際貿易的發(fā)展。</p><p>　　綠色壁壘又稱環(huán)境壁壘，綠色貿易保護主義，這是自90年代以來就有的一個新貿易壁壘。當買方想要在現(xiàn)代國際貿易中保護自己有限的資源,人力資源,動物,植物和生態(tài)環(huán)境，買家就會將綠色壁壘強加于賣方的商品出口。當進口商有嚴格的環(huán)境保護法律、法規(guī)來管理他們自己的環(huán)境和技術標準，這時就會產生綠色壁壘。</p><p

58、>　　綠色壁壘不僅正成為中國農業(yè)產品出口面臨的嚴峻挑戰(zhàn),也是中國農產品出口面臨的最大障礙。應對綠色壁壘,重要的是確定在中國農產品出口的綠色壁壘的原因,從進口國和出口國兩方面來考慮。中國農業(yè)技術有限是重要原因之一，由于中國農業(yè)技術有限,農業(yè)出口產品不能滿足進口國家高環(huán)境標準中提到的“綠色壁壘”。在出口過程中,進口國家的檢疫系統(tǒng),進口標準和復雜的檢驗過程也是主要原因。進口國家的復雜過程是中國農產品出口的最大障礙。</p>

59、<p>　　因為農產品貿易在中國對外貿易中扮演著重要角色,如何打破綠色壁壘限制對農業(yè)產品出口的影響,以及如何正確使用綠色壁壘來有效地控制中國的農業(yè)生產是中國未來發(fā)展的重大問題。通過改變消極影響以及積極的利用綠色壁壘的影響,將會推動中國農產品貿易的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。</p><p>　　以前的大多數(shù)研究，學者們關注綠色壁壘的負面影響。但是綠色壁壘對農產品出口也有積極的影響。進一步探索的最大意義是研究如何有效地

60、利用綠色壁壘的積極影響,提高中國農產品的出口。本研究將對綠色貿易壁壘的積極影響進行實證分析與問卷調查。因此，研究綠色貿易壁壘和中國農產品的出口之間的關系是本研究的總目標。更具體地說，就是找到綠色壁壘對中國農產品出口的原因,影響和方式。</p><p>　　選取的研究地理位置是在中國陜西省的西安。近年來，西安正日益發(fā)展，西安的核心產業(yè)之一就是農產品的出口,所以選擇西安作為研究地點。分析研究的重點就是中國的陜西西安農

61、業(yè)貿易公司的200員工。農業(yè)貿易公司對綠色壁壘有比較全面且深刻的看法。本文的研究方法是問卷調查，并將采用SPSS法用于分析調查的數(shù)據(jù)采集。</p><p>　　本文的組織結構是:第二節(jié)進行了相關文獻回顧,第三節(jié)描述了方法,第四節(jié)給出了實證研究的結果和第五節(jié)的總結。</p><p><b>　　2文獻綜述</b></p><p>　　綠色壁壘又稱

62、環(huán)境壁壘,綠色保護主義。因為進口商想在現(xiàn)代國際貿易中保護自己有限的資源,人力,動物,植物和生態(tài)環(huán)境,他們發(fā)布了嚴格的環(huán)保法律法規(guī),制定和實施環(huán)境保護和技術標準。綠色壁壘阻止了外國產品進入國內市場，他們的目的是保護國內產品以及建立一個新型的非關稅壁壘。</p><p>　　2.1綠色壁壘的原因</p><p>　　中國進入WTO后，大多數(shù)發(fā)達國家都對中國的出口產品設置了綠色限制。這導致中國的

63、大宗商品特別是農產品出口的急劇下降。國內外專家對中國的綠色壁壘已經做了很多研究。</p><p>　　如前所述，發(fā)達國家的環(huán)境標準通常遠遠高于發(fā)展中國家。尤其是一些發(fā)達國家對進口產品會做出與國內產品不同的標準，這就使得發(fā)展中國家的產品進入發(fā)達國家市場會遇到更多的困難。</p><p>　　發(fā)展中國家的產品價格上的比較優(yōu)勢是發(fā)達國家設置綠色壁壘的一個間接原因。發(fā)展中國家通常擁有豐富的資源，尤

64、其是中國。豐富的自然資源使發(fā)展中國家出口產品的價格更低。因為價格上的比較優(yōu)勢，發(fā)展中國家和發(fā)達國家將有一個巨大的貿易順差。發(fā)達國家為了保護國內市場,將會制定相關政策和嚴格的技術標準。</p><p>　　2.2綠色貿易壁壘的影響</p><p>　　分析全球經濟危機時期綠色壁壘的形成和新的特點，從全球經濟危機中的新發(fā)展動態(tài),每個國家的綠色壁壘,從法律法規(guī)等方面，學者們都提出了應對綠色壁壘的

65、措施。</p><p>　　有人人為,綠色壁壘具有二元性,一方面,他們使用一些發(fā)達國家的限制阻礙外國產品或服務進入國際市場和發(fā)達國家,有一定的“合法”地位;另一方面,他們客觀地保護全球自然環(huán)境,原始資源和人類健康。鑒于這種情況,中國一方面可以加強宣傳教育和立法來解決國際貿易中的綠色壁壘;另一方面,中國應該合理利用綠色貿易壁壘，提高農產品的質量，提高中國農產品的技術創(chuàng)新。</p><p>　

66、　目前，中國許多地區(qū)已經制定了綠色貿易壁壘的相應措施。例如，日本“名單制”的實施，影響了江西省鰻魚和茶的出口。為了解決這個問題，江西省的檢驗檢疫機構添加了一個科技公司應對“名單制”和新的歐洲食品衛(wèi)生法規(guī)。這個科技集團專門分析“名單制”江西省出口商品的影響,并將信息報告給有關部門和企業(yè),提供咨詢和解決方案。在某種程度上，科技集團已取得了很大的進步。在全球貿易，中國產品出口受“綠色壁壘”影響最嚴重的包括農產品、紡織品和服裝、皮革制品、電子產

67、品等。</p><p>　　加入世貿組織大大降低關稅水平,在發(fā)達國家降低了平均3.8%，發(fā)展中國家為14%。關稅的下降應該會增加中國茶在進口國的市場份額，但不幸的是并沒有發(fā)生。中國茶葉的出口,主要市場是在歐盟和日本，越來越嚴格的農藥殘留控制標準的頒布影響了茶品出口。</p><p>　　2.3應對綠色壁壘的方法</p><p>　　全球許多專家已經對消極的綠色壁壘對

68、中國農產品出口的影響和對策做了深入詳細的分析,但少有人提出綠色壁壘的積極影響。只有通過分析積極和消極影響，中國才能對這些影響綠色壁壘提出相應的措施。</p><p>　　有人人為，發(fā)展綠色產業(yè),提高中國的國際形象是中國來應對綠色壁壘一個很必要的方法。目前,中國的貿易依賴一直高于美國、日本、印度和巴西。如果中國只注重提高開放,由于貿易條件的惡化,這將導致資源外流。因此，中國應該提高貿易和優(yōu)化貿易結構的質量，使中國的

69、產品達到環(huán)保標準并提高出口產品的質量。</p><p>　　作為一個發(fā)展中國家,中國幾乎沒有環(huán)境和安全標準,甚至大部分產品都沒有標準。所以應對綠色壁壘的有效措施是改善國內環(huán)境和安全標準。整合國際和發(fā)達國家的標準的努力，仍然是剛起步并緩慢推進。國家環(huán)?？偩职l(fā)布的環(huán)境標準的管理措施，反映了日益增長的國際意識和重視發(fā)達國家環(huán)境標準的意識。在制定新的環(huán)保標準時，它為中國的監(jiān)控組織提供了一個方案，那就是可以使用發(fā)達國家當前

70、使用的國際標準。</p><p>　　因此，基于上述引用的文獻和本文的研究目標，將對以下假設進行測試:</p><p>　　假設1:綠色壁壘的原因和中國農產品出口之間有一個密切的關系。</p><p>　　假設2:綠色壁壘對中國農產品出口的影響是顯著的。</p><p>　　假設3:有效解決綠色壁壘對中國農產品的出口的影響是重要的。</

71、p><p><b>　　2.4研究模型</b></p><p>　　本文中，綠色壁壘與中國農產品的出口之間的關系調查。為了生動地展示中國面臨的綠色壁壘，本研究將研究綠色壁壘的三個方面：原因、影響和方法。綠色壁壘這三個方面會分三個步驟來進行分析。分析綠色壁壘，第一步是分析原因，然后第二步是分析影響，最后一步是基于原因和影響提出合適的方法。</p><p&