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1、本科本科畢業(yè)論畢業(yè)論文外文翻文外文翻譯外文外文題目：目：TheWTOAgreementonTechnicalBarrierstoTrade出處：CONSUMERPOLICYREVIEW作者：者：DrJamesMathis原文：文：AsoneoftheMulitlateralAgreementsonTradeinGoodstheTechnicalBarrierstoTradeAgreementissubscribedtobyallWldT

2、radeganizationmembers.TheAgreementsprovisionsapplytothetechnicalregulationsstardsoftheacteristicsofproducts.ThisarticlelooksattheimplicationsofthisAgreementthedevelopmentofasetofinternationalstardsfstardsbodieshowtheycan

3、governthemselvesthepossibleimplicationsfconsumersEfftsbyGeneralAgreementonTariffsTrade(GATT)47ContractingPartiestoharmonizeproductregulationsstardsaddressmesubtlefmsof‘nontariff’barriersledtotheconclusionoftheiginalGATTT

4、okyoRoundStardsCode(1980).Thisplurilateral(limitedmembership)agreementwasupdatedconcludedinthecourseoftheUruguayRoundastheWldTradeganization(WTO)AgreementonTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBTAgreement).AsoneoftheMultilateralAgr

5、eementsonTradeinGoodstheTBTissubscribedtobyallWTOmembersfullysubjecttotheprovisionsoftheWTODisputeSettlementUndersting(DSU).TheDSUallowsfpanelAppellateBody(AB)reviewsfanydisputebetweenWTOMembers.TheTBTAgreementappliestoa

6、llproductsincludingindustrialagricultureproductsbutnotfgovernmentpurchasingrequirementssanitaryphytosanitarymeasuresdesignedtoprotectfoodplantanimalhealthcoveredbytheTheWTOAgreementontheApplicationofSanitaryPhytosanitary

7、Measures(SPSAgreement).Itsprovisionsapplytoproducttechnicalregulations(maty)productstards(nonmaty)frequirementsthatdealwiththeacteristicsofproductsincludingtheircontentsappearancelabelling.Theprevailingviewappearstobetha

8、ttheagreementdoesnotcoverstardsdescribingproductprocessesthatarenotdirectlyincpatedrelatedtotheendproductexceptpossiblyfproductlabelsthatdesignateproductionprocesses.TheiginalStardsCodeextendedthereachofGATTlawintwowaysb

9、othofwhichcontinueonaspartoftheWTOsingleundertaking:Firstlyitestablishedanewlegaltheyfcomplaintsbasedonunnecessaryobstacletotradewhichfocusesontheinherenttraderestrictivenessofaregulation.(ThisisnotthesameasGATTnationalt

10、reatmentthatrequiresnondiscriminationbetweendomesticimptedlikeproducts.)Secondlyitobligedsignatiestouseapplicablerelevantinternationalsubmission.TheganizationarguedstronglyagainstthevalueoftheECregulationthepanelusedthis

11、resourcetoassesswhethernottheECsdeviationfromtheinternationalCodexstardservedanylegitimateobjectiveinprotectingconsumerinterest.InthiscasetheinternationalstardtheWTOruleobligingitsuseasabasiswouldhavetobesaidtobewithinth

12、eEuropeanconsumerinterestoverall.SincestardsgeneratedbyinternationalbodieshaveanotherwisenonbindinglegalactertheTBTprovisionsasinterpretedbythepaneltheAppellateBodygenerateimplicationsfglobalgovernanceissues.^Whilepartic

13、ipationlegitimacyinrulemakingshouldbeofinteresttoStatesstardbodiesitisofparticularimptancetotheultimateconsumersofproductstotheganisationsthatseektosecuretheirinterestsbefedomesticinternationalrulemakingbodies.Internatio

14、nalstardsDevelopmentofinternationalstardsTheterminternationalstardisaWTOcreationfthepurposeoftheTBTAgreementSincelegalobligationsflowfromthetermtherehastohesomestofcriteriatodeterminewhatqualifiesasaninternationalstard.F

15、theSPSAgreementinternationalbodiesaredesignated.TheTBTAgreementonlyhasasingleprovisionthatdefinesaninternationalbodysystemasonewhosemembershipisopentotherelevantbodiesofatleastallMembers’.Theclearemphasisthroughoutistoen

16、surethatallWTOmembershaverightsofparticipationinthosebodiestoraisetheparticipationofdevelopingmembersinparticular.GiventhefocusonWTOmembersintheTBTdefinitiononewouldnotexpecttoseeanyparticularaccommodationinthedecisionfn

17、onstateactsthereisnothinginthedecisionthatcanbereadtosuggestthataninternationalbodyshouldelevatetheparticipationofaconsumerganisation(anyothernongovernmentalact).Sincethisdocumentcontrolsthedefinitionalgatewayofwhatmayma

18、ynotqualifyasaninternationalstardwhatisnotconsideredintherecommendationsraisesasmanyquestionsaswhathasbeenincluded.Similarthecommitteeprocessofconsultationfromwhomitdiddidnotreceivecommentalsoraisesprocessconsiderationsf

19、whatisanexampleofWTOcommitteerulemaking.Thesearegovernanceissues.ThevalueoftheCommitteedecisionasasourceoflawfinterpretationinadisputesettlementcaseisrecognisedeventhoughthelanguageofthedecisionusesthetermshouldrathertha

20、nshall.TheissueofwhetherastardqualifiesasaninternationalstardcandefinitelyberaisedinacasetheCommitteedecisionwouldbeusedtoassesswhetherastardmeetstheenunciatedcriteria.TheECreferredtothedecisionintheSardinescasefits(unsu

21、ccessful)argumentthataconsensuswasrequiredinthestardbodyprocessindertoqualifyasaninternationalstard.^Unftunatelythedecisiondoesnotrequirethatthemembersactuallysolicitreceivecommentsfrominterestedpartiesjustthattheybegive

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