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1、本科本科畢業(yè)論畢業(yè)論文外文翻文外文翻譯外文外文題目:目:TheWTOAgreementonTechnicalBarrierstoTrade出處:CONSUMERPOLICYREVIEW作者:者:DrJamesMathis原文:文:AsoneoftheMulitlateralAgreementsonTradeinGoodstheTechnicalBarrierstoTradeAgreementissubscribedtobyallWldT
2、radeganizationmembers.TheAgreementsprovisionsapplytothetechnicalregulationsstardsoftheacteristicsofproducts.ThisarticlelooksattheimplicationsofthisAgreementthedevelopmentofasetofinternationalstardsfstardsbodieshowtheycan
3、governthemselvesthepossibleimplicationsfconsumersEfftsbyGeneralAgreementonTariffsTrade(GATT)47ContractingPartiestoharmonizeproductregulationsstardsaddressmesubtlefmsof‘nontariff’barriersledtotheconclusionoftheiginalGATTT
4、okyoRoundStardsCode(1980).Thisplurilateral(limitedmembership)agreementwasupdatedconcludedinthecourseoftheUruguayRoundastheWldTradeganization(WTO)AgreementonTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBTAgreement).AsoneoftheMultilateralAgr
5、eementsonTradeinGoodstheTBTissubscribedtobyallWTOmembersfullysubjecttotheprovisionsoftheWTODisputeSettlementUndersting(DSU).TheDSUallowsfpanelAppellateBody(AB)reviewsfanydisputebetweenWTOMembers.TheTBTAgreementappliestoa
6、llproductsincludingindustrialagricultureproductsbutnotfgovernmentpurchasingrequirementssanitaryphytosanitarymeasuresdesignedtoprotectfoodplantanimalhealthcoveredbytheTheWTOAgreementontheApplicationofSanitaryPhytosanitary
7、Measures(SPSAgreement).Itsprovisionsapplytoproducttechnicalregulations(maty)productstards(nonmaty)frequirementsthatdealwiththeacteristicsofproductsincludingtheircontentsappearancelabelling.Theprevailingviewappearstobetha
8、ttheagreementdoesnotcoverstardsdescribingproductprocessesthatarenotdirectlyincpatedrelatedtotheendproductexceptpossiblyfproductlabelsthatdesignateproductionprocesses.TheiginalStardsCodeextendedthereachofGATTlawintwowaysb
9、othofwhichcontinueonaspartoftheWTOsingleundertaking:Firstlyitestablishedanewlegaltheyfcomplaintsbasedonunnecessaryobstacletotradewhichfocusesontheinherenttraderestrictivenessofaregulation.(ThisisnotthesameasGATTnationalt
10、reatmentthatrequiresnondiscriminationbetweendomesticimptedlikeproducts.)Secondlyitobligedsignatiestouseapplicablerelevantinternationalsubmission.TheganizationarguedstronglyagainstthevalueoftheECregulationthepanelusedthis
11、resourcetoassesswhethernottheECsdeviationfromtheinternationalCodexstardservedanylegitimateobjectiveinprotectingconsumerinterest.InthiscasetheinternationalstardtheWTOruleobligingitsuseasabasiswouldhavetobesaidtobewithinth
12、eEuropeanconsumerinterestoverall.SincestardsgeneratedbyinternationalbodieshaveanotherwisenonbindinglegalactertheTBTprovisionsasinterpretedbythepaneltheAppellateBodygenerateimplicationsfglobalgovernanceissues.^Whilepartic
13、ipationlegitimacyinrulemakingshouldbeofinteresttoStatesstardbodiesitisofparticularimptancetotheultimateconsumersofproductstotheganisationsthatseektosecuretheirinterestsbefedomesticinternationalrulemakingbodies.Internatio
14、nalstardsDevelopmentofinternationalstardsTheterminternationalstardisaWTOcreationfthepurposeoftheTBTAgreementSincelegalobligationsflowfromthetermtherehastohesomestofcriteriatodeterminewhatqualifiesasaninternationalstard.F
15、theSPSAgreementinternationalbodiesaredesignated.TheTBTAgreementonlyhasasingleprovisionthatdefinesaninternationalbodysystemasonewhosemembershipisopentotherelevantbodiesofatleastallMembers’.Theclearemphasisthroughoutistoen
16、surethatallWTOmembershaverightsofparticipationinthosebodiestoraisetheparticipationofdevelopingmembersinparticular.GiventhefocusonWTOmembersintheTBTdefinitiononewouldnotexpecttoseeanyparticularaccommodationinthedecisionfn
17、onstateactsthereisnothinginthedecisionthatcanbereadtosuggestthataninternationalbodyshouldelevatetheparticipationofaconsumerganisation(anyothernongovernmentalact).Sincethisdocumentcontrolsthedefinitionalgatewayofwhatmayma
18、ynotqualifyasaninternationalstardwhatisnotconsideredintherecommendationsraisesasmanyquestionsaswhathasbeenincluded.Similarthecommitteeprocessofconsultationfromwhomitdiddidnotreceivecommentalsoraisesprocessconsiderationsf
19、whatisanexampleofWTOcommitteerulemaking.Thesearegovernanceissues.ThevalueoftheCommitteedecisionasasourceoflawfinterpretationinadisputesettlementcaseisrecognisedeventhoughthelanguageofthedecisionusesthetermshouldrathertha
20、nshall.TheissueofwhetherastardqualifiesasaninternationalstardcandefinitelyberaisedinacasetheCommitteedecisionwouldbeusedtoassesswhetherastardmeetstheenunciatedcriteria.TheECreferredtothedecisionintheSardinescasefits(unsu
21、ccessful)argumentthataconsensuswasrequiredinthestardbodyprocessindertoqualifyasaninternationalstard.^Unftunatelythedecisiondoesnotrequirethatthemembersactuallysolicitreceivecommentsfrominterestedpartiesjustthattheybegive
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